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REPORT 



UNITED STATES COMMISSION 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION 



AT MADRID 



1892-93. 



WITH SPECIAL PAPERS. 






WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1895. 



/ 



MESSAGE 



FROM THE 



PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 



TRANSMITTING 



The report, ivith accompanying papers, of the Commission of the United 
States for the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid in 1892 
and 1893. 



December 11, 1894. — Referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and ordered 

to be printed. 



To the Congress of the United States : 

1 transmit herewith a communication from the Secretary of State, 
inclosing the report, with accompanying papers, of the Commission of 
the United States for the Columbian Historical Exposition in Madrid 
in 1892 and 1893, constituted in virtue of the act of Congress approved 
May 13, 1892. 

Grover Cleveland. 
Executive Mansion, 

Washington, December 10, 1894. 



To the President : 

1 submit herewith, with a view to its transmission to Congress, a 
communication from Prof. G. Brown Goode, inclosing the report, with 
accompanying papers, of the Commission of the United States for the 
Columbian Historical Exposition, held in Madrid in 1892 and 1893, con- 
stituted in virtue of the act of Congress approved May 13, 1892. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Edwin F. Uhl, 

Acting Secretary. 

Department of State, 

Washington, December 7, 1894. 

3 



4 columbian historical exposition at madrid. 

Commission of the United States of America 
For the Columbian Historical Exposition in Madrid, 

Washington, December 5, 1894. 
Sir : I have the honor to submit the report of the Commission of the 
United States of America for the Columbian Historical Exposition in 
Madrid during the months of November and December, 1892, and 
January, 1893. 

The time which has elapsed since the conclusion of the Exposition 
has been necessarily occupied in the completion of the special reports. 
This work has not been so rapidly forwarded as it would have been 
had not the time of most of the persons engaged upon these reports 
been absorbed for a considerable period by duties in connection with 
the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. 
Very respectfully, 

G. Brown Goode, 
Acting Commissioner- General. 
The Secretary of State. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 
History of the participation of the United States in the Columbian Historical 
Exposition at Madrid, by the Commissioner General, Rear-Admiral 

Stephen B. Luce, United States Navy 7-17 

Report upon the Collections Exhibited at the Columbian Historical Exposition, 

by Commissioner Dr. Daniel G. Brinton 18-89 

Catalogue and description of objects exhibited 91-142 

Catalogue of the Display from the Department of Prehistoric Anthro- 
pology, United States National Museum, by Thomas Wilson, Curator. 93 
Catalogue of the Ethnological Collection of the United States National 
Museum and the Smithsonian Institution, by Walter Hough, Assistant 

Curator of the Department of Ethnology 143-191 

Exhibit of the United States Indian Industrial School, for the education 

of adult Indians, Carlisle, Pa 192 

Model of the U. S. ship of war Columbia, exhibited by the United States 

Navy Department 192 

Exhibit of the United States Army Medical Museum 193 

Archaeological Objects Exhibited by the Department of Archeology and 

Palaeontology of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 195-203 
Collection of primitive Indian skulls, exhibited by the Academy of Natural 

Sciences of Philadelphia ., 205-207 

Publications of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia. 209-210 

Exhibit of the United States Mint 211 

Exhibit of the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing 212 

Exhibit of the Post-Office Department 213 

Report of William E. Curtis, Assistant to the Commissioner General, in charge 
of the Historical Section, Exhibit of the United States at the Colum- 
bian Historical Exposition, Madrid, Spain, 1892 215-271 

Catalogue of the Collection of Pictures Representing Various Places Iden- 
tified with the Life of Columbus, exhibited by the Latin-American 

Department of the Columbian Universal Exposition, at Chicago 275-278 

Catalogue of the Hemenway Collection in the Columbian Historical Exposi- 
tion at Madrid, by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes 279-327 

Ancient Mexican Feather Work in the Columbian Historical Exposition at 
Madrid, by Zelia Nuttall, Delegate of the Peabody Museum of Amer- 
ican Archeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass 329-337 

Ancient Central and South American Pottery, in the Columbian Historical 

Exposition at Madrid, in 1892, by Dr. Walter Hough 339-365 

Chipped Stone Implements, in the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid, 

in January, 1893, by H. C. Mercer 367-397 



HISTORY OF THE PARTICIPATION OF THE UNITED 

STATES IN THE COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL 

EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



By the Commissioner General, Rear-Admiral STEPHEN B. LUCE, United States Navy. 



Washington, D. C, May 2, 1893. 

Sir: The Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid Laving- closed, 
and the Commissioners having completed the duty assigned to them, 
the Commissioner General begs leave to submit the following report: 

By virtue of an act of Congress approved May 13, 1S92, the President 
appointed a Commission to represent the United States at the Commem- 
orative Celebration, in Spain, of the Fourth Centenary of the Discovery 
of America. The text of the act runs as follows : 

Be it enacted, etc., That for the expense of representation of the United States at 
the Columbian Historical Exposition to he held in Madrid in eighteen hundred and 
ninety-two in commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery 
of America, fifteen thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be 
expended under the direction and in the discretion of the Secretary of State; and 
the President is hereby authorized to appoint a Commissioner General and two assis- 
tant Commissioners, who may, in his discretion, be selected from the active or retired 
list of the Army or Navy, and shall serve without other compensation than that to 
which they are now entitled by law, to represent the United States at said Exposi- 
tion ; that it shall be the duty of such Commissioners to select from the archives of 
the United States, from the National Museum, and from the various Executive 
Departments of the Government such pictures, books, papers, documents, and other 
articles as may relate to the discovery and early settlement of America and the 
aboriginal inhabitants thereof; and they shall be authorized to secure the loan of 
similar articles from other museums and private collections, and arrange, classify, 
and install them as the exhibit of the United States at the said exposition ; that the 
President is authorized to cause the detail of officers from the active or retired list 
of the Army and Navy, to serve without compensation other than that to which they 
are now entitled by law, as assistants to said Commissioners; and the said Commis- 
sioners shall be authorized to employ such clerical and other assistance as may be 
necessary, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State. 

Tins act was supplemented by the act approved August 5, 1892, 
winch appropriated the additional sum of $10,000 for the expenses of 
the Commission. 

Under the provisions of the former act the following members were 
appointed: S. 13. Luce, rear-admiral, United States Navy (retired), 

7 



8 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Commissioner General; James C. Welling, LL. D., president of Colum- 
bian University, and George Brown Goode, LL. D., assistant secretary 
of the Smithsonian Institution, Commissioners; Lieut. John C. Colwell, 
United States Navy, special disbursing officer; Mr. William E. Curtis, 
and Prof. Thomas Wilson, assistants; Mr. Stewart Culin. secretary, 
and Mr. Walter Hough, assistant. 

Dr. Welling was, unfortunately, obliged to resign at a very early 
period, by which the Commission was deprived of all the advantages 
of his ripe scholarship and sound judgment; and Dr. Goode, soon 
after reaching Madrid, found himself compelled, through physical 
disability, to return to the United States. The loss thus sustained 
by the Commission of two gentlemen so eminent in their respective 
domains, was severely felt, the more so from the fact that, for the 
time being, it was irreparable. Later on, Prof. Thomas Wilson, by 
reason of family affliction, returned to the United States, which reduced 
the actual working force to but two members, Messrs. Culin and 
Hough. Fortunately, there was at this juncture an important acces- 
sion to the party in the person of Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, whose wide 
reputation and high standing in the world of science renders any spe- 
cial notice here unnecessary. Dr. Brinton was commissioned by the 
President as successor to Dr. Welling. Lieut. J. C. Colwell, United 
States Navy, was detached February 2, 1893. 

The Spanish Government, in pursuance of a royal decree under date 
of January 9, 1891, provided for a series of international celebrations, 
prominent among which were the two joint historical expositions held 
in Madrid — one the Exposition Historico- Americana, the other the Ex- 
position Historico-Europea. This report deals with the former only. 

The Historic American Exposition was intended to illustrate the 
state of civilization of the New World in the precolumbian, Columbian, 
and postcolumbian periods ; while in the Historic European Exposition 
was exhibited the evidences of the civilization of Europe, or, more par- 
ticularly, that of the Iberian Peninsula, at the time when the New 
World was discovered and colonized. It was expected that, by the aid 
of these exhibitions, students and visitors generally would be enabled 
to understand the state of artistic and industrial civilization in Europe 
and in America during this important epoch, and to realize the influence 
which the one may have exercised upon the other. 

The period which the distinguished scholars in charge of the His- 
toric European Exposition desired especially to illustrate was that 
during which American history was most closely identified with that 
of Europe. This, it was assumed, extends from 1492, when the Spanish 
caravels first reached the Antilles, to 1620, when the Mayflower, set- 
ting forth from a Dutch seaport, brought the English Puritans to what 
is now known as New England. 

" The Columbian Epoch," extending from the end of the fifteenth 
century through the first third of the seventeenth, includes most of 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 9 

the principal initial efforts for the exploration and colonization of the 
new continent by Europeans. By bringing together, in a retrospective 
exhibition, what remains to illustrate the arts and industries of Europe 
at this time, it was the aim of the Spanish authorities, to quote their 
own language, "to teach the people of to-day what were the elements 
of civilization with which, on the side of the arts, Europe was then 
equipped for the task of educating a daughter, courageous and 
untamed, but vigorous and beautiful, who had risen from the bosom of 
the seas, and who, in the course of a very few centuries, was to be 
transformed from a daughter into a sister — a sister proud in aspira- 
tion and in power." 

This great and laudable design, it may be briefly stated here, was 
well carried out, and the success of the enterprise fully justified the 
hopes of the projectors. 

The exhibits of the Historic American Exposition were divided into 
three great series. The first included American prehistoric remains, 
the earliest indications of the existence of man in caves, neolithic 
monuments, lacustrine dwellings, and the arms and utensils of this 
primitive age. The second illustrated the characteristics of the Amer- 
ican aborigines just prior to the discovery. The third represented 
the period of discovery, of conquest, and of European influence up 
to the middle of the seventeenth century. 

There were other "functions" in connection with the Columbian 
anniversary, such as the meeting of the Congress of Americanists, 
which was held at Hnelva in commemoration of the four hundredth 
anniversary of the departure of the caravels of Columbus from the 
port of Palos; and, on the 11th of October, there was unveiled near 
the ancient monastery of La Kabida, in the presence of the Queen 
and her court, and a vast assemblage, a monument erected to com- 
memorate the discovery of America; while congresses representing 
various scientific and mercantile interests were held at various times 
and places. 

The management of the commemorative celebration was, according 
to the decree already referred to, entrusted to a royal commission, the 
President of which was the Prime Minister of Spain, His Excellency 
Don Antonio Canovas del Castillo. Subcommissions were organized 
in each of the Spanish-American Republics, and special commissions 
were appointed by the governors of the Spanish provinces and the 
governor-general of the Antilles and the Philippine Islands. 

By the terms of the royal decree the Exposition was to have been 
opened on the 12th of September, 1892, and closed on the 31st of 
December following. But, from one cause and another, the rooms were 
not thrown open to the public until the 30th of October. 

On the 11th of November the Exposition was formally inaugurated 
by Her Majesty the Queen Regent, Maria Christina of Spain, assisted 
by their Majesties the King and Queen of Portugal. 



10 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

The Historic American portion was closed on the 31st of January. 

The following countries, named in alphabetical order, furnished ex- 
hibits : Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ecuador, 
Germany, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Norway, Peru, Portugal, 
Spain and her colonies, Sweden, United States, and Uruguay. The 
total number of objects presented reached nearly two hundred thousand. 

The Exposition was held in the new and handsome building known 
as "ElPalacio de la Biblioteca y Museos Nacionales," its imposing 
facade looking upon El Paseo de Recoletos. The eastern entrance, the 
one which, for its greater convenience, was habitually used by the 
United States Commissioners, is on the Calle de Serrano. Entering 
from thence the vestibule, the rooms assigned to the United States 
exhibit were on the left, as will be seen by reference to the accompany- 
ing plan. There were six rooms in all, the largest being 37.00 meters 
long by 14.30 meters wide and proportionately high. The total area of 
the allotted space was 14,500 square feet. The first room of the series 
was- intended as a reception room (PI. I). It was hung with tapes- 
tries, kindly supplied for the occasion from the royal palace ; furnished 
with figures and pictures from the United States National Museum 
illustrative of Indian life; and was tastefully draped with the national 
colors of Spain and Portugal, Italy, Austria, and the United States. 
Passing through this the visitor came at once into the principal room 
occupied by the exhibit of the National Museum. Immediately on the 
right were the two rooms designated in the catalogue as the " Icono- 
grafia Colombina," consisting of a fine collection, made through energy 
and enterprise of Mr. William E. Curtis, chief of the Bureau of Latin- 
American Republics, of every available portrait of Columbus and pic- 
tures relatingtohislifeand voyages. Originals were procured wherever 
possible, and, in default of such, well executed reproductions. These 
rooms were artistically decorated, and, from the rarity and unity of the 
collection, attracted no little attention. 

Returning to the main salon, indicated on the plan as No. 2, the 
eye was at once arrested by the fine proportions of the room as well 
as by the variety and extent of the exhibit. (Pis. II and III.) 

The excellence of the general arrangement was due to the large 
experience and practical, as well as theoretical, knowledge of Dr. 
George Brown Goode. The system of installation observed in the 
National Museum, Washington, was adopted throughout, and proved 
very effective. The principal object of interest found here was the 
fine ethnological collection from the United States National Museum, 
illustrative of the life of the American aborigines, and largely explan- 
atory of the prehistoric objects. It consisted of manikins and photo- 
graphs of the Indians, pictures of scenery, models of houses, weapons 
and equipments of war and the chase, such as bows, arrows, quivers, 
armor, daggers, clubs, spears, fishing lines, hooks, etc. There were 
also objects connected with the preparation and serving of food and 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. 



Plan. 



S e rr a 




Plan of the Library and National Museum, Madrid. Spain. 
Showing the Location of the American exhibits. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Luce. 



Plate I. 




Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Luce. 



Plate II. 




Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Luce. 



Plate III. 




COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 11 

drink, cradles, and household furniture. Canoes, suowshoes, sledges, 
etc., showed the means of transportation. 

The aboriginal arts claimed a large share of attention. Weaving 
was illustrated by looms and spinning apparatus and finished textiles, 
and the methods of operation were explained by diagrams and photo- 
graphs. Baskets in process of manufacture, and similar articles of 
industry, leading up to the finely ornamented huts and wallets, made 
a good display. 

The tools and apparatus connected with the arts of the tanner, pot- 
ter, miller, shoemaker, basket maker, arrow maker, carver, jeweler, etc. 
and, in many cases, the finished products were shown after the most 
approved museum methods. 

There was a series ot pipes finely carved from stone and bone, and a 
number of snuff mortars, snuff tubs, etc., connected with the use of 
narcotics, filling one case. 

Higher up in the scale of ideas were the pictured blankets, engraved 
bones, and scratched sheets of birch bark, showing the stage of writ- 
ing or the system of recording events common among the American 
aborigines. 

Primitive money and means of exchange were shown by shell money, 
bits of copper, pelts of birds, etc., forming the native medium of cir- 
culation. 

There were many musical instruments, consisting of rattles, flutes, 
whistles, reed instruments, and drums, from various tribes. Quite a 
large number of objects of clothing and of personal adornment, the 
products of many diverse trades, revealed the aesthetic side of the 
Indian character. 

Religion and superstition and closely-connected ceremonies were 
explained by many different fetiches, charms, amulets, masks, figures, 
picture of flie rain-making ceremony, dances, etc. 

One case of " mound-builder" pottery, from the area east of the Mis- 
sissippi, was very interesting from the representation of human and 
animal forms and the style of decoration. Two jars in form of human 
heads, among the most remarkable specimens ever taken from the 
mounds, attracted much attention. Another case of ancient and mod- 
ern Pueblo pottery gave a good idea of the forms and decoration of 
this class of ware. 

Four cases of stone implements, rejected in process of manufacture, 
taken from seven ancient quarries in the United States, claimed a great 
deal of attention and provoked no little discussion among the visitors. 
They were collected and arranged by Mr. W. II. Holmes for the Bureau 
of Ethnology, and were well illustrated by photographs, plans of sec- 
tions of the quarries, and monographs on the subject. 

The Bureau of Ethnology also exhibited their great map showing the 
distribution of the Indian linguistic stocks, upon which Major Powell 
and his assistants have been working assiduously for a number of 



12 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

years. This Bureau exhibited a large number of photographic trans- 
parencies of scenery, Indian villages, their inhabitants, etc., which 
adorned the windows of the halls and were greatly admired. 

Another group of objects well deserving of mention seemed to give 
evidence of the existence of man in the paleolithic or chipped-stone 
period, such as petrified human vertebrae found in the quaternary strata 
of Florida. A section of a prehistoric rock " shelter" in Pennsylvania 
revealed the remains of the two cultures, neolithic and paleolithic. 

There was also a very fine collection of jade implements. 

The Carlisle Indian School sent photographs of pupils on matricula- 
tion and on completing their course; specimens of art and industrial 
work, etc., of the Indian scholars. This exhibit proved of general 
interest. 

The Geological Survey sent maps, pictures, and relief models of the 
United States and various portions of the country, which, in connection 
with the prepared animals from the National Museum, were intended to 
give a just conception of the environment of the aborigines. 

A nearly complete library of the writings of authors upon the Amer- 
ican Indians, maps and historical works relating to the discovery, 
formed an important feature of the United States exhibit, which was 
again and again remarked by visitors to be a comprehensive presenta- 
tion of the precolumbian, Columbian, and postcolumbian civilization of 
our country. 

The different bureaus of the United States Government sent maps, 
charts, publications, and statistical works. 

Several historical and patriotic societies were represented. 

A large number of private exhibitors also added their portion toward 
the perfecting of this very creditable display. A full list of all exhib- 
itors in the United States exhibit will be found appended. 

Room No. 5, situated in the southeast angle of the building (see 
plan), was devoted to the exhibits from the department of archaeology 
and paleontology of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
Here were to be found cases containing arms and implements, mostly 
of flint stone, such as hatchets, arrowheads, the points of lances, and 
similar objects found at various points on the shores of the Delaware 
River. There were also stone pipes, shells beautifully wrought, etc., 
found in mounds in the State of Ohio. A collection of forty-four crania, 
sent by the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, represented 
thirty-five extinct tribes. It forms part of the remarkable collection 
made by Dr. S. G. Morton, of Philadelphia, of human crania; and which 
was used by that gentleman in the compositiou of his great work enti- 
tled Crania Americana. 

In this room was to be found a very valuable collection of medals 
and coins exhibited by the United States National Museum, and a 
sinnlar collection contributed by the Numismatic and Antiquarian 
Society of Philadelphia; paper money of the British Colonies in North 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 15 

America, from 1756 to 1776; Treasury notes, paper money, and United 
States bonds, from the United States Bureau of Printing and Engrav- 
ing;, and a complete set of postage stamps and stamped envelopes, 
kindly furnished by the Postmaster-General. 

Of all the contributions by private individuals, that of Mrs. Mary 
Hemenway, of Boston, was the most considerable. 

The Hemenway expedition owes its existence and support solely to 
Mrs. Hemenway, whose interest in the Celebration of the Fourth Cen- 
tenary of the Discovery of America impelled her to send a specialist, 
Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, to convey to Madrid some of the most valuable 
objects in her collections. Dr. Fewkes remained with the Hemenway 
exhibit during the entire period of the Historic American Exposition, 
was recognized as a member of the United States Commission, and 
took part in the deliberations of the delegates when called together by 
the delegate-general. 

The Hemenway exhibit was designed to illustrate the precoluinbian 
and contemporaneous life of a single tribe of North American Indians. 
For this purpose an Arizona village tribe, called the Molds, was chosen. 
The exhibit contained about 3,000 objects, besides many books and 
photographs, all of which relate to the Tusayan Indians. In order to 
develop the plan of a monographic exhibit, this collection may be 
divided into two parts: the one embracing objects referring to archaeo- 
logical, the other to ethnological sides of life. These were so arranged 
as to demonstrate that these two aspects are very similar, and that 
the ancient and modern life of the Mokis is practically identical. The 
object of this method of installation was, iu other words, to show that 
these Indians are in very much the same condition to-day that they 
were at the time of the discovery of Arizona. 

The exhibit of ancient pottery, in which was included some of the 
most instructive specimens from the Keam collection, represented in 
series the different kinds of ceramics, passing by gradations from the 
rough and coiled ware into the black, the black and white, variegated 
polychrome, orange and red. The decorated jars and food basins, 
some of the tinest texture, showed the types of symbolism for which 
these Indians had a widespread reputation. The collection of stone 
implements and fetiches contained in a single case represented grind- 
ing stones, mortars, stone shovels, ornaments, pipes, fetiches, and simi- 
lar objects. A special case was devoted to the various stone hammers, 
mauls, and similar objects found in ancient Tusayan ruins. A large 
exhibit of modern pottery from the present pueblos was placed in jux- 
taposition to the finer and more artistic ware to show the resemblance. 

The Hemenway exhibit also a uitained a number of ethnological objects. 
The large collection of dolls, with various symbolisms, naturally attracted 
attention, being a novelty in European museums. The ceremonial 
objects — dress, paraphernalia, masks, and decorated head tablets, 
offerings to gods, photographs of shrines, and a few Tusayan musical 



14 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

instruments — gave an idea of this side of the subject. Phonographic 
cylinders, on which music of the pueblos had been recorded and sacred 
songs written on the European scale, were shown, and the publications 
of the Hemenway expedition and important collection of copies of 
ancient papers bearing on the documentary history of Arizona and 
New Mexico filled one case in the room. 

The Hemenway expedition exhibited, for the first time in a museum 
or exposition, sacred pictures made of sand, called dry painting. An 
Indian charm altar with medicine bowl and corn, corresponding to the 
six cardinal points, were likewise shown and justly attracted attention. 

Photographs of sacred dances and ceremonials, reaching over a hun- 
dred in number, were also exhibited. The collection of ornamented 
tiles and small mortuary objects filled two large cases. The ancient 
ladles, with handles ornamented with symbolic decorations, were among 
the most curious in the collection. The mural adornments of the rooms, 
also exhibited by the expedition, were objects made by the Tusayan 
villagers. Baskets or plaques, made of twigs and arranged in the form 
of stars and arches over the windows, occupied a prominent place on 
the walls. Many large Navajo blankets were exhibited. The symbolic 
figures on the walls were copied from decorated objects made by the 
Indians and represented various gods of their mythology. All objects 
exhibited were provided with printed labels, and a special catalogue 
was prepared for visitors. 

The Peabody Museum exhibited, in the room of the Hemenway 
expedition, a single case of books and pamphlets, all their own publi- 
cations, on American ethnology and archaeology; and two upright 
screens hung with photographs of excavations made in various scien- 
tific studies. The collection of photographs from the ruins of Labnah 
and Copan, made by members of the Peabody Museum, Honduras 
expedition, was especially worthy of mention. 

This brief enumeration of a few of the objects exhibited is designed 
merely to indicate the general character of the several installations. 
The catalogue printed by the Commission, and which forms part of 
this report, will be found to contain full particulars. There were alto- 
gether some eighty exhibitors, as will be seen by the list hereunto 
annexed. 

Articles 60 to 67, inclusive, of General Eegulatlons for the Historic 
American Exposition of Madrid provided for an international jury, 
which jury was, according to certain rules, divided into subjuries. Each 
sub jury was required to " examine and grade the objects belonging to 
the class assigned to it; and subsequently to deliver to the president 
of the jury a report regarding the merits of the objects, and of the 
collective importance or scientific or artistic interest, together with a 
detailed statement of the various gradings." 

Article 66 ruus as follows: "The awards will consist of diplomas 
bearing the following characters: Grand Premium of Honor; Gold 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 15 

Medal; Silver Medal; Honorable Mention. The diplomas will be 
accompanied by a medal commemorative of the Exposition, which will 
be the same for each premium." 

Under the provisions of these articles there were seventy-seven 
awards to the United States, the grand premium of honor naturally 
going to the United States Government. 

A full list of the awards is hereunto annexed. 

Article 7, of the royal decree, designated the monastery of Santa 
Maria de la Eabida, at Huelva, near Palos de Moguer, as the place of 
the meeting of the Congress of Americanists; and by Article 17, of 
the same instrument, the celebrations (las fiestas) were to begin at 
Huelva on the 3d of August and be continued from time to time until 
November 3. One of the most interesting, and the spectacle most 
worthy to be remembered, of all these fiestas was the ceremony attend- 
ing the unveiling of the monument which had been erected near La 
Eabida to commemorate the Fourth Centenary of the Discovery of 
America. This ceremony took place on the 11th of October. All the 
delegates in chief, with but few exceptions, attended these various 
fiestas, by invitation of the Spanish Government. One of the excep- 
tions was that of the delegate-in-chief of the United States. The 
reason of this exception was obvious. The majority of the delegates- 
in-chief held diplomatic relations with the Spanish Government, either 
as ministers plenipotentiary or as charges d' affaires. It was in their 
diplomatic character that they were expected to take part, and did take 
part in the various festivities. The delegate-in-chief of the UnitedStates 
having no diplomatic character was not expected to take part, and did 
not take part — no official part at least — in several of the most interesting 
ceremonies. Thus it happened that on certain occasions he was placed, 
in respect to his colleagues of the Exposition, in a situation the reverse 
of enviable. In any future representation which this Government may 
send to a country where the rules of etiquette are inflexible, it would 
be well to insure that the United States delegates are placed upon a 
footing of official equality with those of other countries. 

It only remains to tender the cordial acknowledgments of the Com- 
mission to each and every expositor, both public and private, who, by 
their aid and sympathy, contributed to the success of the United States 
exhibit at the Columbian Historical Exposition in Madrid. 
Very respectfully submitted, 

S. B. Luce, 
Rear Admiral, V. S. Navy (Retired), Commissioner- General. 

Hon. W. Q. Gresham, 

Secretary of State, Washington, D. C. 



16 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



LIST OF EXHIBITORS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



United States National Museum, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 
D. C. 

United States Mint. 

Society of the Sons of the American Rev- 
olution. 

Plymouth Pilgrims Society, Massachu- 
setts. 

United States Navy Department. 

Bureau of Ethnology of the United 
States. 

Department of Public Instruction of the 
United States. 

Census Office of the United States. 

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 

Army Medical Museum, Washington, 
D. C. 

United States Fish Commission. 

United States Geological Survey. 

United States Meteorological Survey. 

United States Post-Office Department. 

Department of Agriculture. 

Forestry Division, Department of Agri- 
culture. 

Mrs. Hazen, widow of General Hazen. 

Dr. G. Brown Goode. 

S. Brownlow Gray, Bermuda. 

School for Indian adults (industrial), 
Carlisle, Pa. 

F. S. Perkins. 

Byron E. Dodge, Michigan. 

CM. Crounse, New York. 

Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson. 

Dr. John E. Younglove. 

Prof. Thomas Wilson. 

Mrs. Mary Hemenway, Boston, Mass. 

Historical American Association, Wash- 
ington. 

American Folk-Lore Society. 

Anthropological Society, Washington. 

Virginia Historical Society, Richmond. 

Department of Archaeology and Palaeon- 
tology of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of 
Philadelphia. 

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- 
phia. 

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- 
bridge. 

Peabody Museum of Archaeology and 
Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. 



Mrs. Zelia Nuttall. 

Dr. T. H. Bean, Washington. 

Walter C. Clephane, Washington. 

Col. Gates J. Thruston, Nashville, Tenn. 

Stewart Culin, Philadelphia. 

Rev. Stephen G. Peet, Avon, 111. 

Dr. James C. Welling, Washington, D.C. 

John G. Bourke, captain Seventh Regi- 
ment, U. S. A. 

Dr. Henry Carrington Bolton, New York. 

Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Washington, D. C. 

J. C. Pilling, Geological Survey. 

Prof. Otis T. Mason, United States Na- 
tional Museum. 

Walter Hough, United States National 
Museum. 

W. H. Holmes, Bureau of Ethnology. 

James Terry. 

Dr. Joseph Jones, New Orleans, La. 

Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, Bureau of Eth- 
nology. 

Dr. Cyrus Thomas, Bureau of Ethnology. 

Prof. Edward S. Morse, Salem, Mass. 

James Mooney, Bureau of Ethnology. 

H. W. Henshaw, Bureau of Ethnology. 

Col. F. A. Seely, Patent Office of the 
United States. 

Mrs. M. E. Stevenson, Bureau of Ethnol- 
ogy. 

James Stevenson. 

Lieut. A. P. Niblack, U. S. N. 

Warren K. Moorehead, Xenia, Ohio. 

Joseph Sabin, New York. 

Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York. 

Harper Brothers, New York. 

Charles B. Reynolds, New York. 

Col. H. M. Flagler, U. S. Army. 

Alexander Brown, Norwood, Virginia. 

William E. Curtis, chief of Latin-Amer- 
ican Department, World's Columbian 
Exposition, Chicago, 111. 

Dr. Franz Boas, Worcester, Mass. 

Eben Norton Horseford. 

Frederick Starr. 

Ellen Russel Emerson. 

H. C. Mercer. 

Dr. R. H. Lamborn. 

Dr. Cyrus Adler. 

Dr. W. J. Hoffman. 

H. H. Bancroft. 

Edwin E. Howell. 

Charles Scribner's Sons, publishers, New 
York. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



17 



LIST OF MEDALS (DIPLOMAS) AWARDED TO THE UNITED STATES 

EXHIBITORS. 

Grand Diploma of Honor to the Government of the United States. 

Gold Medal, Diploma. 



United States National Museum. 

Smithsonian Institution. 

Bureau of Ethnology of the United States, 
Washington, D. C. 

Mrs. Mary Hemenway, of Boston, Mass. 

Department of Archeology and Paleon- 
tology of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. 



Dr. George Brown Goode. 
Mr. William E. Curtis. 
Dr. J. Walter Fewkes. 
Geological Survey of the United States. 
United States Mint. 

Industrial school for adult Indians, Car- 
lisle, Pa. 
Rear-Admiral S. B. Luce. 



Silver Medal, Diploma. 



United States Navy Department. 

Military Medical Museum. 

Prof. Thomas Wilson. 

Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

Department of Public Instruction of the 
United States. 

Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Peabody Museum of Archaeology. 

Mrs. Zelia Nuttall. 

Bronze Med 

Society of the Sons of the American 

Revolution. 
Postal Department of the United States. 
Meteorological Survey of the United 

States. 
Coast and Geodetic Survey of the United 

States. 

Warren K. Moorehead. 

Dr. James C. Welling. 

Honorabi 

Mr. Brownlow Gray. 
Pilgrim Society (Plymouth). 
F. S. Perkins. 
Byron S. Dodge. 
C. N. Crounse. 
Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson. 
Dr. T. H. Bean. 
Walter C. Clephane. 
Col. Gates F. Thruston. 
Rev. Stephen G. Peet. 
Capt. John G. Bourke. 
Dr. Henry Carrington Bolton. 
J. C. Pilling. 
James Terry. 
Dr. Joseph Jones. 
Rev. J. Owen Dorsey. 
Dr. Cyrus Thomas. 
Prof. Edward 8. Morse. 
(Total, 80.) 

U. Ex. 100 2 



Mr. Stewart Culin. 

Prof. Otis T. Mason. 

Mr. Walter Hough. 

Mr. W. H. Holmes. 

Mr. H. C. Mercer. 

Mr. James W. Ellsworth. 

United States Fish Commission. 

United States Census Office. 

Mrs. M. E. Stevenson. 

Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

al, Diploma. 

Dr. Cyrus Adler. 

Department of Agriculture. 

Forestry Division of the Department of 

Agriculture. 
Dr. John E. Younglove. 
Dr, W. J. Hoffman. 
H. H. Bancroft. 
Edwin E. Howell. 



E Mentiox. 
James Mooney. 
H. W. Henshaw. 
Col. F. A. Seely. 
James Stevenson. 
Dr. C. Hart Merriam. 
Lieut. A. P. Niblack, U. S. N. 
Joseph Sabin. 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 
Charles Scribner's Sons. 
Charles B. Reynolds. 
Col. H. M. Flagler, U. S. A. 
Alexander Brown. 
Dr. Franz Boas. 
Eben Norton Horsford. 
Dr. Frederick Starr. 
Ellen Russel Emerson. 
Dr. R. H. Lamborn. 
Harper Brothers. 



REPORT 



UPON THE 



COLLECTIONS EXHIBITED AT THE COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION. 



DANIEL G. BRINTON, M. D., LL. D, D. SC. 

Commissioner of the United States of America. 



lit 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Introductory 23 

The Mexican Department 24 

The Department of Guatemala 32 

The Department of Nicaragua 35 

The Department of Costa Rica 37 

The Department of the Island of Cuba 43 

The Department of the Dominican Republic 43 

The Department of the Republic of Colombia 44 

The Department of Ecuador 49 

The Department of Peru 50 

The Department of Bolivia 51 

The Department of Uruguay 52 

The Department of the Argentine Republic 55 

The Department of Spain -. . . 57 

a. The National Museum of Archaeology 57 

b. Tbe Royal Academy of History 63 

Tbe Department of Portugal 70 

The Department of the Empire of Germany 71 

The Department of Denmark 73 

The Department of Norway and Sweden 74 

The Department of the United States of America 75 

The Departments of European History 75 

21 



REPORT UPON THE COLLECTIONS EXHIBITED AT THE 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXHIBITION AT MADRID. 



INTRODUCTORY. 



The Exposicion Historico- American a at Madrid was planned by the 
Government of that country to display the character of the civilization 
of Europe in the centuries immediately succeeding the discovery of 
America; and also to represent the condition of culture which was 
found on the continent of America by the first explorers. 

The first of these was exhibited by a large collection of objects from 
various countries of Europe, especially from Spain itself, these objects 
being of a class which would show the progress of the arts and 
sciences in the century following 1492, and in a general manner the 
genius of that civilization which was introduced into the New World 
in that period. It included many thousand specimens of secular and 
ecclesiastical articles drawn from the rich stores of the museums and 
public and private collections of Europe. 

Leaving for the present this portion of the 'Exposition, I will describe 
more especially that section of it which illustrated the culture of the 
native tribes of America at the time they first came in contact with 
the European invaders, and from that date until about the year 1750. 

This portion of the Exposition was arranged originally on a geo- 
graphical plan, the objects forwarded by each government in America 
being separately arranged; but in some instances, numerous specimens 
from various localities which had come into the possession of some 
museum were displayed together. This fact required that the study 
of any one culture in the American continent should be conducted by 
visiting several departments of the museum. Indeed, a certain number 
of objects distinctively American were exhibited on the upper floor, 
which was theoretically reserved for European displays exclusively. 
This was the case with some of those rare and valuable manuscripts, 
the composition of native American scribes, which have been preserved 
by accident to our own times. 

The arrangement under each country was left entirely in the hands 
of the representatives of that country, and consequently there was no 
uniform system observed in the display of the objects. Moreover, in 
some instances, the collection forwarded by a given country consisted 

23 



24 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

of several minor collections — the property of different individuals or 
different institutions — which were necessarily kept apart. This also 
interfered with the systematic display, such as would be desirable for 
scientific purposes. It may be noted further that in many instances, 
indeed in most, there was no relation expressed between the objects 
displayed and the tribes or nations which occupied the localities from 
which the objects were derived within the historic period. 

It will be a prominent purpose with me in this report to point out 
this connection wherever practicable. As to the ethnologists, the most 
if not the only value of the study of such works, is to illustrate the cul- 
ture and development in art of a given tribe or nation, or, in default of 
that, to show that the tribe dwelling in a given locality within historic 
times were not the authors of a series of works found within their area, 
and that these, therefore, are witnesses to a migration apart from the 
history of the country as it is known to us. The absence of such iden- 
tification is always to be regretted. 

This observation, however, does not reflect in any way on the board 
of directors of the Exposition, inasmuch as it was not in their power 
to secure information of this kind after the materials had been sent to 
the museum. Much of it, moreover, had been collected by persons who 
gave little or no attention to close identification of locality, and much 
of it also had been transmitted from earlier generations, before archae- 
ology had reached the dignity of a science, and its rules were not yet 
formulated. 

The Mexican Department. 

A large portion of the Mexican exhibit related to the researches of 
Seiior PI an carte, derived from his excavations in the State of Michoa- 
can. These were made with much care, and the results clearly cata- 
logued and displayed. The catalogue, which has been referred to, gives 
minute descriptions where the various objects were found, and also 
assigns them to their probable original makers. 

The most ancient of these relics are attributed by the finder to cer- 
tain prehistoric peoples whose names are unknown and of whose work 
we have only a few specimens, three of which are shown and described 
in the catalogue as belonging to "prehistoric races." 

One of these is a rough stone, somewhat circular in form, rudely 
worked and with an elliptical cavity in the center; the second repre- 
sents a human head roughly outlined, the eyes shown by mere cavities 
and the nose by a protuberance; these were found together near 
Jacona, along with an obsidian lance head, the surface of which indi- 
cated marks of extreme age. The human head was of a basaltic lava 
with a circumference of a little less than half a meter. The evidence 
would not seem to be conclusive that these objects are to be attributed 
to a race foreign to that known by history to have inhabited that local- 
ity, although the fact that no signs of pottery were found along with 
them is negative evidence of some weight. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 25 

It is well known that the greater part of the area of Michoacan was 
inhabited at the time of the conquest by a nation of natives called 
Tarascos. They were in a condition of civilization nearly if not quite 
equal to that of their neighbors, the Nakuas or Aztecs, constructing 
temples and houses of stone and brick, and making use of a calendar 
in all respects allied to that employed by these. 

The study of the antiquities of Michoacan has been profitably con- 
ducted of late years by Dr. Nicolas Leon, who has published in refer- 
ence to them a number of valuable essays, and has made a collection of 
numerous books and objects throwing light upon the culture of the 
ancient inhabitants. His labors in this direction are admirably sup- 
plemented by the collection of Seilor Plaucarte exhibited in this Expo- 
sition. Among these objects, 1,325 are assigned by their finder as with- 
out doubt representing the manufactures of the Tarascos. They 
included objects representing domestic utensils, tools used in the arts, 
ornaments, and decorations, and others supposed to have reference to 
their religion, to their method of carrying on war, and to other pur- 
poses consistent with the culture of Mexico. 

Among the domestic utensils, there were many of clay, more or less 
decorated and painted, and showing a great variety of forms. Some 
of these have handles and feet, others are flat like a dish, some have 
narrow necks with the edges flattened horizontally, others approxi- 
mating closely to the form of a bottle. The clay of which they are 
formed is usually carefully worked and burnt. The character of the 
decoration is various. In some instances we find a series of Greek pat- 
terns varied with lines, circles, and spirals; in others the decoration 
has been formed by a series of impressions on the soft material, evi- 
dently made by a hollow tube or cone, these impressions being disposed 
in symmetrical forms. There does not appear to have been any attempt 
at representing objects by hieroglyphics, the figures shown being con- 
ventional or geometrical. 

Among such domestic objects are a number of corn mills, called 
metates, with their grinders or pestles. Some have two or three feet, 
and are similar to those found in many other parts of Mexico. The 
roller or pestle employed for breaking the corn is usually of a cylindri- 
cal shape. They were intended to be used by pressing and crushing 
rather than by grinding. 

It is interesting to find among this collection several examples of 
very diminutive forms evidently intended to be used as playthings for 
children, imitating in their games the labors of the.'r elders. 

The industries which are represented by the utensils used in the arts 
are principally those of the potter, the mat maker, the paper maker, and 
the worker on stone and in metals. The smoothers, apparently used in 
the potter's art, were of burnt clay, with rectangular form and a handle 
on the upper surface; others of basaltic lava or of diorite or of black 
porphyry. The under surface is sometimes smooth, sometimes marked 
by longitudinal lines or flutings. 



26 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

A number of chisels or celts are shown of stone, generally basalt or 
diorite. Similar forms are presented in copper, which may have been 
for hatchets or chisels. These appear to have been made by hammer- 
ing the copper rather than by castiug. Interesting objects in this con- 
nection are the needles of copper wire. They are manufactured with 
an eye in the head, but this is not obtained by piercing the material 
itself, but by drawing out the wire at the head and twisting it back 
again upon the body of the needle, leaving a small opening at the 
extremity, which thus gives the aperture necessary in which to insert 
the thread or string. Probably this form of a needle with an eye is the 
only one which could be obtained on the American continent in objects 
made from metal. In needles of bone the eye is not unfrequent, as in 
Nos. 478 and 479 of this collection. 

The use of obsidian to produce flakes with a cutting edge is illus- 
trated by the presence of a number of nodules, from which the flakes 
have been broken for such purpose. 

A large number of spindle whorls are exhibited from different parts 
of the state. Many of these are in the form of a double cone, which is 
rather rare throughout Mexico, but extremely common in Michoacau. 
Some of the examples are polished, others are without polish; a few are 
painted. They are employed by running a piece of wood through the 
aperture in their center, and they impart greater facility to the spindle 
in the process of obtaining the thread from the material ; sometimes their 
surfaces are ornamented with various designs impressed on the soft clay 
before burning. It should be added that it has been maintained that 
many objects of this common form were intended to be strung upon 
cords and worn around the neck as ornaments, and were not for the 
more practical purpose of aiding the process of spinning. 

In the department of ornaments we find in this collection a number 
of objects used for suspending in the ear and to the lip, which members 
are perforated so as to enable them to support such decorations. The 
earrings found are somewhat like a shirt button, and may be made of 
bone, metal, or stone of various character, instances of all of which are 
presented. The labrets, or lip stones, are somewhat similar in form. 
Some of them are of shell, others of metal, or of obsidian. Fragments 
of shell of different shapes and sizes, perforated to be strung upon a 
cord, are frequent; also angular pieces of copper and a few pieces of 
amber, evidently intended for a similar purpose. Some good specimens 
are shown of mirrors formed of obsidian highly polished on the surface, 
so that the reflection of the countenance could easily be seen. A num- 
ber of bells of copper in the usual form found in ancient Mexico are 
displayed; also quite a number of beads, some of copper, others of chlo- 
ritic stone and of burnt clay. It is evident that these constituted a 
favorite method of decoration of the person among the ancient Taras- 
cos. Some of these beads are in the shape of tubes, made from pieces of 
shell bored or perforated longitudinally. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 27 

What impresses the observer most in this collection as unusual are 
the numerous smoking pipes of clay, many of them elaborately orna- 
mented, sometimes painted. Although the use of tobacco was known 
among the ancient Mexicans to some extent, it would appear that they 
very rarely smoked it in pipes. Such, however, could not have been 
the case in Michoacan, for the large number of these pipes and the 
skill with which they are made indicate that they were looked upon 
as a favorite object with the smoker. Probably nowhere else in 
America, south of the Mississippi Valley, do we find so many and 
varied forms of the smoking pipe as within the State of Michoacan, 
and the number of these presented in this collection is such as to show 
conclusively that this was a popular method of consuming that narcotic 
plant. 

A series of vases from the same locality, intended for decoration or 
for holding flowers, is shown. The substance from which they are 
made is generally a red or black clay, but a few are of alabaster, basaltic 
lava, or other stone. Some of these represent figures — one a man upou 
his knees with his hands above him; another a human figure bearing 
a vase upon his back; another a human head, and still another the head 
of a monkey with his four members in low relief. 

Such figures bring us to those objects which are classified as belong- 
ing distinctively to the religious experiences of the natives. These 
are principally in clay and stone, and represent figures of men and 
women, sometimes only the heads, others only the bodies or busts. 
They are rude, and do not show any careful study of the dimensions 
of the human body. There are also a few masks of obsidian and cal- 
cite, and a number of amulets of stone and bone and burnt clay, usually 
representing an animal, such as a bird, a snail, a frog, etc. 

Quite a number of musical instruments are included in the collection, 
but it would not appear from them that the natives of Michoacan had 
in this respect developed anything different from their neighbors, the 
Mexicans proper. We find, for instance, quite a number of whistles and 
flutes made of burnt clay, either red or black, producing the sound on 
the same principal as the clay whistle formerly in use in Nicaragua and 
other parts inhabited by the Nahuas. Copper bowls and rattles were 
displayed, also a large conch shell employed by the Indians as a wind 
instrument, and a curious instrument of percussion formed of a human 
thigh bone, cut on the surface into a number of notches, examples of 
which are also obtained from Mexico p roper. 

The implements of war and the chase consist principally of arrow- 
heads of obsidian, quartz, bone, flint, and copper. They are in most 
respects similar to those of the surrounding nations. Some display on 
the surface a peculiar discoloration, which it has been suggested is 
indicative of great age. 

Nearly all the objects above referred to were obtained on the site of 
an ancient city a short distance west from the present town of Jacona. 



28 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Its locality is marked by the presence of a number of small mounds, 
the remains of the ancient temples and dwellings of the former inhabit- 
ants. Near by, on the site of this ancient city, is seen a curious con- 
struction called the chief temple, now badly mutilated by excavators 
and the effects of time, but which has been ingeniously restored in 
wood by Sehor Plauearte in a model exhibited in this collection. The 
character of the architecture is quite distinct from that which prevailed 
among the 'Aztecs or among the nations east of them near the Gulf of 
Mexico. It is not easy, from the examination of the model, to explain 
the purpose of the structure, and, unfortunately, here, as elsewhere, the 
native arts and traditions met the fate of a general destruction at the 
hands of the ruthless invaders. 

The remainder of Seiior Plancarte's collection, which numbers in all, 
2,803 specimens, is derived from other sources and other localities, and 
are attributed by him to various surrounding tribes. Of many of these 
we are in considerable uncertainty as to their relationship. These 
tribes are as follows : Matlazincas, Otomis, Tepanecas, Acolhuas, Mex- 
icanos or Nahuas, Chalcas, Tlaxcaltecas, Huexotzincas, Cuetlaxtecas, 
Mixtecas, Zapotecas, and Mayas. 

The objects from these have a general similarity to those already 
described, and they do not bring before us any notable difference in the 
civilization of the peoples from whom they were derived. There is nec- 
essarily some uncertainty as to the localization of the tribes, and there 
is not in all instances a sufficiently clear indication as to where the 
objects individually were obtained. 

His statement that practically all the specimens belonging to the 
Otomis are characterized by a marked deficiency of skill, showing that 
they had little knowledge of the arts, is in accordance, indeed, with the 
general opinion about these people, but is in contradiction to several 
excellent authorities who are inclined to the belief that the assertions 
in reference to the rudeness of the Otomis is mainly owing to the fact 
that the statements to this effect were taken from other nations, and 
especially from the Aztecs. 

The general display of the Mexican Government was under the care 
of Eev. Paso y Troncoso, director of the National Museum of Mex- 
ico, and celebrated for his acquirements in the Aztec language as 
well as for his intimate acquaintance with the history of his country. 

The articles exhibited included both objects of use among the early 
tribes, and also a large number of their manuscript records, many of 
which were brought to the notice of visitors for the first time. Among 
the latter should especially be mentioned the painted records (lienzos) 
known as those of Tlascala, Jucutacuto, etc., as well as two codices, 
respectively called by the names Porfirio Diaz and Baranda. These 
have been recently issued by the Government of Mexico, and deserv- 
edly rank high among the modern native documents following closely 
upon the era of the conquest. Similar to them in character was a 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 29 

large picture record, known as the Mapa de Mizquialmala. Eight 
native calendars were shown, in which each month was designated by 
its appropriate name drawn from the date with which it began, accord- 
ing to the system adopted throughout the calendar. This system is 
well known and has been exemplified in detail by the studies of Mrs. 
Zelia Xuttall, who believes that by following out its rules dates could 
be recorded without confusion extending over several thousand years. 

The elaborate computations drawn up by this lady relating to this 
subject were displayed by an exhibit in one of the rooms attached to 
the Mexican department. It presented on a large sheet the arithmet- 
ical enumeration and names of a series of years arranged according to 
the theory which she believes was carried out by the Mexican astron- 
omers and priests with a degree of accuracy superior to that which at 
the same date prevailed in Europe. Her studies, with ample illus- 
trations and explanations, will be published by the Pcabody Museum 
of Archaeology, at Cambridge, Mass., and therefore do not require 
extended notice in this connection. 

One of the most conspicuous objects in the Mexican collection was a 
reproduction in wood of the temple, sacred edifices, and inclosure of the 
famous ancient city of Cempoallan, visited by Ferdinand Cortez, on the 
shores of the Gulf of Mexico, a little north of Vera Cruz. This impor- 
tant and populous locality disappeared from history after the Conquest 
and became covered with a dense tropical forest, which in some meas- 
ure preserved the structures which its inhabitants had erected. A 
series of explorations were conducted by the Director of the National 
Museum on the site, and he succeeded in recovering, with great exact- 
ness, the dimensions and general appearance of these edifices. They 
owe their origin to the tribes known as the Totonacos, who at this point 
occupied the shore of the Gulf south of the Huastecas, who inhabited 
the rich valley of the River Panuco. 

Another wooden model, carefully executed, was presented of the 
structure known as the temple of Tajin near Papantla, in the State of 
Vera Cruz, a monument of prime importance, and still so well pre- 
served that its outlines and appearance can be accurately determined. 
Several other such models served to present the visitor with a clear 
idea of the peculiar style of architecture in vogue among the native 
tribes within the territory of Mexico. 

From the same tribe of the Totonacos there was exhibited a quan- 
tity of material gathered by the energetic Director of the Museum, 
among which maybe named, as of special interest, numerous small clay 
heads presenting a remarkable diversity of feature and characteristic 
traits. These, although derived from the State of V^era Cruz and the 
province historically occupied by the Totonacos, are strikingly similar 
to those which are so familiar to collectors, from the celebrated site of 
Teotihuacan, northwest of the City of Mexico; a fact of the more worth 
because, according to their own ancient traditions reported by the 



30 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

earliest Spanish writers, the Totonacos claimed to be the builders of the 
great pyramids of the sun and moon which are such striking monu- 
ments on the sacred plain of Teotihuacan. 

Several specimens were displayed of the so-called "sacrificial yokes," 
made of carved stone, highly polished, whose use has been the subject 
of large discussion. They were supposed at first to have been intended 
to fasten the human victim to the sacrificial stone at the time his heart 
was cut out and offered to the gods. Others have believed them to be 
heavy ceremonial ornaments or insignia, or objects intended to be 
worn on state occasions by high dignitaries or priests. Another and 
recent theory of their use has been that they represent symbolically 
the creative forces of nature, and they have therefore been brought 
into relation with the crescent and the semicircle in the symbolism of 
the Old World. A more practical use which has been suggested for 
them is that they were intended to form the aperture through which, 
in the favorite game of ball of the Mexicans, the ball had to be 
thrown in order to win the game. This last-mentioned theory seems 
the more probable, as they are not all yokes — that is to say, some are 
opened at one end and some are closed, thus bringing them into a form 
closely resembling that of the acknowledged stone aperture for the 
ball shown 1 at Tula and other places in ancient Mexico. Although 
vaguely similar to the stone yokes which have been found in consider- 
able numbers in some islands of the West Indies, they do not, like 
these, present a formation of rights and lefts so as to be worn on one or 
the other shoulder, but the two arms of the yoke are always the same. 

Other objects from the same locality, presented in numerous speci- 
mens, are the small double cups of terra cotta, the hollow in each 
being a little larger than that which would hold the tip of the finger. 
It has been a. standing puzzle to explain the purpose of these curious 
articles, specimens of which are common in all collections of Mexican 
antiquities. It has been suggested that they were intended to hold 
some votive offerings to the gods, while others have maintained that 
they were incense burners. 

The collection also offered a number of objects in stone having 
handles rudely resembling in shape a flatiron with equal ends. These 
were labeled as grinding stones used for the purpose of rubbing the 
meal into a finer consistency. Some of them, instead of a handle, pre- 
sented a pointed protuberance by which they could be grasped and 
moved to and fro over the smooth surface of a large corn-grinding 
stone. In a few instances this protuberance had a three-cornered or 
cocked-hat appearance, which is seen so clearly in a number of stone 
implements of the same general shape from the West India Islands. 
The latter have been generally regarded as ceremonial objects, but 
appearances, in some instances at least, favor the view that they were 
intended for nothing more than rubbing stones. 

1 See Cliarnay, Les Anciennes Villes du Nouveau Monde, p. 73 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 31 

A number of examples, varying in shape and marking, of stones with 
flat, striated sides, supposed to be for pounding leaves and bark so as 
to reduce them to the condition of fibrous cloth or paper, were also 
noticeable. 1 Closely related to them in appearance were a number of 
stamps and seals in stone and terra-cotta derived from Aztec provinces. 
There is no doubt that these were used for the purpose of stamping 
designs on clothing, examples of which have been found in some of the 
ancient remains. 

In terra-cotta objects from the Totonacos, should also be mentioned 
numerous toys in baked clay, little dishes and small figures clearly 
designed to be used as playthings by children. From the same material 
there were a large number of those half spherical objects, pierced with 
a hole in the center, usually classed as "spindle whorls," and which no 
doubt were often used as such; but which also in some cases were 
employed as ornaments, being strung on a cord and suspended around 
the neck. 

An interesting exhibit in this collection was an especial collection 
from Campeche, on the coast of Yucatan, known as the " collection of 
Pedro Barauda," principal of the Institute of Campeche. It contained 
a number of clay idols of small size, some peculiar in form, aud also 
stone objects, weapons, arrow points, chisels, etc. 

The whole of the collection from Mexico was extremely well arranged, 
and afforded a pleasing spectacle to the eye of the visitor. The labels 
were well-written and clear, and a large number of casts of the most 
important objects in the National Museum of Mexico, which, on 
account of their value or size, could not be sent to Madrid, conveyed 
a correct idea of the riches of that governmental institution. These 
casts included the famous calendar stone, the sacrificial stone, the 
statue of Tlaloc, and many others. The only criticism which might be 
ottered was concerning the names of some of the tribes to which cer- 
tain objects were referred. For example, it can scarcely be held advis- 
able at present to refer products of human art to such doubtful, if not 
fabulous, peoples as the Olmecs, the Toltecs, or the Teochichimecs; but 
this slight objection does not in any way derogate from the general 
high character of the exhibit displayed by the Government of the 
Kepublic of Mexico. 

All the articles were well displayed for easy inspection and study. 
In connection with them were a number of copies of ancient Mexican 
documents, offering a valuable basis on which to erect an explanation of 
the intricate method of counting time adopted by these ancient nations. 
Several remarkable objects in stone should be classified with these. 
They represented a number of rods or canes tied together into a bundle, 
these rods or canes being fifty-two in number, as indicated by the cut- 
ting of the stone on its two extremities and surfaces. These curious 

1 On these see Walter Hough, in Science, January 6, 1893, aud my remarks in the 
same journal, March 10, 1893. 



32 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

objects are what the Aztecs call " the tying together of the years," 
a function which took place with solemn ceremonies at the close of 
each period of fifty-two solar years, the exact time being noted by the 
position of the constellation of the Pleiades in the nocturnal sky. 
To maintain in memory these several cycles of years, such stone images 
of the " tying together" were carved and placed in the temples, each 
bearing a mark upon it indicating the cycle to which it belonged. 

The Department of Guatemala. 

The section devoted to Guatemala contained a number of manuscripts 
and several collections, one offered by the Government of the state, a 
second, the collection belonging to Joaquin de Minondo, and a third, 
which was the property of Julio de Arellano. From these various 
sources a very good idea could be obtained of the general character of 
the antiquities of that country. 

The historical manuscripts included one which has been long known 
under the title of " Isagoge Apologetico General de las Indias." 

This work has been quoted by various writers on the history of 
Guatemala, but has never been published. The catalogue gives a 
brief statement of its contents. They relate to the conquest of the 
country by the Spaniards in the sixteenth century, the foundation 6f 
the first city of Guatemala, the journey undertaken by Hernan 
Cortez, as described in his fifth letter, and the efforts of the mission- 
aries of the religious order of St. Dominic to convert the natives of 
Guatemala. 

The second manuscript described was in three large folio volumes 
bearing the title of " Historia de la Provincia de San Yincente Ferier 
de Guatemala y Chiapa." 

This work has been familiar by name to historical students, having 
generally been considered to be the production of Father Ximenes. 
This fact is questioned, however, by the authors of the catalogue. They 
consider it rather to have been the result of the labors of various 
monks of the order of St. Dominic. It would appear to be an error 
to state, as we find in the catalogue, page 18, that it was unknown to 
the writers on the history of the country, inasmuch as it is distinctly 
referred to by the distinguished historian, Garcia Pelaez. 1 The extracts 
taken from it in the introduction of the catalogue are chiefly from the 
Spanish translation of the Popol Vuh, the whole of which translation 
was published by Dr. Scherzer at Vienna, in 1857.- 

Other manuscripts of interest contain the municipal acts of the first 
city of Guatemala and autograph letters of Columbus. 

Turning to the objects, utensils, weapons, and similar relics dis- 
played in the collection of the Government of Guatemala, some of the 

1 Garcia Pelaez. Memorias para la Historia de Guatemala, p. 18, et al. 

2 Las Historias del Origeu de los Iudios, etc. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 33 

most striking are idols of stone in human form varying in height 
from a quarter to half a meter. 

That numbered 1 in the catalogue is a black stone, skillfully worked, 
representing a human figure seated on a stool of the same substance, 
which has four feet. It is stated according to tradition to represent 
the god of old age. 

Another idol, also of stone somewhat similar, has the left arm crossed 
upon the breast, the right resting upon the legs. 

Still another, No. 6 of the catalogue, also of stone, presents the figure 
of a woman with her arms crossed upon the breast and a broad collar 
on the lower part of the neck. 

No. 7 is an idol of stone showing a human head — that of a man, and, 
what is noteworthy, bearing a well-marked beard. 

No. 74, 48 centimeters in height, is of clay. It represents a human 
figure holding in the hands a circular bowl, or vase, with small promi- 
nences on the external surface; the nose is prominent, and the mouth is 
open as it in the act of laughing. It was found in Escuintla, which 
was inhabited by the Pipiles, of Nahuatl affiliations. 

Somewhat similar is No. 100, made of fine clay, and representing a 
chief seated, wearing ornaments on the head, earrings in the ears, and 
a collar around the neck. Upon the head is a cap, from the sides of 
which hang two pendants. On his back he is carrying two small 
human heads. 

No. 177, also of clay, burned, shows a human figure seated and hold- 
ing in his hands a cup or bowl. He also wears a collar, earrings, and 
nose rings. The majority of these idols were derived from the province 
of Quiche. 

Although these articles were classified as idols, and therefore sup- 
posed to be objects of worship, it is not certain that they were not 
portraits or small statues of living persons, or of the dead, intended to 
be kept as memorials by the family or the tribe. 

In this same collection there are a number of vases, cups, aud jars 
of terra cotta, either red or black, the clay from which they are made 
usually finely worked and bearing a high polish. Some of them are 
painted or decorated by lines and geometrical figures. Several of 
them present the form of familiar animals, such as No. 04, where we 
see the head of a crocodile, from which is proceeding a human face. 

No. 106 is a human head with large circular earrings in the ears and 
a surface ornamented by lines forming geometrical figures. 

No. 12G, which was obtained from Copan, also shows a human head 
with similar large earrings, and rising above the head a circle of 
feathers. 

Among the objects in stone in the Government collection there is 
one (No. 12) representing an armadillo. 

No. 14 is a monkey, his right hand lifted to his head in the act of 
scratching himself. 

IT. Ex. 100 3 



34 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Nos. 32 and 33 are fine specimens of corn mills, metates, with the 
pestle which usually accompanied them. 

An interesting x>iece of terra cotta modeling is No. 36, the face of a 
man asleep. 

^No. 37 is an owl, or similar bird, and No. 38 represents a dog. Upon 
his back there is a small excavation in the form of a cup. These also 
are from the Pipil territory (Escuintla). 

No. 46 is a small stone image with the body of a monkey, but with 
the head and tail of an owl. 

Nos. 66 to 69 are stone masks representing human faces. They have 
small perforations at the top and sides, evidently intended to attach 
cords by which they could be hung. 

Quite similar masks of the same material were represented in Nos. 
76 to 80. All of these come from the territory inhabited by the QuichC. 

No. 87 is a vase or jar of marble which represents the body of a 
monkey resting upon its knees with the hand stretched above the head, 
and bearing upon its back a vase. 

There are also various arrows and lance heads of stone, and an Indian 
drum, obtained from the Indians of northern Guatemala, known as the 
Lacandones. 

A choice small collection is represented principally from the territory 
of the Quiches by Senor Minondo. It contains a number of specimens 
of pottery in red and black clays, masks of the same material, a few 
images in stone, arrow and lance heads, millstones, and ornaments of 
burut clay, some with hieroglyphic characters. 

The collection displayed by Arellano, while showing much of con- 
siderable interest, is less distinctly localized than the preceding, the 
catalogue rarely stating where the objects were found. They are, how- 
ever, of the same general character of those already described, and 
display the influences of the same civilization. 

Some of these objects in clay have a peculiar value from the hiero- 
glyphs rather rudely painted upon their sides. 

Special attention may be called to No. 23, which is stated to have 
been found near the capital city of the ancient Quiches. It is well 
known that the two principal nations which owned the soil of Guatemala 
at the period of the Spanish conquest were accustomed to preserve 
the facts in their national history and the knowledge of the sciences 
which they possessed by means of a method of writing closely allied 
to that which prevailed in Yucatan. In consequence, however, of the 
wholesale destruction by the early Spaniards of the manuscripts of the 
natives, not a single example of these has been preserved to stand 
in confirmation of their arts in stone and clay. This lends peculiar 
value to the preservation of every example which will throw light upon 
the manner in which they made use of the Maya characters. 

From the examples in the present collection, it is quite clear that they 
did not differ materially from their neighbors of the east, north and 
west in the formation of their glyphs. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 35 

Those which are referred to above are evidently allied to the signs 
of the calendar, which these nations, like most belonging to their stock, 
had either originated or adopted, and which was identically the same 
that prevailed throughout southern Mexico. 

The objects in this collection which established this fact must there- 
fore have a peculiar value in the eyes of all students of the ancient 
history of America; and their presence should stimulate to further 
investigations on the sites of the ruined cities of Guatemala. 

The ethnography of Guatemala at the time of the Conquest has been 
carefully studied of late years, and we are now in a position to refer 
such objects as are above mentioned to the various ethnic groups to 
which they belong. 

Except the small tribe of Xiucas on the south coast, who were in a 
condition of savagery, practically all the soil of Guatemala was divided 
between the representatives of the two powerful and highly civilized 
stocks, the Mayas and the Xahuas. The former were represented by 
the Quiches, Cakchiquels, Tzutuhils, Mams, Pokomams, Ixils, Chols, 
Lacandons, Chortis, and other tribes with Maya dialects. They occu- 
pied nearly all the central and northern portions of the present State. 
The Nahua stock was represented by the Pipiles, in the department of 
Escuintla, and the Alaguilacs, northwest of them, on the Eio Motagua. 1 
There are obvious differences in the art products of these two cul- 
ture centers, as there were in the languages, traditions, usages, and 
mythologies of the two stocks. There is a probability that the Nahua 
element reached the soil of Guatemala at a considerably later date than 
the Maya element, and brought with it the principles of a civilization 
already well developed in its northern home. 

The Department of Nicaragua. 

The collection from Nicaragua was forwarded in part by the Govern- 
ment of that Republic, and consisted in part of a private collection of 
Mr. Julio Gavinet. The former included 775 labels, the latter 426. 
They were both obtained with great care from comparatively recent 
excavations, usually clearly localized, and presented, therefore, a satis- 
tactory picture of the former industry of the indigenes there resident 
at the time of the Conquest. 

It is well known that the area about the Great Lakes of Nicaragua 
and Managua was inhabited by diverse populations, varying widely in 
the stages ot their culture. The two most developed of these nations 
were the Chorotegas, now shown by their language to have been in 
near relations with the Chapanecs who lived in the western portion of 
the Chiapas. They had extensive settlements along the shores of 
Lake Managua, and their usual name, indeed, which is that of Mangues, 
is identical with the appellation of the lake. While they had not 
reached to a like development with many of the tribes of Yucatan and 



1 Ou this, see Otto Stoll, Zur Ethnographic der Kepublik Guatemala. Zurich, 1884. 



36 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Guatemala, they were far superior to the wild, hunting hordes who 
roamed the district betweeu Lake Nicaragua and the ocean to the 
north. They manufactured pottery of fine character, and were skillful 
iu the art of polishing, boring, and chipping stone. Their houses were 
usually of wood thatched with straw ; they apparently had none built 
of stone and were unacquainted with metals. 

Their neighbors, the Nicaraos, whose chief seat was upon the north- 
ern neck of land between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean, and 
who also occupied several islands in the lake, were of Nahuatl descent, 
and spoke a language which was a quite pure dialect of the tongue of 
the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico. 

As will be mentioned under the Republic of Costa Rica, their arrival 
in this part of Central America was probably not more than a century 
before the Spaniards reached the same district. The Nicaraos brought 
with them the developed culture of the Aztecs, and erected an impor- 
tant temple on one of the islands in the lake in which they set up the 
stone images of their ancestral gods. A restoration of this temple is 
referred to in this report under the Swedish department. 

Reverting to the objects exhibited by the Republic of Nicaragua, we 
find among them an extensive series of articles in pottery iu the form 
of urns, dishes, plates, cups, whistles, flutes, figures of men and animals, 
symbolic and fantastic representations, and many fragments of handles 
and feet indicative of their artistic character. Many of these speci- 
mens of Nicaraguan pottery offer a facing of white clay adorned with 
figures in red and black. The ornamentation is frequently elaborate 
and the paintings often disclose considerable spirit. Quite a number 
have three feet in the form of the human head or that of animals, hollow, 
and containing a small ball of clay, dried and loose, so that in moving 
the vessel, it emits a slight sound. 

The funerary urns from this part of the continent are noticeable from 
their abundance, their size, and tbeir peculiar shape. On account of 
the latter they are usually known as "shoe-shaped" urns, their form 
being vaguely similar to that of a shoe or gaiter. In these receptacles 
the bones were placed after the body had been destroyed by fire, or by 
exposure for a considerable time in moist earth. The urn is sometimes 
molded to represent the head of an animal, as in Nos. 48, 344, and 432 of 
this collection, and others. 

A series of human figures in various colors (often rather rudely out 
lined, representing both sexes), in the collection of Mr. Gavinet, would 
appear to have been for religious purposes, probably gods of tbe house 
hold. 

Industry in stone is displayed by arrow and lance heads, chisels, axes, 
pounders, clubs, millstones, mortars, and rude figures. One of these 
objects, No. 1162, is what has been called a "pulp-pounder," and by 
some is supposed to have been employed in the manufacture of pottery. 
A further description of these somewhat puzzling implements is given 
in Science, referred to on p. 31 . 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 37 

Some of these stone articles, the arrow points and the knives, are of 
obsidian, the product so much in favor for the same purpose in Mexico, 
and always selected where obtainable on account of the keen cutting 
edge which it offered. In ornaments, colored stones, some of them 
quite brilliant, were polished and bored, and used as beads strung 
upon a cord. Examples of these in the Gavinet collection are exhibited 
in ISTos. 1183, 1181, 1199, and 1200. Their number, in each instance 
varies, some necklaces having from forty to eighty of these stone 
beads. They are not always globular, some being oblong, varying in 
diameter, and occasionally an attempt has been made to carve them 
into the representation of an animal object. 

The especially noteworthy features of Nicaraguan pottery are its 
brilliant and elaborate polychromic designs, the symmetry of the jars 
and vases, and the fine polish of the external surface, which in some 
cases might easily be mistaken at first sight for a glaze. These char- 
acteristics were well brought out in the display at Madrid. Another 
peculiarity is the evident liking of the native potters to mold objects 
of amusement, such as whistling jars, musical instruments, etc., out of 
clay, bringing their art in this respect into analogy with that of Peru. 
Arc I urologists in the United States have been made familiar with 
these traits by the excellent study of Dr. J. F. Bransford, published 
by the Smithsonian Institution. 1 

The Department of Costa Eica. 

The Republic of Costa Rica presented a rich collection of specimens, 
many of them recent acquisitions and all of them admirably arranged 
under the intelligent administration of Seuor Manuel M. de Peralta, 
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of his Government, 
and Mr. Anastasio Alfaro, director of the National Museum of Costa 
Rica, who had superintended many of the excavations of the objects. 

The collection in general embraced several special collections belong- 
ing to individuals, besides that sent by the National Museum of Costa 
Rica. The first was one obtained by Bishop Thiel, whose works upon 
the native languages of that country are well known to students of these 
subjects. 

An interesting feature of this collection was a series of small images 
in geld, eighteen in number, weighing in all 282 grams. Several of 
them represented the human figure in whole or in part; others were 
figures of birds, frogs, and ornaments. Of greater antiquarian interest 
than these were the vases in stone. One of them, measuring in height 
a meter and a quarter, showed three symbolic animals united together. 
Another, a bird belonging to the owl species, holding in its beak a figure 
of a man. This is supposed to be a symbol of the creation, the bird 
representing the primeval power which placed man upon the surface of 



■Archaeological Researches in Nicaragua, by J. F. Bransford, M. D., United States 
Naw. Washington. 1881. 



38 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

the earth. This explanation is supported by an ancient myth referred 
to in L. Fernandez, Docuinentos Ineditos, Tom. Ill, page 337. 

The height of this object was 80 centimeters, and it maybe regarded 
as one of the most remarkable specimens in the collection. 

Six curious examples were shown of the stone stools or seats which 
were used by the chiefs or priests when they performed certain reli- 
gious ceremonies. Other objects in stone which may be enumerated 
were heads of animals, grinding stones for maize, axes of the same 
material, and a number of worked specimens of vases and ornaments 
in greenish stones, which are usually classed among the jades or 
nephrites. 

Quitea large number of specimens in burnt clay represent the industry 
of the potter. One of these is a burial urn, which was found to contain 
human bones, showing that this method of interment, common in the 
adjacent territory of Nicaragua, was also not unknown in Costa Rica. 
Of the 78 vases in terra cotta represented, a number are in the form 
of auimals rather accurately portrayed. The earthenware flutes or 
whistles, so frequent in this portion of Central America, are repre- 
sented by 24 specimens of different forms, varying from 12 to 35 
millimeters in height. 

Of miscellaneous objects, 3 native drums, 2 blowpipes, 2 staffs used 
by the chiefs, 21 bows, several specimens of native weaving, and various 
utensils for lighting fire, were displayed from existing tribes. 

Another department of the collection was derived from the Troyo 
family, who have generously given to the National Museum a variety 
of valuable objects. Among these may be mentioned several chisels 
and spoons in stone, masses of stone intended to be used as maces or 
war clubs, others with polished surface and fitted to the hand for use 
as polishers or smoothers, grinding stones of various sizes and forms, 
mortars and vases of the same material, and a line of small human 
figures usually in a sitting position, probably intended as memorials of 
the dead or as household gods. 

The relics in clay in this collection include several specimens of jars, 
plates, spoons, whistles, rings, bells, and flower holders. Of these 
about one half display designs upon the surface, either in low relief or 
engraved upon the clay, and about one-fifth are decorated with paint- 
iugs in different colors. 

Industry in copper and gold is represented by a series of objects 
principally taken from natural history, such as eagles, frogs, lions, 
and a number of curious little figures perhaps intended as images of 
special deities. 

A few skulls taken from native graves offer a means of examining 
the cranial characteristics of the natives. 

A collection of antiquities, 380 in number, obtained in the immediate 
vicinity of Nicoya, is of peculiar value on account of its strict localiza- 
tion. The objects which it presents are in stone, pottery and in a few 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 39 

instances of metal. A prominent feature in it is the number of fine 
stones, green or bluish, belonging to various varieties of jade and jas- 
per. They bear frequently a high polish and have been worked up 
into objects of ornament. 

Another collection is that of Seiior Julio de Arellano, which was 
excavated principally from the slopes of the volcano Yrazu and from 
Nicaragua. It includes ornaments in copper, numerous figures in stone 
representing men and animals, corn mills, and a line of vases and 
utensils in clay, several of them handsomely colored or presenting 
designs in relief. 

Over 1,000 relics which were obtained in 1891 in exploring the natwe 
cemetery of Guayabo, situated on the slope of the volcano, form a con- 
spicuous part of the collection from Costa Eica, and one highly illus- 
trative of the industry of its earlier inhabitants. 

Besides the arclueological collections there are in this section a great 
many ethnographic specimens obtained from the tribes which still exist 
scattered throughout the northern and southern portions of the Repub- 
lic in small settlements. These include bows and arrows, blowpipes, 
woven material, feather work, collars made of teeth, nets, hammocks, 
fishing lines, drums, etc. 

There are displayed by means of photographs and oil paintings rep- 
resentations of individuals of the native tribes, their present habita- 
tions, and the ancient sepulcher opened and explored by Mr. Anastasio 
Alfaro, whose intelligent activity has thrown so much light on the pre- 
coluinbian history of this part of Central America. 

Prominent among the objects represented is a series of metates of 
unusual size and elaborate workmanship. They are of a fine gray stone, 
resting upon feet of the same material, and are elaborately decorated 
with human and animal heads in relief along the sides. 

One of these is of such size and bears such an amount of decora- 
tion as to seem to unfit it for a domestic utensil, and it has been called 
a sacrificial stone. A comparison, however, with a number of similar 
objects would seem to leave little doubt that its purpose was the hum- 
bler and more peaceful one of forming a surface for the grinding of 
corn on a large scale. 

Peculiar interest attaches to the arclneology and ethnography of 
Costa Rica on account of its situation on the only highway of migra- 
tion between South and North America. The relations of its native 
population at the time of the Conquest have offered problems of much 
obscurity, which can not be said to have been completely solved up to 
the present time. An admiral resume of our existing knowledge of this 
subject was prepared by Seiior de Peralta, the president of the commis- 
sion from Costa Rica to the Exposition in Madrid, and was incorporated 
in the catalogue ot that department. It condenses so much information 
not easily accessible into such clear outlines that the following extract 
from it is inserted : 



40 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

On the shores of the Pacific, in the peninsula of Nicoya, in all that territory which 
now constitutes the province of Guanacaste, and embracing all the vicinity of the 
gulf of Nicoya to the point of Herradura, lived the Chorotegas or Mangues, divided 
into various tribes or chieftancies, feuilatanes of the Cacique of Nicoya, to wit, 
Diria, Cangen, Zapanci, Pococi, Paro, Orotina, and Chorotega, properly so called, in 
the valley of the Rio Grande. By the side of these dwelt the immigrant Nahoas, who 
carried this far the arts and traditions of the Aztecs, and the cultivation of cacao, 
and obtained a supremacy over the previous inhabitants. The Chorotegas spoke 
the language of the same name, or the Mangue, a branch, if not the trunk and origin, 
of the Chiapauec. They extended through Nicaragua on the shores of the lakes, 
and by the way of Nequepio on the gulf of Fonseca or of Chorotega Malalaca, in 
what uow forms the Province of Choluteca, in Honduras, and part of San Miguel, in 
Salvador, to Chiapas, in which mountaneous region they held the important post of 
Acala. 

Between Chiapas, which we may call Chorotega-Acala, and Nequepio, or Chorotega- 
Malalaca, intervened the colonies or provinces of the Nahuas, Cakchiquels, 
Popolucas, and Pipiles of Guatemala and Salvador, as between Nequepio and Mana- 
gua intervened the Maribios and Matiares; and between Masaya and Nicoya, the 
Nahuatl colonies of Nicaragua, sometimes isolated and rulers of the soil, as at 
Rivas, sometime adjoining or intermingled with the Chorotegas, asm the peninsula 
of Nicoya. 

Between the Chorotegas of the peninsula and those of the eastern shores of the 
gulf, that is, between Nicoya and Orotina, were the Corobicies; but owing to the 
facile communication by water the Chorotegas of both coasts were in frequent 
relations. 

Geographically the Chorotegas formed five provinces : 

(1) Old Chorotega, their only home, and Orotina, on the east coast of the gulf of 
Orotina or Nicoya, between the port of La Herradura and the river Avangares. 
Between the river Avangares and the Zapandi, or Tempisque, were stationed the 
Corobicies. 

(2) Nicoya, the peninsula of this name, and its prolongation to the lake of Nica- 
ragua, including the towns or chieftancies of Zapandi, Nacaome, Paro, Cangen, 
Nicopasaya, Pocos, Diria, Papagayo, Namiapi, Orosi. 

(3) Managua, or Mangua, country of the Mangues, called in the Nahuatl language 
Xolotlan, including the towns of Masaya, Nindiri, Diria, Diriomo, Diriamba, Jino- 
tepe, Mombacho, Niquinohomo, and Nandaime. 

(4) Nequiepio, or Chorotega-Malalaca, Nacaome, Goascoran, Orocuina. 

(5) Chiapas, or Chorotega-acala, Chiapa, Acala, Suchiapa, Copainala. 

The Nahuas, whose most important colonies controlled the isthmus of Rivas between 
Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific, were established in Nicoya and spoke the Mexican 
or Nahuatl language. 

A Mexican colony also existed in the valley of Telorio (valley of the Duy, or of 
the Mexicans) near the Bay del Almirante, and inhabited the island of Tojar, or 
Zorobaro (now of Columbus), and the towns of Chicaua, Moyaua, Quequexque, 
and Corotapa, on the mainland, this being the farthest eastward in Costa Rica, or in 
Central America, to which the Nahuas reached, so far as existing evidence proves. 

Between the lake of Nicaragua and the gulf of Nicoya, to the east of the volcano 
of Orosi and the river Tempisque, near longitude 85° west of Greenwich, dwelt the 
mysterious nation of the Corobicies, or Corbesies, ancestors of the existing Guatusos. 
To the east of the same meridian were the Votos, occupying the southern shores of 
the Rio San Juan to the valley of the Sarapiqui. 

To the east of the Sarapiqui, and from the mouths of the San Juan on the Atlantic 
to the mouth of the river Matina, was the important province of Suerre, belonging 
to the Guetars, who occupied the ground to Turrialba and Atirro, in the valleys of 
the Reventazon and the river Suerre or Pacuar. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 41 

Between the river Natina and the river Tarire were the provinces of Pococi and 
of the Tariacas. To the east of the Tarire to the Bay del Almirante, dwelt the 
Viceitas, Cabecares, and Terrabas (Terrebes, Terbis, or Tiribies). 

On the Bay del Almirante to Point Sorobeta or Terbi there was the Chichimec 
colony, already referred to, whose cacique Iztolin conversed in the Mexican lan- 
guage with Juan Vasquez de Coronado in 1564. 

The Changueues occupied the forests about the headwaters of the Rio Ravalo. 

The Doraces, south of the Laguna of Chiriqui, and at the foot of the Cordillera, 
adjoined in the valley of the river Cricamola or Guaymi with the warlike nation of 
the latter name. 

The Guaymies occupied the coast and the interior lands situated between the 
rivers Guaymi and Conception, of Veragua. 

In front of the valley of the Guaymi lies the Island del Escodo, the governmental 
limit of Costa Rica; so that the Guayinis were distributed in nearly equal parts 
between the jurisdiction of Costa Rica and of Veragua. 

In the interior, in the highlands about Cartago, on the slopes both of the Atlantic 
and the Pacific, were the provinces Guarco, Toyopan, and Aserri; farther west, 
toward the gulf of Nicoya, Pacaca, Garabito, and Chomes adjoined along the sum- 
mits of La Herradura and Tilaran with the Chorotegas. 

These provinces formed the territory of the Huetares, or Guetares, uei tlalli, in 
Nahuatl, "great land," a general term, which included various tribes and chieftan- 
cies of the same linguistic stock, one entirely diverse from those of the neighboring 
Mangues and Nahuas, toward whom they were unfriendly, although maintaining 
commercial relations. 

The province of Guarco was considered by both the natives and the Spaniards as 
one of the most favored localities in the country, and for that reason was selected 
by the Guetares, and later by the whites, as the sight of their principle town. It 
was here that the city of Costa Rica was founded in 1568. The name is a corrup- 
tion of the Nahuatl Qualcan, from "qualli/'good, convenient, with the locative suffix 
"can." Qualcan means, therefore, "good place," or, as it is translated in Molina's 
Vocabulary, "a well-sheltered and desirable place," which answers well to the val- 
ley of Cartago. 

Southeast of Chorotega and the heights of Herradura, and south of the Guetares, 
extending to the Pacific Ocean, between the rivers Pirris and Grande of Terraba, was 
the province of the Quepos, of which the Spanish Government formed the district 
of Quepo, whose extreme limit toward the southeast was the old Chiriqui River. 

According to the most probable conjectures, the Quepos belonged to the family of 
the Guetares and lived, by preference, on the coasts. They were also enemies of the 
Mangues and the Cotos and Borucas, and in consequence of their wars with them 
and with the whites, and with the burden of labors laid upon them by the latter, 
their towns disappeared iu the middle of the eighteenth century without leaving 
any positive traces which will enlighten us upon their origin. 

Adjoining the Quepos, the Cotos or C'octos occupied the upper A'alley of the river 
Terraba, formerly known as the Goto. 

These formed a numerous and warlike tribe, skillful in both offense and defense. 

They are not known in Costa Rica by this name; but there is no doubt that the 
Borucas are their descendants. These Borucas occupied the region about Goli'o 
Dulce, formerly the gulf of Osa, east of the river Terraba, and gave their nameBuri- 
cas, Burncas, or Bruncas to the province of Borica, discovered by the Licentiate Espi- 
nosa in the first voyage of exploration made by the Spaniards to this region in 1519, 
and also to Point Burica, the extreme southern limit of Costa Rica, in latitude 8° 
north. 

The province of Burica extended toward the east to the Llanos of Chiriqui, and 
formed a part of the government of Quepo. It belongs to-day to the district of 
Punta Arenas. 



42 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

The Terrabas, who have given their name to the river formerly called the Coto, do 
not belong to the tribes of the Pacific Slope. They were brought to the location 
there, which they now occupy, in Aldea or Terraba, partly by the persuasion of the 
missionaries, partly by force, having been obliged to abandon the rough mountains 
to the north about the head waters of the Tilorio or Rio de la Estrella, the Yurquin, 
and the Rovalo, about the year 1697. They have been variously called Terbis, Ter- 
rebes, Terrabas, aud Tirribies, but tbere are no differences of dialect between them 
and their relatives to tlie north, other than would necessarily take place in any 
tongue from a separation of this length. 

At the time of the Conquest, therefore, the tribes occupying the territory of Costa 
Rica were Nahuas, Mangues, Guetares, Viceitas, Terrabas, Changuenes, Guaymies, 
Quepos, Cotos, and Borucas. 

The Nahuas came from the north, and landed iu Nicaragua somewhere about the 
year 1440. 

As to the Mangues, we must admit as the most probable opinion that they extended 
from the shores of the gulf of Nicoya along the lakes of Nicaragua and Managua 
(Xolotlan) into southern Mexico, where up to within a few years their language was 
spoken at Acala. 

It is almost impossible to determine the ethnic affinities of the Guetares as long 
as no vocabularies of their tongue can be found, though such were certainly written 
by such able linguists as Fray Pedro de Betauzos, Fray Lorenzo de Bienvenida, 
Fray Juan Babtista, and other Franciscans, who founded missionary establishments 
and taught the natives around Cartago ; but the testimony of archaeology proves 
that if they were not related to the Nahuas, they were subject to their influence, 
perhaps through the active commerce they had with the Chorotegas and Nahuas 
about the gulf of Nicoya. 

That the Guetares were by no means rude savages is shown by the ornaments in 
gold, and the precious stones finely cut, which have been unearthed in the excava- 
tions about Agua Caliente and Turrialba. That they presented an honorable differ- 
ence from their neighbors to the north and also the Chorotegas in not being 
cannibals is testified to by Benzoni, who was among them in 1544, and also by 
other documents of the time. 

As to the Guaymies, Terrabas, Changuenes, and Borucas, their affinities to the 
tribes to the east of them are well marked, and it would not be surprising if tbey 
were also closely related to the natives between Paria and Darien, and even with the 
Chibchas of Colombia, as has been maintained by Brinton. 

The total number included by these tribes about 1564 may be estimated in round 
numbers at 100,000 souls. At present their representatives are very few. 

The Nahuas and Mangues of the Nicoya region have completely disappeared, 
although the former survive in Mexico, and the latter have still a few descendants at 
Masaya, Nicaragua, and Acala, Mexico. 

It is unnecessary to say that the Nahuas have left many admirable monuments 
proving their proficiency in the arts, and a language of a perfection proving that 
those who developed it were a thoughtful and cultured race. 

The Chorotegas or Mangues, a proud aud independent people, are also shown by 
the relics they have left to have been a people skillful in the arts of pottery, and in 
working stone and gold. Nothing remains of the Corobicies or Corvesies except 
the name Corobici or Curubici, applied to an affluent of the Rio de las Cafias, a 
branch of the Rio de las Piedras, tributary to the Tempisque. There are many 
reasons, however, for believing that the modern Guatusos are the descendants of the 
Corobicies, whose language, according to Oviedo, was quite distinct from that of 
the Guetares, or Chorotegas, or Mexicans. It is possible that they are descended 
from those Votos Indians who inhabited the southern banks of the Desaguadera, or 
Rio San Juan, and whose village was situated near the first rapids of that river. In 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 43 

either case, neither the Votos iior the Corobicies have left any traces of the character 
of their culture. 

Among the objects from the Guetares is an instrument of wood for making fire 
according to the system employed in Mexico, a cord or line for fishing, and various 
ocherous earths used in painting the body, a custom which Fernandez de Oviedo men- 
tions as common among the Chontales of Nicaragua, near neighbors of the Votos. 

Department of the Island of Cuba. 

The objects sent to the exhibition from the Island of Cuba were 
principally economic in character, including an admirably arranged 
and extensive series illustrating the mineralogy and metallic wealth 
of the island and reflecting credit upon the school of mines in Havana 
which had forwarded it. 

There was also a fine case manufactured from the choice woods of 
the island, containing documents relating to the transportation of the 
bones of Christopher Columbus from the cathedral of Santo Domingo 
to that of Havana, in the year 1796. Its contents have a high histor- 
ical value and by many are considered conclusive upon this much 
debated question. A second volume, handsomely bound, contained a 
number of photographs of various views and buildings in Havana and 
objects relating to Christopher Columbus, among them one of his por- 
trait presented to the city of Havana by his descendant in the seventh 
degree. It is claimed to be the most genuine of any known. 

No collections of arclncolgical specimens, illustrating the industries 
of the indigenous inhabitants of the island, were included in the exhibit. 

Department of the Dominican Republic. 

The material in the department of the exhibition occupied by the 
Dominican Republic in the island of Santo Domingo, or Haiti, had refer- 
ence partly to the early establishment of the Spanish power in that 
island and partly to the condition of its primitive inhabitants as shown 
by their remains. The first of these consisted mainly of paintings and 
engravings of notable buildings and places upon the island which had 
been the scenes of various transactions relating to the first settlement. 

The early writers have left us considerable information about the 
state in which the inhabitants found themselves on the arrival of the 
Spaniards. This was not dissimilar to that of the tribes of northern 
South America, with whom they were closely affiliated in language and 
blood. The picture thus drawn by the earliest European visitors is 
borne out by the remains which have from time to time been collected. 
Those in the present exhibition include small idols of stone, clay, and 
wood, also points for lances or arrowheads of the same material, figures 
and utensils in pottery, and collars of stone, supposed to have been 
used on ceremonial occasions. Among the engravings is one of the 
celebrated circular construction of upright stones designed according 



44 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

to tradition as an arena for playing ball, having in its center a stone 
seat of great size, supposed to have been a throne for the queen. 

The fact of the burial of Columbus in the cathedral of Santo Domingo 
surrounds this building with an historical interest. Numerous views 
of it are presented from different aspects and others showing the leaden 
casket in which his mortal remains rested until the year 1795, when 
they were transferred to the city of Havana. 

The native population of Haiti, of whom we have in this exhibit the 
evidence of considerable cultivation, remained long of undetermined 
affinities, although many of the words of their language, their customs, 
and their myths were preserved by the early settlers and missionaries. 
They were popularly supposed to be Caribs, or related to the Carib 
stock, or connected with the Mayas or Mexicans. 

In a study of the Arawack language of Guiana, published in 1871, 1 
brought the Haitian language, I believe for the first time, into unques- 
tionable and close connection with that important South American 
stock, and showed at the same time that it was the same dialect which 
prevailed throughout Cuba and the Bahamas. 1 The whole West 
Indian Archipelago was peopled from South America exclusively, and 
contained no tribes linguistically related to any north of the Isthmus 
of Panama upon the continent. The definite recognition of this fact 
in ancient native migration is of prime importance in the study of col- 
lections of aboriginal relics from these islands. 

Department of the Republic of Colombia. 

The Republic of Colombia presented perhaps the most brilliant of all 
of the displays in the strictly American portion of the Exposition. The 
numerous magnificent specimens of native gold work and their tasteful 
arrangement attracted the attention of all visitors. They also excited 
the admiration of those of antiquarian taste, from their novelty as well 
as for the perfection of their designs. The credit for the collection 
of this unusual series as well as for their judicious arrangement rests 
mainly with the distinguished Colombian archaeologist, Senor Ernesto 
Restrepo. 

Senor Restrepo took advantage in connection with this Exposition, 
and of the interest excited by the invitation to his country to partici- 
pate in it, to publish several valuable contributions to the study of the 
ancient history of that portion of the continent. These appeared at 
Bogota, under the following titles: Estudios sobre los Aborigenes de 
Colombia; Viages de Lionel Wafer al Isthmo de Darien; and Ensayo 
Etnografico y Arqueologico de la Provincia de los Quimbayas. 

They are most creditable to the extent of his scholarship and the 
energy with which he has pursued investigations in the library as well 

'The Arawack language of Guiana in its linguistic and ethnological relations, by 
D. G. Brindton, M. D., in the Tranasctions of the American Philosophical Society, 
for 1871. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 45 

as in the field. They give us for the first time a fairly complete state- 
ment of the native tribes present in this portion of South America 
about the time it first became known to the European invaders. The 
map which accompanies the first named locates with great accuracy a 
large number of tribes whose precise residence has heretofore been 
vague. 

According to the minute and extensive investigations of this scholar, 
the territory of Colombia was occupied by a great variety of tribes in 
different stages of culture, not subject to any general government, but 
constantly at war with each other. When the objects obtained from 
the graves in different parts are carefully examined, a considerable dif- 
ference is manifest in the style and in the perfection of their artistic 
execution. It is quite obvious that the condition of those who manu- 
factured them was one of isolation, and that very little communication 
even of a commercial character was frequent between them. 

With regard to the work in gold, for which this territory was par- 
ticularly famous, it is found to be divisible into three different groups, 
clearly characterized by contrasting traits, both in the objects repre- 
sented and in the style of workmanship. These three groups are called 
those of the Chibcha, the Antioquena, and the Quimbaya; these are so 
clearly of independent character that a person who has thoroughly 
familiarized himself with their traits will run no danger of mistaking 
one for the other. Nor does it appear that the artistic development 
of the one exerted an influence upon the others, or that the products 
of the one entered by exchange or purchase into the territory of the 
others. The excavations in the ancient graves reveal objects almost 
entirely native to the locality, and very rarely specimens which could be 
attributed to the workmanship of neighboring tribes. 

This statement is equally true in reference to any objects which might 
have been made, subsequent to the Conquest, in Central America and 
Peru. The native graves of early date in those regions often contain 
metal work, pottery or ornaments, which show that the interments took 
place after the arrival of the Spaniards, and include some objects either 
brought by them, or imitated from those so introduced. For instance, 
in both countries, images in pottery of Spanish soldiers or monks are 
not extremely unusual in the native cemeteries of old date. .Nothing 
of this kind appears to have been the case in Colombia. When the 
invading forces swept down upon this thickly settled land, peopled by 
small tribes not possessing any strong military force and no cohesion 
among themselves, the whole industry of the country became paralyzed 
and ceased, once and forever. 

How small comparatively even the most important of these nations 
was, may be seen from the fact that the one which has most occupied 
the attention of historians and antiquarians, to wit, the Chibchas, did 
not control even the tenth part of the present area of the Republic of 
Colombia. 



46 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

The means for studying through material objects the degree of cul- 
ture of this nation have always been limited, and much of the celebrity 
which it has enjoyed has been owing to the literary studies of Duquesne 
and Humboldt, and rests on insecure foundations. Indeed, all the known 
objects previous to the present exhibition, which were at the command 
of the students, were not over a hundred as represented in the various 
works on this field. At Madrid, on the other hand, there were rep- 
resented 237 specimens and 167 hitherto unpublished drawings and 
paintings of specimens in other collections not heretofore represented 
in any public work. The character of these objects and the variety they 
presented, illustrating ancient workmanship, may be judged from the 
following list: 

In objects of gold there were C9 human figures, 6 masks, 23 figures 
of animals, 19 instruments, and 38 bones for ornament, making in 
all 155 articles in this metal of more or less pure alloy. In copper 
there were 24 figures of animals and of the human subject; in pottery, 
38 vases and figures; and 20 utensils of stone. The illustrations offered 
of otber objects not on exhibition number 167; making in all 404 
new specimens, serving to illustrate not only the technical culture of 
the Chibcha nation, but also throwing light upon its mythology and 
symbolism. 

But no doubt the most unexpected result of Mr. Restrepo's studies, 
one abundantly proved by the unequalled collection which he pre- 
sented to view, was that the Chibcha Nation was not the leader in 
general culture or in artistic workmanship among those who inhabited 
the soil of Colombia at the time of the discovery. This distinguished 
place was taken from them to be assigned to a nation or tribe hitherto 
wholly unknown to historians or antiquarians, and whose affiliations 
remain incomplete obscurity. This tribe is that of the Quimbaya, who 
occupied a territory on the right bank of the River Cauca, between 
the fourth and sixth parallel of north latitude. The area they con- 
trolled does not appear to have been more than 50 miles long and 30 
wide, and from the very little that can be learned about their tradi- 
tions, they had entered this district at no remote period before the 
Conquest. 

Concerning their language, we have no other information than a few 
proper names and two or three words, which offer no affinity with 
neighboring tongues. In this locality, guided by a native artistic 
instinct, and favored by the abundance of gold, usually impure, found 
in the streams, they developed probably the highest workmanship of 
any people on the American continent. They appear to have been 
peaceful, given to the enjoyment of life, and limited in other respects 
in their cultivation. 

These characteristics combined to insure their early extinction on 
the arrival of the Spaniards. Those avaricious strangers remorse- 
lessly pursued the Quimbaya to extort from them their hoards of the 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 47 

precious metal. The tribe was soon scattered, its survivors fled to the 
forest, and in a very short time even its name was forgotten by the 
rapacious invaders. 

Through the assiduous labors of Mr. Restrepo we are now in a posi- 
tion to appreciate the high artistic sentiment which inspired this 
departed people, and to restore to them the credit on the page of his- 
tory which is their due. The specimens of their work exhibited at 
Madrid, make up a total of 1,012 objects, enough, as Mr. Restrepo 
remarks, to enable those interested to decide whether this tribe of bar- 
barians did not do honor to the human species by their love of the 
arts, their excellent taste, and their really prodigious skill. 

These specimens are in gold of more or less alloy, in copper, in clay, 
and, in a few instances, in stone, wood, bone, and shell. They represent 
figures of the human body, and of various animals, diadems, crowns, 
scepters, collars, earrings, ornaments of various character, rings, bells, 
flutes and whistles, vases, and sepulchral urns, chisels, needles, 
spindles, etc. 

The graceful forms and varied sizes of the gold vases from this region 
impressed every observer. They indicate a true sense of symmetry and 
proportion in their makers, and they vindicate for them a high position 
as genuine artists. The vases of clay are decorated in colors, with fig- 
ures accurately traced, and are of varied and original forms. They do 
not resemble, either in the material of which they are constructed or in 
the methods of decoration employed, the pottery of the Chibchaor that 
of Central America. They would seem to present the product of an 
evolution of art belonging strictly to the nation who manufactured 
them. 

In the third region, that which has been referred to as about Antio- 
quia, there have been numerous extensive collections made at different 
times, which have abundantly proved that the tribes there resident 
were rich in gold, and manufactured it into various articles, with a 
skill greater than that of the Chibcha, but less than that of the Quim- 
baya. In the Madrid collection, the industries of this region, repre- 
sented either in the relics themselves or by accurate photographs, made 
a total of 438 pieces, quite sufficient to give a correct idea of their prog- 
ress in the arts. Here, again, we are at a loss correctly to state, from 
the evidence of language, what relationship these tribes bore to each 
other or to other stocks on the continent. 

A fourth region, not generally included in the continent of South 
America, though at present under the government of the Republic of 
Colombia, is that included in the Isthmus of Panama and the territory 
westward of it to the line of Costa Rica. This embraces the rich anti- 
quarian region of the bay of Chiriqui. It is well known that the 
ancient graves in that district have been ransacked for many years on 
account of the wealth of gold images which some of them contained. 
Although the greater portion of the relics thus obtained found their 



48 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

way to the smelting pot of the goldsmith, a sufficient number were 
preserved by collectors to make the character of the Chiriqui gold work 
quite familiar to all interested in such studies. The same tribes were 
also skillful in the manufacture of clay into utensils and objects of 
adornment. In the Madrid collection the Kepublic of Colombia dis- 
played about 200 pieces of pottery from the region in question, loaned 
by Bishop Peralta, of Panama, and 28 more from Mr. Restrepo's col- 
lection. The peculiarity about these pieces of pottery, and that which 
distinguished them from the similar products from the tribes of the 
south, was the method of ornamentation they adopted, choosing usually 
figures of animals, and also their selection of bright colors. The hands 
and feet of some of the vases are ingeniously arranged to be rattles, 
being hollow, and containing a loose ball of burnt clay which makes a 
light noise on moving the plate or jar. 

Another class of objects represented in this collection is one which 
affords peculiar interest to the student of the aboriginal methods of 
recording ideas. These are the inscriptions or writings upon stones or 
rocks dating from precolumbian times, which occur at various places 
within the Kepublic of Colombia. Some of these had previously 
attracted the attention of travelers, and in 1890 Mr. A. L. Pinart pub- 
lished in Paris a photographic album containing 10 plates of such inscrip- 
tions existing near the Isthmus of Panama. 1 It has been ascertained 
that such inscriptions, examples of which may be found in various parts 
of the American continent, present a series of similarities limited to 
certain districts, indicating that at some remote time a uniform method 
of rock writing prevailed over a considerable area, and was limited to 
that area. 

The examples of the inscriptions and engravings on stone shown by 
the delegation from the Republic of Colombia are contained upon 
twenty-eight sheets. They represent monuments of this character 
from a great many sites in different parts of the country, and differing 
much in the elaborateness of the designs and the skill with which they 
were executed. An inspection and comparison of them does not per- 
mit a classification into well-marked varieties. Still less can they be 
attributed to any one system of inscriptions. It is probable that sev- 
eral of them reveal the influences of the civilized Peruvian tribes who 
dwelt to the south. 

A small portion of the collection includes ethnographic objects 
obtained from the existing tribes of the Cunas and Goahibas, such as 
arrows, bows, lances, flutes, whistles, scepters, collars, combs, etc. 

A few skulls are shown indicating that the habit of compression of 
the frontal region was common among various of the ancient tribes. 

Those who have studied the description of the Chibcha numeral sys- 
tem, astronomic calendar, and mythology, as described by Alexander 

^imite des Civilisations dans ITsthnie Am^ricain, Pe"troglyphes, etc., par A.-L. 
Pinart. Paris, 1890. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 49 

von Humboldt, from the MSS. of Dr. Duquesne, will desire to learn if 
those remarkable statements are borne out by these later investigations. 
Such inquirers are referred to Senor Vicente Restrepo's careful mono- 
graph, Critica de los Trabajos Arqueologicos del Dr. Jose Domingo 
Duquesne, Bogota, 1892. It is sufficient to say that later research, 
as well as an examination of Dr. Duquesne's own writing, leave little 
doubt but that Humboldt was too credulous in attributing any such 
advance in culture to the Chibcha nation. 

Department of Ecuador. 

The exhibition of the Republic of Ecuador was under the care, as 
president of the commission, of Senor Antonio Elores, formerly presi- 
dent of that Republic, and now minister plenipotentiary from it to the 
court of Spain. 

The geographical position of Ecuador surrounds it with special 
interest to the student of the ancient history of America. It lies in 
the extreme northern portion of the former " Empire of the Incas," 
and is located between the numerous tribes subjected to their rule and 
a number of independent nations of a certain degree of cultivation to 
the north of them. Its earliest history is carried back by tradition 
some five or six hundred years, or as some would say, a much longer 
time, before tlie arrival of the Spaniards. The first that we hear of it 
concerns the nation of the Caras who are reported, somewhere about 
the ninth century, to have descended the coast from the north and to 
have landed on the shore near the mouth of the Esmeraldas River. 
From there they journeyed inland and established their main seat 
about the city of Quito, where they continued their rule down to about 
the middle of the latter half of the fifteenth century. At that time 
the Inca Huaynacapac conquered thecountry, and incorporated it into 
the nation of which he was chief. 

According to the evidence of language and many traditions of great 
antiquity, the great Kechua nation itself first appears within the ter- 
ritory of Ecuador, from which locality it gradually advanced, in two 
streams of migration, conquering as it went, until it had brought under 
its influence tribes as far south as the thirtieth parallel of south 
latitude. 

However this maybe, it is certain that in Ecuador we find many 
examples of art products which show conclusively the influence 
exerted by the Kechua people. 

The present collection includes in all 1,327 numbers in its cata- 
logue, many of which were exhibited by the Government of the Repub- 
lic, and others were loaned from private collections. Among the first 
there were a number of utensils in stone, one a mortar with large ears, 
each bearing a figure of an animal cut upon it. Another was a long 
stone with resonant qualities, used as a bell, or to sound warnings, 
II. Ex. 100 4 



50 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

emitting a loud and sonorous report upon being struck. Various 
circular or globular stones, some bored, were doubtless used to attach 
to the ends of clubs to give greater force to the blow. A few rough 
figures in this material and a number of axes were also shown. 
Pottery was represented by a collection of vases, jars, and plates in 
red and black clays; also masks of the same material. Several speci- 
mens of copper, usually in the form of axes or hatchets, indicated 
that this material was employed for objects of utility. 

A valuable collection, including relics both in copper, stone, bone, 
and wood, was exhibited by Mr. August Cousin. The general character 
of the specimens was similar to those in the collection of the Govern- 
ment, and in many instances the workmanship deserved special atten- 
tion from its perfection and artistic inspiration. 

Minister Flores personally exhibited a curious collection of ethno- 
graphic articles presented to him, when President of that Republic, by 
a chief of the nation of the Macas. They included a whistle of clay, 
vases of the same material, stone axes, head dresses of feathers and 
skins, ornaments for the ears, collars of teeth and other substances, 
and the instruments for boring the ears. 

Within the limits of Ecuador the Jivaro Indians reside, celebrated 
for their skill in extracting the bones from the human head, and drying 
the soft parts and the hair in such a manner as to preserve them per- 
manently. These heads they cherish as trophies. An interesting 
specimen was contained in the collection deposited by Senor Brao y tie 
Lilian, consul-general of Ecuador to Spain. , 

Quite a number of the vases in pottery exhibited were of consider- 
able size, some of them resting upon feet, others pointed at the end like 
the Greek vases and evidently for the same purpose, that is, that they 
might be placed securely in sand or soft ground by inserting the pointed 
extremity. Many of them were plain, others were in animal forms of 
in rude representations of the human figure. 

Several cases in this collection were filled with coins and medals 
struck at various times by the Government of the Republic. 

Department of Peru. 

From the Republic of Peru only a small and unsatisfactory exhibi- 
tion was made, considering the unusual riches which that country 
offers in articles of American antiquity. It consisted of about fifty 
specimens in pottery of the ordinary forms and texture which are so 
familiar from that country. A few objects in silver and gold compared 
unfavorably'with the much richer display from Ecuador. There were 
also some idols in wood, and various textile materials from cotton, 
wool, and the product of the vicuna. These were supplemented by a 
somewhat larger series from several private collections, consisting 
mainly of specimens of pottery of black clay obtained from the coast 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 51 

lands. Most of these are technically known as "huacos," a term 
applied indiscriminately to aboriginal relics in Peru. About sixty of 
them were disinterred from the immediate viciuity of the famous 
Temple of the Sun, in the valley of Pachacainac, and the Temple of the 
Gran Chimu, so well described by our countryman, the late Mr. E. G. 
Squier, in his work on Peru. 1 The specimens referred to are chiefly of 
clay, finely tempered, and offering some unusual forms. It may be 
that they are examples of the real "Chimu." work, which belonged to 
a different culture center from the Kechuas or Incas, and one believed 
by many historians to have been much older. 2 The natives of the 
coast about Trujillo were, the Ohimus or Yuncas, speaking a totally 
different language from the Kechua, and having been subjected by the 
Incas about the middle of the fifteenth century. 

Department of Bolivia. 

The Government of Bolivia was represented by a very small collec- 
tion, chiefly ethnographic in character and throwing but little light on 
the many interesting questions which relate to the ancient history of 
that part of South America. Among them were two idols in stone, 
found among the ruins of Tiahuanaco, some models of the curious rafts 
used still by the Indians of Lake Titicaca, several idols in wood as 
manufactured by the present Indians of the Aymara tribe, some plates 
of native manufacture, various textile materials, the result of native 
labor, and the complete costume of a native Indian man and Indian 
woman. 

The native tribes represented were the Aymaras and the Moxos. 
The first mentioned now number several hundred thousand of pure 
and mixed blood. Their arclneological history is peculiarly interesting 
on account of the probability tha.t their culture was considerably old^r 
than that of the Kechuas, and that these had derived from them many 
elements of their later civilization — a view ably maintained of late by 
Dr. Middendorf. 3 

The home of the Moxos is on the head waters of the Rio Mamore. 
They speak a dialect of the Arawack stock, the same which has been 
referred to as the prevailing language throughout the West Indian 
Archipelago. The opinion is. now generally held that the original home 
of this widespread family of languages was somewhere on the Boliv- 
ian highlands, 4 which lends special interest to an ethnographic study 
of them in that locality. 

'Peru; Incidents of Travel and Exploration, Chaps. IX, X. New York, 1877. 
2 See Dr. E. W. Middendorf, Das Muchik, oder die Chimu-Sprache. Einleitung. 
Leipzig, 1892. 

3 Die Aimara-Sprache. Einleitung. Leipzig, 1891. 

4 See Brintou, The American Race, p. 249. Philadelphia, 1891. 



52 columbian historical exposition at madrid. 

Department of Uruguay. 

The exhibition from the Republic of Uruguay was presented chiefly 
under the auspices and care of Seiior Juan Zorrilla de San Martin 
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from that Republic 
to tlie Court of Spain and president of the commission, known also as 
a distinguished author in both literary and scientific directions. 

All the specimens shown from this country may justly be attributed 
to the race and tribes who inhabited its area at the time of the discov- 
ery. None of them were found at any great depth beneath the surface, 
or in any such relation to older strata as to lead us to assign them to 
that much older age which has been claimed for some of the relics 
found on the watershed of the Rio de la Plata. These.tribes occupied a 
geographical position intermediate between the stocks which inhabited 
Brazil and those who occupied the vast area toward the west, known as 
" El Gran Ohaco." They were in blood and language affiliated to both 
of these, and they possessed traits of culture common to both. 

The majority of the relics were obtained from what is known tech- 
nically as " village sites," such as are called in South America " para- 
deros." These, as the name indicates, were localities which have for a 
greater or less length of time been chosen by the natives as places 
suitable for the construction of'their more permanent residences. They 
present, on investigation, many utensils, weapons, burnt stones and 
clay, remains of hearths, bones of animals, fragments of shells, etc., 
indicative of the life of the inhabitants, but, as a rule, few, if any, 
human bones, showing that they* were not used as places of burial, 
nor did the natives who occupied them make a habit of consuming 
human flesh. The bones of the animals found are those of the same 
species which still exist, or are known to have existed recently, in the 
same vicinity, not presenting any examples of extinct species. 

The cemeteries of these tribes are occasionally discovered. They 
present the appearance of a number of small mounds, upon opening 
which human bones are found, usually in a sitting position and accom- 
panied by stone and bone implements, rude specimens of pottery, and, 
in some rather rare examples, by articles of European manufacture, 
such as glass beads, showing that these interments continued to be 
made after the natives had come into contact with the whites and entered 
into commercial relations with them. 

Here, as elsewhere, in the ordinary soil of the country, various prod- 
ucts of the earlier inhabitants, such as arrowheads and stone and 
bone implements, occur. The specimens presented in this collection 
were obtained, and to some extent classified, with reference to their 
discovery on the village sites, in the cemeteries, or in ordinary soil. 

Among the examples in stone, single flakes, " teshoas," used for cut- 
ting, are abundant. They are generally small, the edges sharp and 
well suited for the purpose for which they were destined. Some of 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 53 

them are slightly grooved and retouched upon the edges, so as to offer 
a sen ated border, for which reason they are classified as saws. Another 
common form of stone implement is that of the scraper. They are usu- 
ally chipped on one side only, the other being left in its natural condi- 
tion, the front edge being more or less grooved, while the opposite end 
is arranged for adjustment into a wooden handle. They offer a variety 
of forms, some being circular, others oblong, elliptical, etc. Somewhat 
similar in character are flakes and pieces of stone, usually oval in out- 
line, which have been chipped to a point at one end, the border being 
sometimes also chipped to an edge, at others left blunt. 

The use of stone arrowheads and lance heads was very common 
in Uruguay. More than 9,000 specimens are mentioned in the cata- 
logue as having been found, showing the various forms with which we 
are familiar in those obtained in the United States. The material 
of which they are made is generally jasper or quartz, and they are 
worked with a great deal of skill, with symmetrical outlines, testifying 
to the long practice of their makers. 

Although no mention is made of the discovery of quarries, yet the 
material from them in the form of cores or nuclei is abundant on these 
village sites. They were evidently brought, as in the United States, 
from some locality more or less distaut, and worked up at the village 
at leisure. 

Another implement found in considerable numbers shows that the 
same character of technical industry prevailed here as in the northern 
continent. These are the hammer stones, the use of which was to 
break the flakes from the core and chip its sides. 

A rounded fragment of hard rock, of various sizes to suit the hand 
and the weight of the blow desired, was its simplest form. Some of them 
are oblong in shape, and they often present a small depression on each 
surface, no doubt intended as pits for the extremities of the fingers, 
thus allowing them to be used for striking a blow with greater accuracy. 
Others, again, have a groove around the center, evidently for the pur- 
pose of permitting them to be fastened securely to a handle. 

This form of hammer stone brings them into close relation to a stone 
implement more common in this part of the continent than in any 
other, and almost unknown throughout the area of the United States. 
These are what are c.illed the sling stones or bolas, which are charac- 
teristic of the greater portion of South America, south of Brazil. They 
are in the shape of a roundish stone, generally polished, with a groove 
around the center, by which they were fastened to a cord or string. 
They were used in two methods by the primitive inhabitants, the one 
intended to capture the animal, the other to kill him. In the former, 
two stones were tied together at the two ends of the cord, about six 
feet apart, although three could be used, on cords fastened together in 
the form of the letter Y- This form is quite common to-day in Pata- 
gonia, where it is the favorite method of capturing ostriches; but it is 



54 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT' MADRID. 

believed to be a later development of the former, and it is doubtful 
whether, at least in Uruguay, the natives were acquainted with it at 
the time of the Conquest. The manner of its use is, that one of the 
stones, the smallest of the three, is taken in the hand, and the others 
are slung several times around the head and then hurled at the animal 
in such a manner that his feet become entangled in the cord, and he 
falls an easy prey to his pursurer. 

The simple or single bola is merely a stone attached to the extremity 
of a cord about 3 feet long. The other extremity is taken in the hand, 
whirled several times around the head, and the stone is dispatched to 
strike the animal or the enemy in some vital part. Often heavy and 
large stones are used for this form of the bola. 

Nearly all the bolas present the circular groove above referred to; 
but there are some which do not. These appear to have been wrapped in 
skins or thongs and by this method attached to the cord. Those bolas 
which are taken in the hand are usually smaller than the others; are 
highly polished, oval, and have the groove extending longitudinally. 
Not a few of them are so perfectly symmetrical in outline that it is 
difficult to believe that they have not been made by machinery. 

Another variety of stone weapon presenting a generally spherical 
outline, with a transverse groove and often with conical prominences, 
are the heads of war clubs or of maces. Many examples of these are 
shown. They were fastened to the extremity of a handle and were 
entirely weapons of war. 

Axes or hatchets of stone often occur on the village sites. They are 
usually highly polished, some having a groove, others not. 

A comparatively few examples are shown of stone disks. It is not 
clear for what purpose they were made, and the suggestion of the 
catalogue that they were sling stones is not probable. 

There are two varieties of stone utensils presenting concavities, 
evidently mortars for breaking corn and other grain; the other smaller 
in size and probably for use in grinding paints or similar coloring 
matters. 

Perforated stoues are not unfrequent, for what use has not been 
clearly defined. It has been suggested that they may have been 
attached to handles for the purpose of carrying nuts or hammering 
on soft substances. They are of various diameters and usually circular 
in outline. 

Two of the most interesting objects in the exhibition in this depart- 
ment are two stones, the one representing rudely an ax or hatchet 
bearing an outline of the human face, and the other approximating to 
it in form, but evidently intended to represent a bird. A stone rudely 
chipped or polished resembling the latter has been exhumed from some 
of the ancient stations on the coast of Brazil, and the peculiar charac- 
ter of such objects prompts to the suggestion that they may have 
proceeded from the same inspiration; which, indeed, is not improbable, 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 55 

inasmuch as the natives of this part of Uruguay belonged in part to 
tlie same stock, the Tupi-Guarani, which at an early date spread itself 
along the coast of Brazil quite up to the mouth of the Amazon and to 
the north of it. 

On all the village sites fragments of pottery are found. It is not 
very well baked and is usually coarse, the clay being mixed with 
grains of sand and small gravel in order to give it consistency. On 
the surface it is reddish, in the interior dark. Most of the vases are 
conical or globular, and they generally have holes in the rim which 
were intended for cords by which they could be suspended. A few of 
these fragments show some rough decoration in points or straight lines 
in low relief, giving simple geometrical outlines. 

The graves which were examined yielded polished stones and human 
and animal bones. In some instances funerary urns inclosed the 
remains, and the bones were occasionally painted, showing that they 
had been brought from a distance after the iiesh had decayed, accord- 
ing to a custom well known in both North and South America. The 
funerary urns show a higher grade of pottery than was found on the 
village sites, and the attempt at decoration in red and white clay and 
with various combinations of straight and grooved lines indicate a 
more ambitious style of art. 

Department of the Argentine Republic. 

The Argentine Republic, occupying as it.does the southern extremity 
of South America and including an area extending from the extreme 
southern point of the continent almot-t to the limits of the Tropics, is 
rich in the remains of these ancient inhabitants. It has within the 
last few years especially attracted the attention of geologists as well as 
archaeologists by its claims to contain in the strata of the pampas both 
the bones and the industrial relics of the oldest examples of the human 
race on the American continent. Indeed, there have not been wanting 
some daring spirits who have intimated that in this region existing 
evidence indicates that man had his first home. It is unquestionably 
true that his bones and the relics of his village sites have been dis- 
covered in contiguity with the remains of extinct animals which have 
been reasonably assigned to the Quaternary formation. 

The Government of that Republic has, with judicious liberality, made 
preparation for the collection of a large number of such relics in the 
museum of La Plata, under the intelligent care of its director, Sehor 
F. B. Moreno. In this depository, a great variety of specimens have 
been collected, illustrating the natural history as well as the antiquities 
of the state. It was not deemed desirable by the authorities connected 
with it to forward to Madrid the best pieces. Instead of these, a full 
and valuable series of water colors depicting them were exhibited, 
serving as a means of comparison for the study of visitors. Even 



56 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

these were far from exhausting or even giving a full conception of the 
riches in this direction owned by the national museums of that Republic. 
They present, however, in an attractive manner, the size and coloring 
of a large number of painted vases of clay, usually decorated in a con- 
ventional manner by representations of the human body and various 
animals, especially the serpent. The majority of these were from the 
Province of Catamarca, and were funerary urns obtained from the 
cemeteries of that region. 

It is well known to students of the subject that precisely in this prov- 
ince some of the most difficult enigmas present themselves concerning 
the history of the civilization of South America. Here alone, in any 
part of the continent east of the Andes, were found tribes constructing 
walls of cut stone, and erecting edifices of the same material, some of 
which were of great extent and admirably designed for defensive works. 
There can be little doubt but that the influence of ancient Peru made 
itself felt upon the arts, of this province, but whether its inhabi- 
tants, the actual builders of these stone works, belonged in language 
to the great Kechua stock, is a question upon which linguists have not 
reached a unanimous opinion. The articles depicted in the collection 
from the Argentine Republic at Madrid will extend an interest in this 
question, and will prove the comparatively high artistic skill which had 
been acquired by this unknown people. 

The natives of Catamarca were known as the Calchaquis, and were 
in a much higher stage of culture at the time of the Conquest than their 
neighbors, the tribes of the Gran Chaco, or those which roamed over 
the pampas to the south. Xoue of the litter had developed an agri- 
cultural or sedentary life, while the Calchaqnis were distinctly city 
builders. 

Although the province of Catamarca and its inhabitants became 
early a field for missionary effort, and a grammar of the language was 
prepared by the apostolic laborer, Father Alonso de Barcena, the work 
is lost, and all that remains of the tongue is a series of place-names. 
From an analysis of these, various conclusions have been reached. I 
have endeavored to prove that they belong to a dialect of the Kechua, 
of Peru, a conclusion which, if accepted, would bring the remarkable 
remains of the Calchaquis as well as themselves into genetic relation 
with the great culture-center of the Incas. Von Tschudi, however, 
thought they were a part of the Atacamenos of the Pacific Coast; and 
Samuel A. Lafoue-Quevedo, who has long studied the problem on the 
spot, is inclined to look upon them as an independent stock, without 
known affiliations. 1 

1 On this question the following may be profitably consulted : Brinton, The 
American Race, pp. 227, 319, seq. ; S. A. Lafone-Quevedo, Catalogo de las Huacas 
deChaiiar-Yaco, La Plata 1892; Gunardo Lange, Las Ruinas del Pueblo de Watun- 
gasta, La Plata, 1892. 



columbian historical exposition at madrid. 57 

Department of Spain, 
the national museum of archaeology. 

The National Museum of Archaeology of Spain is an institution of 
the highest class, and one most creditable to the scientific spirit of the 
nation. It is installed in Madrid in extensive and beautiful grounds 
and contains a vast collection of objects most useful to a student of 
antiquarian scenes. Only a comparatively small portion of these treas- 
ures were exhibited in the Columbian Exposition, but the selection was 
very judicious and furnished the attentive observer a large mass of 
material for his consideration. 

The National Museum of Archeology owes its foundation to the 
liberal mind of Charles III of Spain, who about the year 1773 collected 
together the objects of interest in natural history and antiquities, and 
with them formed a large collection at the capital. He also sent various 
scientific men of the day on voyages to America for tlie purpose of 
adding to this material for students. Later on it was increased by the 
efiorts of officers attached to the Spanish navy, by a private collection 
of ancient vases from Peru, and by a large number of objects exhumed 
from the sepulchers of that couutry, including remains, textile materials 
and utensils of all kinds, and also by a collection of antiquities for- 
warded by the Government of Guatemala in 1789, and from other 
sources. 

The materials on exhibition were disposed, in the main, geographi- 
cally, and are so classified in the published catalogue. Beginning with 
the West Indian Islands, we find a number of examples of the fetiches 
or so-called zemis, 1 which are so common through Cuba, Puerto Rico, 
and other islands of that archipelago. These are sometimes in stone, 
sometimes in baked clay. They usually represent rudely the human 
figure in part or in whole, or a figure of some of the lower animals. 
Besides these, from the same locality there were stone axes in diorite 
or serpentine, stones used for milling purposes, often of the peculiar 
triangular shape known as "the cocked-hat stone," 2 collars of stone 
principally diorite, stone implements of the same material, rudely shaped 
idols and arrow points, one of which, from Cuba, was of obsidian. 

Quite a number of arrowheads, a few objects iu bone and stone, and 
fragments of pottery were from the United States, their exact locality 
not being stated. 

Of greater value than these are the extensive series from Mexico, 
these unfortunately also being rarely strictly localized, and there- 
fore difficult to be referred to a particular ethnic civilization. They 
included a large collection of what were called religious objects, such 

All kmI to to the Arawack, semeti, medicine-man, sorcerer, or priest. 
s On the purpose of these consult E. F. iiu Tliurn, "On West Indian Stone Imple- 
ments" in the Journal Timehri, Vol. I, Part II. 



58 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

as idols in stone, terra-cotta masks, amulets and seals or stamps, rows 
of beads, and models of temples. Among the weapons of warfare were 
shown lance points, knives, some from a peculiar yellow stone, nuclei 
of obsidian from which the flakes had been detached, anjd numerous 
examples of the form in which these flakes were obtained. 

The musical instruments from the same state included spherical jars 
of burnt clay, whistles made of the same material, and rattles. 

Certainly the most celebrated of the objects in this collection was 
the ancient manuscript written before the discovery by the natives of 
Yucatan, known as the " Codex Troano." It is divided into two por- 
tions, and for a long time they were considered to be two separate 
ancient hieroglyphic books, but now most of those who have carefully 
studied the relationship existing between the two have readied the 
conclusion that they are parts of the same manuscript, which have 
been detached and separated. They are written upon long strips of 
the native paper, made from the maguey plant, which was covered 
with a white sizing and folded on the principle of a screen. Both sides 
were written, or rather painted upon, and the pages are to be read first 
along one side, and theu, by turning the manuscript, along the other, 
in a direction inversely of the first. 

Tins precious manuscript has been carefully reproduced and is now 
accessible to all students of the subject. 1 It may justly be considered 
one of the most remarkable remains of the literary culture of the 
natives of southern Mexico. The characters in which it is written are 
distinctly those which we find inscribed on walls of the oldest cities of 
Yucatan, Tabasco, Honduras, and Chiepas, and are not at all like those 
which are familiar to us in the manuscripts obtained from the area occu- 
pied by the ancient Aztecs. 

Various religious objects, specimens of pottery, weapons, domestic 
utensils, and a few arclmeological remains are shown from the cities of 
Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Eica, and undetermined portions of Cen- 
tral America. 

From South America there was a series of relics shown from Colom- 
bia, among them a large number of small idols, in bronze, and copper 
and gold, from the celebrated nation of the ancient Chibchas. These 
merited examination the more, as not only was this nation one of the 
most highly civilized of any within the area of that State, but, as is 
shown by recent researches, it alone of all the South American nations 
appears to have extended its influence and language into North Amer- 
ica certainly as far as the western boundary of Costa Eica, and perhaps 
even farther. (See above.) One of the remains which was alleged to 
illustrate the sacrifices ottered by this nation in the Temple of the Sun 
at their capital city, Sogamoso, was a piece of the great stone upon 
which the human victims were immolated. 

'First published by the Abbe" Brasseur de Bourbourg, Paris, 1869; Manuscript 
Troano, etc., and later by others. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 59 

Another relic from this nation, one that has excited considerable 
attention from its curious form, is a stone marked No. 345, formerly 
supposed in some way to indicate the calendar of the tribe, but which 
at present is generally considered to have been intended as a mold on 
which thin plates of gold were hammered in order to bring them into 
a desired shape. Reference will be had to this fact in speaking of 
the exhibit of the German section. 

Several of their instruments of music, such as whistles and bells, 
were included among the objects shown, and also pieces of cloth woven 
by the ancient inhabitants of the country, obtained from sepulchers in 
the vicinity of this primitive capital. They are of cotton, some white 
and other portions dyed in yellow and blue. 

On reaching the State of Ecuador, we find in the objects shown dis- 
tinct marks of the influence of the great cultured state of the Incas 
to the south; for instance, in a looking-glass of obsidian of circular 
form, polished on both its surfaces, and with a prolongation having a 
hole bored through it, evidently for the purpose of fastening by a 
cord or suspension. There is also a fine series of polished and well- 
shaped stone axes, usually of a greenish or blackish diorite, and several 
good specimens of pottery, some of elegant form and fine clay. 

The collection from Peru is peculiarly rich and includes a vast num- 
ber of objects illustrating the highest degree of art of the ancient 
inhabitants. It was obtained principally from various localities along 
the coast or in the warm western valleys of the Andes, and therefore 
represents more especially the industry of the Yuncas, the tribe who 
dwelt in that locality, and who, as has already beeu remarked, spoke a 
different language and belonged to a different stock from the ruling 
nation, the Incas, who occupied the higher land in the interior. 
Among religious objects exhibited were a large number of idols made 
from burnt clay, from copper, from silver, from bronze, and rarely 
from stone. 

Among them was one which was especially prominent by being alone 
in a case separate from the rest. It represented a human figure seated 
upon a throne which was inclosed by two snakes. In the hands of the 
figure were two tables on which were inscribed characters distinctly 
resembling the Chinese script. An image of the sun rested on the head 
of the figure, and around its neck was a collar bearing'three eggs; the 
hair was plaited, somewhat resembling the queue of the Chinese, but 
which is also occasionally seen among some of the natives of the 
higher Andes. This object is alleged to have been discovered near the 
Port of Truxillo, but no detailed description of its finding could be 
obtained. Inasmuch as it is not supported by any other finds of a 
similar character, and is left without verification as to the method or 
date of its exhumation, the observer is justified in harboring serious 
doubt as to its genuineness. 

Among the weapons of war presented, there are a number of stone 



60 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

hatchets of serpentine, diorite, and amphibolite ; also a series of mace 
heads, some in the form of a ring, and others with conical points or 
knobs. These were intended to be fastened to the extremity of a handle. 
There were also hatchets of copper and bronze, and lance points and 
arrow points of the same material. Among the objects used as 
utensils, those of copper, principally chisels and awls, knives and hoes, 
were especially noteworthy. It has been long known that the inhabi- 
tants of this portion of South America were acquainted with an alloy 
of tin and copper from which they manufactured a great variety of 
implements and utensils, the resulting metal compound furnishing a 
hard substance capable of yielding a good cutting edge. 

There were six examples from the same part of the coast, of scales or 
balances, which were attributed to the ancient inhabitants, and were 
supposed to have been used in weighing gold and silver or other precious 
substances. The beams were sometimes of wood, and several of them 
were worked with a great deal of fineness and care. In one, the cord 
which sustained the balances was ornamented with a row of rich beads 
of colored stones and rude fragments of shell. These remarkable objects 
deservedly attracted the attention of many visitors, as there is very little 
evidence to show that in no other part of America any balances or 
scales of such a character were used by the primitive inhabitants. It 
is, indeed, open to question whether outside of the ancient Empire of 
Peru the notion of estimating quantity by weight ever occurred to the 
native American race. Certain it is that nowhere in North America 
has any evidence been adduced to show that even the most highly cul- 
tivated nations distributed their produce or in auy way measured the 
amount of objects by means of weights. 1 

The sepulchers along the Peruvian Coast also contributed to this 
exhibit a great number of domestic utensils, decorative objects, musical 
instruments, vases, and figures in terra cotta; some of curious forms, 
others representing animals, objects such as birds, alligators, snakes, 
fishes, fruits, and so on. There were a great many vases of the double 
form, some without handles, others intended astoys or as games. They 
" T ary in quality, but among them are many of the best style of art of 
the natives. 

Passing on toward the south there were a large number of bolas 
shown from Uruguay, the peculiar arm used by the natives of that State 
in hunting; also, from various parts of South America, the precise local- 
ity not defined, numerous domestic utensils and industrial objects, a 
number of mummies from the coast of Peru, a collection of skulls from 
the coast and from the interior of the same country, textile materials, 
clothing and garments, both modern and ancient, from the same region, 

and an excellent collection of tbe military outfit of a warrior from Brazil. 
i 

1 1 have discussed this subject in iuy Essays of an Americanist, pages 434, 449, Phil- 
adelphia, 1890, and also in the Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian 
Society at Philadelphia, 1892. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 61 

From Ecuador and Peru were a number of arrowheads, lance points 
maces, bows and arrows, weapons, etc. 

A series of small boxes contained a collection of medical and phar- 
maceutical specimens brought back from America about the year 1777 
by the botanists sent thither by Charles III. The large series of cin- 
chona bark is especially interesting as being the first at all complete 
collection ever brought to America of this invaluable drug. 

Among the postcolumbian or recent ethnographic objects from the 
museum should be mentioned, in the first place, those obtained in the 
expedition of the Corvettes, Descubierta, and Atrevida, in the year 1791. 
They included four models of kayaks, the fishing boats in use by the 
Esquimaux, and waterproof clothing which the fishermen don in 
exposure to the weather. From Nootka Sound there were specimens 
of carvings in wood, as masks, human faces, the human figure, and 
boxes in the form of a bird; also stone implements, axes, amulets, and 
wooden carvings of various descriptions from Vancouver Island, south- 
ern Alaska, and the Straits of Fuca. 

From the area of the United States the museum exhibited skins 
dressed and painted from New Mexico, feathers and ornaments and 
various garments from the same locality, stone weapons and bows 
principally from the tribes in the southwestern United States. 

More important than these were the collections from Mexico of arti- 
cles manufactured since the Conquest, and of small images represent- 
ing various native types. Modern Mexican pottery was set forth by a 
collection of 956 vases from Guadalajara and Cartegena of very varying 
forms, usually having feet and covers of the same material and differ- 
ing widely in perfection of work. Other objects which may be men- 
tioned were the peculiar Mexican hats, Mexican leather work, cups and 
dishes of cocoanut very elaborately decorated, textile materials from 
the Indians and from the Spanish inhabitants of the country, groups of 
figures, representing various characters, extremely well made and 
remarkably close to life. 

A series of twenty-four paintings, with incrustations of mother of 
pearl, recalling different episodes of the Conquest of Mexico and dated 
from the year 1698, were of much historic interest. Others, painted on 
copper and variously decorated with paper and feathers, memorialized 
certain scenes of a religious character and were intended for exhibi- 
tion in the churches. Some life-like figures were iu wax; one, a collec- 
tion of thirty species of birds, modeled in this substance, and carved 
with designs appropriate to the various species represented. This was 
a work of the Indians of central Mexico. 

From South America specimens were shown of amulets used by the 
Indians of Colombia, flutes made of cane from the same locality, combs 
of vegetable fiber, vases made from shell of the fruit of a tree, and 
baskets of cane for the purpose of carrying water. A number of eth- 
nographic specimens, such as collars and bracelets, garments and 



62 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

weapons from Ecuador, illustrated the native industries of that State. 
Similar collections were present from Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil, the 
Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Patagonia, and the southern extremity 
of the continent. As in most instances the tribes from which these 
articles were obtained were not stated, their scientific value was 
merely of a general character. This was still further the case with a 
series of objects exhibited from America in general without other deter- 
mination of the locality whence obtained. 

A portion of the Exposition was set apart for objects from the Phil- 
ippine Islands, a valuable colony of Spain. It is well known that 
their native inhabitants generally belong to the great Polynesian 
branch of the Malayan race, and, of course, are entirely disconnected 
by blood or culture with any of the American tribes. Historically, 
however, these islands came under the domination of Spain at about 
the same time as many of her American possessions, and for this 
reason the collection was placed parallel to this from the American 
continent. It included a number of specimens of the ancient and 
modern industries of the inhabitants, and also a series of skulls, 
some of them being from cemeteries believed to be anterior to the year 
1519. Interesting examples were shown of the early and later indus- 
tries; also of their work in clay and the accuracy in moulding which 
they displayed previous to the arrival of the Spaniards. A curious 
series was one of cones of gold and silver; and although it has been 
denied by some authorities that these objects were used as coins, there 
is sufficient evidence to accept it as probable. 

The national board of mining engineers contributed to the Expo- 
sition a series of models and plans of mines, specimens of charts 
and collections of works upon every branch intended to illustrate the 
geological and economical character of the country first visited by 
Columbus, including the island of Cuba and other portions of the 
West Indies. Of these it may be said in brief that they embraced all 
the material requisite to prepare a memoir of the mineral riches of 
Spanish America with considerable completeness. 

Secondly, a collectiou of 600 specimens of roek and soils from the 
island of Cuba. 

Thirdly, a collection of 214 fossils from the same island, carefully 
revised and classified and properly catalogued. 

Fourthly, a collection of 150 specimens of minerals from the island 
of Cuba; maps, plans, photographs, and sketches of mines in the 
island ; collections of minerals from the islands of Puerto Rico and Santo 
Domingo and from some parts of Mexico, Peru, etc. 

This portion of the Exposition would be found of much utility in 
studying the development of the mining industry during the period of 
Spanish occupation of the New World. It was highly appropriate, 
therefore, that it should find a place in an exposition devoted to illus- 
trating the growth of America in the early centuries of its subjection 
to European influence. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 63 

THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF HISTORY. 

The Royal Academy of History displayed from the rich stores of its 
library a number of remarkable manuscripts, originals of the aucieut 
'•histories of the Indies." 

Perhaps the most notable of these was a fragmentary history of 
Mexico by Father Bernardino de Sahagun, being the original draft, or 
rather a portion of it, consisting of only four books, from which he 
composed his complete work, the only complete manuscript of which in 
existence is found, not in Spain, but in Italy. That in Madrid has been 
described on several occasions, especially by myself and by Dr. Seler, 
of Berlin, and portions of it have been published by both of us. 1 

The original manuscript of the extensive general history of the 
Indies, by Fernandez de Oviedo, was also on exhibition, consisting of 
seven folio volumes, written in the sixteenth century ; all of which, how- 
ever, has been published by the Spanish Government. 

Another manuscript, which has attracted great attention since the 
first production of a portion of it by the Abbe Brasseur, is the descrip- 
tion of Yucatan by Bishop de Landa. It appears to have been copied 
from an original which is now lost. It is especially celebrated for the 
light which it throws upon the system of writing invented by the 
natives of Yucatan, and which is preserved in a few manuscripts 
written by them before the Conquest, and also in numerous monuments 
carved in stone upon their temples. The students of such inscriptions 
in modern times have usually taken as their starting point the so called 
" alphabet," as given in this volume. 

Although the results have not been very successful because the 
alphabet which he gave was not intended for use in the manner of those 
employed in modern languages, yet its value can not be doubted as a 
genuine production of native invention. It may be added that the first 
time this manuscript was published in a correct form was in 1881, when 
it was issued by means of a photographic representation in a folio vol- 
ume referring to the hieroglyphic writing of Central America, edited 
by Senor Juan de Dios de la Rada y Delgada. 2 

Another of the manuscripts in this collection was one written in the 
sixteenth century, of 6(58 folio pages in the first volume and 272 in the 
second, being the " History of the Indies," by the illustrious Las Casas. 
The history, which is here included in full, was published in Mexico, 
in part, but a considerable portion of the manuscripts of this author 
has not yet seen the light. It may be said of them that a great many 
of his chapters treating on ancient classical religious history would have 
no interest or value to the modern reader, and in an edition of his 
work would scarcely merit that they should be reproduced in type. 

'See the Compte- Rendu de la VII Session du Congres International des America- 
uistes, p. 83. 

-I have also given a photographic reproduction of this alphabet in my Essays of 
an Americanist, page 242. 



64 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Other portions, on the other hand, as coming from one of the earliest 
and cei tainly the most sympathetic observer of his time, are of value as 
indicating the state of feeling and the methods of treatment which in 
the age of the writer existed between the two races on the American 
Continent. 

The National Library of Spain exhibited a series of very valuable 
documents in manuscript, referring to Columbus and Cortes, to Pizarro 
and to others of the early conquerors and explorers, the most of which, 
however, have already been printed in the extensive work entitled, 
"A Collection of Documents Hitherto Unpublished, Relating to the 
History of Spain and her Colonies." 

Another item of interest was the original manuscript, bearing the 
date 1575, of the history of the Indies and of New Spain, by the Friar 
Diego Duran, in the original form. The paintings in this work are gen- 
erally colored, and from a note in the catalogue it would appear that the 
supposition is that these colors were not reproduced in the edition of 
Duran published at Mexico under the auspices of the late Senor Ramirez, 
minister to the Emperor Maximilian. Such, however, is not the case, 
as the atlas which accompanies Duran's work in that edition gives an 
accurate representation of the colors of the copy of the original man- 
uscript as it appears in Mexico. 

Another interesting manuscript is the synopsis of the history of 
Paraguay by the Jesuit Nicolas del Techo, bearing the date 1084. 
It is signed by the author, but was written by Indians of the mis- 
sion in imitation of printed letters, the initials and head and tail pieces 
to the chapters being engraved on wood. This curious document is 
quite unique in its character. 

Along with these are many old printed books and other manuscripts 
of less importance, also a collection of maps and plates relating to the 
early voyages to America, showing the geographical notions of the con- 
tinent which were prevalent in the first two centuries of this discovery. 
Several paintings are shown, once the property of Christopher Columbus 
and Hernan Cortes; and a small but valuable collection of early and 
rare printed books relating to the languages and the native tribes of 
the New World, to which reference will be had later. 

Among the rarest of these scarce imprints should be noticed as 
probably the only complete copy in existence that of Bernando de 
Lizana's History of Yucatan, published in 1633. From an incomplete 
fragment of this work, the Abbe Brasseur extracted the chapter relating 
to the ancient ruins of Yucatan which he appended to his edition of 
Bishop de Landa's description of that country. It is hoped that this 
extremely rare volume will at some time in the near future be reprinted. 

Among other very early editions of historical works may be men- 
tioned the Relation of Cabeza de Vaca, dated in 1555; the Ordenazas 
and collection of laws relating to the management of the affairs of New 
Spain, printed at Mexico in gothic letters in 1518; a similar volume on 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 65 

the same subject printed at Seville in 1553; the edition of Vespueius, 
printed at Milan in 1519; the History of Chiapas and Guatemala, of 
Father Remesal, printed at Madrid in 1619; the works of Solorzano 
on the laws of the Indies, published in Madrid between 1029 and 1648; 
and a variety of other works of early Spanish and Mexican writers. 

These constitute but a small portion of the riches of the National 
Library of Spain, both in manuscript and printed works; but they 
serve to indicate how much has yet to be examined in that country 
before its resources relating to the early history of the New World can 
be exhausted. 

The Provincial Library of Toledo exhibited several manuscripts relat- 
ing to the civil relations of Peru and the history and geography of the 
Province of Guatemala, and a number of folio volumes, including dif- 
ferent papers relating to the history, the commerce, and the missionary 
labors in North and South America. 

Among the exhibitions from private libraries in this connection was a 
collection of postage stamps used at the present time by the various 
Republics of America and a large number of other nations, the exhib- 
itor being Sen or Candida de Zaragoza. 

Under No. 828 in this department, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, of the United 
States, displayed her calculations and mathematical scheme of the 
ancient calendar of the Mexicans already referred to and furnished for 
the catalogue a description covering two pages as to the theory which 
she had adopted in carrying out these extensive computations. This 
brief resume was by no means adequate to give a clear understanding 
as to the method by which she overcame the numerous difficulties 
offered in this investigation. It states in brief that the Aztecs made 
use of three different calendars, the one founded on a lunar year of 9 
months of 265 days, the second on a solar year of 18 months and 365 
days, while the third would appear to have been a combination of these 
two methods of counting. The result was that the method by count- 
ing the solar years which was the ordinary one in use, was from time 
to time corrected by the more accurate observations of the lunar years, 
so that at the end of 18,515 days, when the new cycle commenced, they 
both contained the computations of the sun and the moon, the latter 
being the first day of its appearance as a new moon, these bodies having 
the same position in the heavens that they did at the beginning of the 
previous cycle of the same length. A preliminary communication of 
this subject was presented by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall to the Ninth Inter- 
national Congress of Americanists which met at Huelva, Spain, in Octo- 
ber, 1892, from which this epitome was prepared. 

Mrs. Zelia Nuttall also exhibited photographic reproductions of the 
manuscript of the history of New Spain, written by Father Sahagun, 
after the manuscript copy which is preserved in Italy; and also a 
photolithographic reproduction of a valuable and unique manuscript, 
preserved in Florence, the early publication of which she has in view. 
H. Ex. 100 5 



66 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Among other objects in this department from private individuals 
were a series of publications by Mr. Stewart Culin, of Philadelphia, 
chiefly referring to Chinese and East Indian games of dice, and others 
for the purpose of telling fortunes; from the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, reports relating to the Museum of American Archaeology; from 
the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, reports of 
its proceedings; from Prof. E. N. Horsford, of Cambridge, Mass., a 
number of his works giving his theory of the early visits of the North- 
men to the coast of New England; a critical study by Emile Travers 
on the disposition of the remains of Columbus; from Mr. Alfred Mauds- 
lay, London, a collection of photographs and views of ruins and monu- 
ments discovered by him in Yucatan and Guatemala; rare maps and 
paintings from the collection of Senor Feliciauo Herreros de Tejada, of 
Madrid, and a series of autographs and original documents from the 
collection of Francisco de Uhagon, of Madrid. The Royal Society of 
Berlin presented a copy of the Entdeckung Amerikas by Kretschmer, 
a large folio volume of 368 pages, issued in 1892, with au atlas of mag- 
nificent maps, intended to be commemorative of the fourth centennial 
of the great discovery. 

An exact reproduction of the famous map of Juan de la Cosa, pilot 
for Christopher Columbus, was exhibited by Antonio Canovas y Vallejo. 
This celebrated document must be considered the general foundation 
for the history of cartography of the Western Hemisphere, and its repro- 
duction in its present accurate form must be welcome to all scholars. 

A noteworthy department of the Exposition was that occupied by the 
manuscripts and historical documents and rare printed books from the 
various depositories in Spain. The many sources from which these 
were supplied were, first, the archives of the Indies in Seville, in Aleala 
de Henares, in Simancas,and the national archives in Madrid. Others 
were derived from the rich library of the Royal Academy of History of 
Spain, the Provincial Library of Toledo, the National Library, the 
Royal Academy of Fine Arts, and from a limited number of private col- 
lections. It would be of considerable advantage to give a notice and 
catalogue of all these which bear upon the study of the history and 
conditions of the native Indian tribes and on the history of the United 
States. 

One of the leading topics on which collections were displayed was 
the life and achievements of Christopher Columbus. These were drawn 
chiefly from the archives of the Indies, in Simancas, aud in Seville. 
Among them may be mentioned the accounts of the treasurer of Seville, 
who paid over moneys to Columbus in the year 1487; the instruction 
and letters of the King and Queen to him at various times; the docu- 
ments conferring upon him the title of admiral of the Indies; the privi- 
lege signed by the King aud Queen in 1497 confirming the grants made 
to him in consequence of his discoveries; orders to pay over to him 
moneys at various times for the prosecution of his discoveries; a sketch 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 67 

of bis life between tbe years 1426 and 1493, in which are confirmed tbe 
agreements made with bim and tbe privileges conceded bim; copies of 
the Bull of Pope Alexander VI, granting to the King of Spain and bis 
successors all tbe lands discovered by Columbus; minutes of tbe royal 
order, granting bim and bis successors 25 square leagues in tbe Dominion 
of Veragua and several jurisdictions, from which grant bis descendants 
at tbe present day derive their title; documents relating to Luis Col 
umbus, one of which gives bim the authority to remove the bones of 
his ancestor, the first admiral, and of bis son, Diego, deposited in the 
monastery of Las Cuevas, outside of the city of Seville, and to transport 
them to the Cathedral of Santo Domingo; and a considerable number 
of Governmental acts relating to the claims of Diego Columbus and 
Luis Columbus and their successors in connection with the lands they 
held from the Crown. 

Another series of documents related to Pinzon, principally referring 
to the claims made by bis descendants and heirs on account of the 
services he had rendered the Crown in his expedition with the first 
admiral. From the island of Santo Domingo were a considerable num- 
ber of documents, one of which, by an anonymous hand, described the 
customs of the natives of tbe island and the use of tobacco; several 
letters from missionaries who were at work among the native tribes; 
an account of gold which was reduced in the island in tbe year 1715; 
a letter urging Charles V to send negro slaves to the island; various 
reports relating to tbe expeditions of Hernau Cortes, whicb was pre- 
paring in tbe island; a description of tbe services of Ponce de Leon, 
and a number of legal documents. 

From the same source, the archives of the Indies, there was shown 
a considerable mass of documents referring to the early history of 
Mexico or New Spain. One of them, by an anonymous writer? 
described the division of laud made by the Indians in tbe period 
before tbe Conquest, and the order of their succession and their pos- 
sessions. This appears to be tbe same as that published in a French 
translation by Ternaux Compaus. Various documents are shown from 
the pen of tbe first bishop of Mexico, the celebrated Juan de Zumar- 
raga. Other papers of interest were a map of the ports visited by the 
English corsair, Drake, made in a semicircular form and in colors; a 
map of San Miguel de Teopa with inscriptions in the Mexican lan- 
guage; a number of other early maps, various letters, and accounts of 
explorations of New Spain carried out shortly after tbe Conquest; an 
original letter of Francisco de Montejo, describing the country in the 
vicinity of Vera Cruz; a royal grant giving to Cortes the control of 
various towns in New Spain and vassals to the number of 23,000 as a 
reward for his services; various papers referring to tbe services of the 
well-known military author, Bernal Diaz, and the famous interpreter, 
Dona Marina, who so greatly assisted Cortes in his Conquest, and 
whose descendants appear to have been properly rewarded. One 



68 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

document by the early missionary, Motolinia, explains the method by 
which the Indians were accustomed to pay tribute previous to the 
Conquest. Another, which was written on maguey paper and in hiero- 
glyphics, describes the town of Azcapuzala, not far from Mexico, at 
the time it was visited by the licentiate Sandoval. A manuscript of 
forty-nine pages, by the licentiate Quinones, describes the numerous 
towns which he visited in New Spain, and the customs and usages 
which he found among them. 

It is evident that the efforts of the celebrated Bishop Las Casas to 
improve the condition of the Indians met with violent opposition even 
from his fellow missionaries, for we find a letter from the devoted Moto- 
linia to the King describing in amplitude what he calls the errors and 
false statements of the bishop; and this is but one of a number of docu- 
ments in this collection directed against the "apostle of the Indies" on 
account of his fearless exposure of the brutality of the Spaniards and 
the pastors sent to take care of these flocks. That he was quite correct 
in his statements is also evident from many pieces in this collection ; 
for instance, one from the town of Tenayuca, which is accompanied by 
drawings and paintings made by the Indians themselves, representing 
some of the cruelties to which they had been subjected. 

Some curious specimens were shown of playing cards manufactured 
in the City of Mexico in the year 1583. They offered a combination of 
European and native American characteristics. 

The Territory of Florida is the subject of a number of documents 
describing its geographical election, rivers, towns, soil, and ports. A 
series of original manuscripts of the expedition of Ferdinand de Soto, 
and letters from the early governor, Aviles, are all of much interest to 
the historian of that State. Some of these have been published at 
various times, but several of them have not yet been printed. 

In the same department were preserved numerous interesting orig- 
inals and copies bearing upon the early history of Guatemala, Panama, 
Peru, Chile, Venezuela, Quito, New Granada, the Rio de la Plata, and 
America in general. Several of these would appear to contain much 
valuable ethnographic information; such as that by Francisco de 
Toledo (No. 272), which includes the answers of a number of natives 
obtained through interpreters as to the idolatry in use in Peru before 
the Conquest, the methods of burial, and the customs of the indigenous 
inhabitants. 

A curiosity is the original manuscript of the second and third books 
of the General History of the Indies composed by Las Casas; another 
is the Bull of Paul III, ordering that the Indians be instructed in the 
Catholic religion, and forbidding them to be sold or considered as 
slaves. It would appear from Nos. 370, 371, 373, and others, that the 
histories written by Gomara, Las Casas, and Sahagun met with very 
serious opposition when in the manuscript stage from the official cen- 
sors of the press; for which reason, doubtless, the two last named 
never saw the light in print during the Spanish domination. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 69 

The works on the native languages of America in this collection 
deserve especial mention, as many of them are still in manuscript, and 
others refer to tongues of which there is very little material accessible 
to students. The following list of the more important will prove of 
utility to those who are engaged in this branch: 

138. Libro de Cartas escritas & S. M. por los Obispos Go bern adores, Oficiales 
Reales, Caciques 6 Indios de la Provincia de Yucatan. MS. (This contains sev- 
eral letters written in the Maya language by natives educated in the use of the 
European alphabet.; 

560. BBC. Carta Escrita en Indio por Varios Caciques ;i S. M. el Rey. de Espaua 
D. Felipe II. MS. 

563. Cuaderno de Algunas Reglas y Apuntes sobre el Idioma Paine. MS. (This 
also contains a Doctrina Christiana, translated into the Paine, which is a dialect 
of the Otomi stock, spoken in the State of Queretaro, Mexico.) 

625. Preceptos y Observaciones sobre Moral Christiana; en Lengua Mexicana. MS. 
(A MS. of the sixteenth century, containing eight leaves, from the Library of the 
Cabildo de Toledo.) 

626. Fr. Andres de Olrnos. Arte de la Lengua Mexicana. MS. (A manuscript copy 
written in the sixteenth century. This work was first printed in Paris, in 1875, from 
two MSS. in that city. The present very ancient one would be valuable for com- 
parison with the printed editiou.) 

662. P. Joseph de Anchieta. Arte de Grammatica da Lingoa mas usada na Costa 
do Brasil. Coimbra, 1595. (The rare first edition of this valuable grammar of the 
Tupi language.) 

663. Fray Juan de la Annnciacion. Sermonario en Lengua Mexicana, con un 
Cathecismo en Lengua Mexicana y Espanola; con el Calendario. Mexico, 1577. (A 
good copy of this very rare issue of the Mexican press. The calendar referred to is 
that of the Roman Church, uot that of the natives.) 

667. Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Morocosi; compuesto por un Padre de la 
Compania de Jesus. Madrid, 1699. (An extremely rare work on the language of 
a tribe of South America, among whom the Jesuits established a mission.) 

685. Fr. Balthasar de Castillo. Luz y Guia de los IVIinistros Evangelicos. En 
Castellano y Mexicana. Mexico, 1694. (A scarce quarto volume, valuable for the 
Nahuatl texts it contains.) 

691. F. Juan de Cordova. Arte en Lengua Zapoteca. Mexico, 1578. (The rare orig- 
inal edition, especially valuable, not merely for its linguistic material, but as the 
only source whence we can obtain satisfactory information of the early Zapotec 
calendar. ) 

696. Declaracion y Exposicion de la Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Mexicana, 
hecha por los Religiosos de la Orden de Santo Domingo. Mexico, 1545. (This is 
probably a unique perfect copy of one of the first books printed in America. It is a 
small quarto, in Gothic letters, and on page 10 has .the autograph of Fr. Alonso de 
Molina, the author of the first Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana. In 
Icazbalceta's Apuntes para un Catalogo de Escntores en Lenguas Indfgenas de 
America, the first edition of this doctrina was assigned to the year 1548. An earlier 
edition, assigned to 1539, is referred to in the Cartas de Indias, Madrid, 1877.) 

703. Pedro de Feria. Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Castellana y Zapoteca. 
Mexico, 1567. (This Doctrina is the first work published in the language of the 
Zapotec nation, of Oaxaca.) 

731. Fr. Martin deLeon. Camino del Cielo, en Lengua Mexicana. Mexico, 1611. 
(A scarce work, useful for its Nahuatl texts, and for the light it throws upon some 
of the Pagan rites and ceremonies which were still practiced by the natives.) 

747. Alonzo de Molina. Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana. Mexico, 
1555. (The first edition of this standard dictionary of the Nahuatl tongue is rarely 
seen. It is a creditable specimen of early typography.) 



70 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

773. Fr. Bernardino de Sahagun. Psalmodia Christiana y Sernionario de los 
Sanctos del Afio, en Lengua Mexicana. Mexico, 1583. (Of the voluminous writings 
of Sahagun in the Nahuatl language, this appears to have been the only one 
which was published during his lifetime. His profound knowledge of the tongue 
gives his texts a high value.) 

778. Fr. Domingo de Sancto Thomas. Gramatica 6 Arte de la Lengua General de 
los Indios de los Reynos del Peru ; y Lexicon 6 Vocabulario de la Lengua General de 
Peru. Valladolid, 1560. (There were three so-called "Lenguas Generales" in Peru, 
the Kechua, the Puquina, and the Yunca. The present work is in the Kechua, or 
Quichua, that used by the Government, and presents the tongue in its ancient and 
pure form.) 

799. P. Luys de Valdivia. Arte y Gramatica General de la Lengua que cone en 
toilo el Reyno de Chile, con un Vocabulario y Confessonario. Lima, 1606. 

800. P. Luys de Valdivia. Doctrina Christiana y Cathecismo en la Lengua Allentiac. 
Lima, 1607. 

(These two works by Father Luys de Valdivia are upon the tongue spoken by the 
native Indians of Chile. The Allentiac is one of the "Chaco"' dialects in use at San 
Juau de la Frontera.) 

810. Villegas. Libro de la Vida y Milagros de N. S. Jesu Christo en dos Lenguas, 
Ayniara y Romana; trad, por el P. Ludovico Bertonio. Iuli, 1612. (Father Ber- 
tonio is almost the only authority on the Aymara language, spoken on the highlands 
of Southern Peru and in Bolivia. There has been much discussion whether his Dic- 
tionary and grammar of it present the tongue in a pure form. The present work is 
one of the rare issues of the Jesuit press established at the mission of Iuli, in the 
province of Chucuyto. ) 

Department of Portugal. 

The Kingdom of Portugal exhibited at the Exposition an attractive 
collection classified under four different headings. 

Section first included documents and books relating to the discover- 
ies of the Portuguese, both in the New World and in southern Africa 
and in Asia. Some of these referred especially to the centenary of 
the discovery of America. A valuable collection of maps, drawings, 
and pictures throws considerable light on the achievements of the Por- 
tuguese navigators in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 

The second section was devoted to ethnography, especially Ameri- 
can. It embraced remains, instruments of music, weapons of offense 
and defense, domestic utensils and ornaments, textile materials, masks, 
costumes, and pottery, principally from Brazil. Some of the specimens 
in clay came from the celebrated prehistoric site on the island of 
Marajo. Others, more modern, were from the provinces along the 
river Amazon, in which were noticeable attempts at decoration in the 
same style as in the former, but carried out with less skill, showing a 
retrogression in artistic science and in technique. Some of the gourds 
and shells used by the modern Indians are delicately painted iu Italian 
style, owing their peculiar beauty, probably, to the instruction of the 
Europeans. 

The remaining two sections were devoted to ornamental art and to 
articles used in maritime service. These were indicative of a highly 
developed state of economic skill in the nation which presented them, 
but have no particular relation to the immediate topic of this report. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 71 

Department of the Empire of Germany. 

The collection forwarded by the FDmpire of Germany was displayed 
under the intelligent care of Ur. Edward Seler, associate director of 
the Ethnographic Museum of Berlin. 

Most of the objects exhibited were in originals or photographs, pic- 
tures or casts from specimens in the Berlin Museum. As a rule, how- 
ever, the casts were so well prepared and the selection so judiciously 
made of articles of general interest in the ancient history of America 
that this portion of the Exposition formed by no means the least inter- 
esting and instructive of the departments. 

Most prominent among the casts were those in plaster of paris of the 
remarkable stone monuments, discovered at Santa Lucia Oozumalhualpa, 
in the department of Escuintla, Republic of Guatemala. They were 
first described by Dr. F. Habel in 1802 in a report which he afterwards 
presented to the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, 1 and subse- 
quently attracted the attention of Dr. C. H. Berendt, who urged the 
museum at Berlin to obtain possession of them, and spent the last few 
months of his life in seeing to their proper packing and forwarding to 
that destination. Only apart of the considerable number found in the 
locality are now in the museum, the others having been left at various 
points on the way. The character of these remains has been made 
familiar to the public by the monographs of Prof. Charles Rau, of the 
Smithsonian Institution, and Prof. A. Bastian, of Berlin. They pre- 
sent many points of peculiarity, differing entirely from the remains of 
the Indian tribes of Guatemala, who descended from the Maya stock, 
and scarcely less so from the known relics of those of the Nahuatl 
lineage who inhabited Escuintla at the time of its discovery by the 
Spanish explorers. Nevertheless, there are traces both of the mythology 
and of the workmanship of the latter so well marked that we may 
safely conclude that they are the production of some branch of the 
Nahuatl peoples. There was a tradition that at a remote time emigrants 
from the north passed through this portion of Escuintla, and while there 
they erected these monuments as a memorial to their principal chief 
and high priest, who had there met his death. 

There were sixteen of these casts, representing the full series as found 
in Berlin, of the size of the originals. 

Another series of casts, representing a number of remains from the 
ruins of Tula, the reputed capital city of the ancient Toltees, about 40 
miles north of the present City of Mexico, were due to the generosity 
of Dr. Antonio Penafiel, by whom they were presented to the Museum 
of Ethnography at Berlin. One of them showed a support for a build 
ing in the form of a warrior whose face is represented within the open 
mouth of a serpent. Like other remains from this famous site, these 
do not betray any marked superiority over others from various parts of 



1 The Sculptures of Santa Lncia CosumaTwhuapa, by F. Habel, M. D., Washington, 

1878. 



72 COLUMBIAN HISTOEICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

the Mexican Empire, thus proving that the alleged extraordinary cul- 
ture of the Toltecs, or ancient inhabitants of Tula, was quite fictitious. 

A very interesting feature of this collection were the relics and 
photographs of the explorations of Mr. Hermann Stiibel in tliat portion 
of the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, which lies within the boundaries of 
the ancient proviceof the Totonacos. This province was supposed to 
have been occupied in ancient times by two distinct nations, the one 
of which, and probably the older, were the Totonacos, and the second, 
some branch of the Nahuatl stock, who appeared later on the scene as 
conquerors. This fact is reached from the very different character of 
the remains which are discovered in localities closely adjoining. Some 
of these bear unmistakable identity with the productions of the 
Nahuas, while others show a character of industry which we do not 
find where that stock exclusively inhabited. 

For instance, the earthenware in some places is richly painted and 
decorated with designs whose style is in all respects similar to the pot- 
tery found on the table-land of Mexico. These specimens have often, 
superposed on the red or black clay of which the object is made, a fine 
white clay disposed so as to form ornamental designs; whereas another 
variety of pottery is coated with fine red clay deriving its color from 
an oxide of iron, and this is scaled off' so as to show the whitish clay 
beneath, and in this manner produce the desired decoration. The 
motives of the decoration itself also differ, that of the Totonacos repre- 
senting in preference such objects as alligators, fish, snakes, monkeys, 
or rude faces of men. 

Among the specimens of pottery from this source are also found a 
great many small figures apparently made in imitation of living persons. 
There is one type quite frequent where the face is broad, the head flattened, 
and a certain expression present in the physiognomy which recalls that 
so common on Chinese porcelain. The relics which have been found 
presenting the greater similarities to these types are those of their 
neighbors of the north, the Huastecas, on the river Panuco, who were a 
cultivated people of the Maya stock, and who have left in their own 
locality many traces of a comparatively high civilization. 

From this part of Mexico there are derived a class of antiquities 
which have much puzzled the archaeologist. These are heavy yokes of 
stone, some weighing as much as sixty pounds, the surface either pol- 
ished and plain or carved, and often elaborately, with complex figures 
in relief. The purposes which these could have subserved have already 
been discussed above in connection with similar specimens exhibited by 
the Government of Mexico. 

The researches in Peru of Drs. Reiss and Stiibel, which have become 
so well known through other magnificent publications, are illustrated 
by a few original objects and a large number of sketches, designs, and 
chromographs. These researches were especially in two directions — 
one in exploring the ancient cemetery of Ancon, the other in examining 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 73 

the mysterious ruins at Tiahuanuco, in several respects the most extra- 
ordinary on the American continent. 

In Ancou the bodies were in the condition of mummies. They were 
seated wrapped in their clothing, or swathed in mummy cloths, and 
surrounded in their graves with their household utensils, their jewelry, 
and those objects which had been most useful or pleasurable to them 
in their life. Many of them were tied with cords and a false face placed 
in front of the real one, so as to retain a more natural aspect in death. 
Articles of food, such as maize and beans, and cups, which had no 
doubt contained water, were placed by their sides for use in the spirit 
laud. In consequence of these beliefs, the cemetery of Ancon, which is 
miles in extent and contains the graves of many thousand persons, 
offers an enormous treasure-house of relics, displaying the mode of life 
and the manufactures of the race who once inhabited that portion of 
Peru. 

Among the photographs represented are several of those peculiarly 
cut stones from Colombia, which have usually passed under the name 
of the " Calendars of the Chibchas." They are now, as has already been 
stated, generally recognized to have been intended for molds on which 
the ancient goldsmiths hammered out their fragments of the metal into 
thin leaves of the form of the depression. Plausible proof of this is 
given by a collection of ornaments made upon these very stones by 
hammering out gold leaf by a person in Berlin. 

One of the interesting models which was shown for examination is 
that of the celebrated monolithic door, which is found in the ancient 
ruins at Tiahuanuco. It is an accurate reproduction, having been 
made on the exact measurements taken by Dr. Stiibel. 

From the museum at Stuttgartt, in Wiirtemberg, were two ancient 
Mexican shields, such as were carried by the war captains of that 
nation, and also in their religious dances. They are of cane, woven 
with strong cord, and ornamented with feather mosaics. They belong- 
to a class of antiquities very beautiful in themselves, and once 
extremely common, but which have become correspondingly rare 
through the extinction of this once favored art in Mexico, and the 
destruction of the older examples of it, through moths and worms. 

Department of Denmark. 

The exhibition contributed by Denmark was composed of two parts, 
the one illustrating the lite of the Esquimaux in Greenland, a province 
subject to Danish rule, and the other exhibiting the grade ot civiliza- 
tion reached in the Middle Ages by the inhabitants of Iceland, who 
were the lirst explorers of the new continent. 

Under the former heading there were specimens of the costume made 
of sealskins, now in use by both sexes among the natives of Greenland. 
Models were also shown of their boats, their tents made of seal skin, 
their winter houses, and the sledges on which they journey in winter. 



74 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Among the utensils exhibited were boxes and bowls of wood, and 
plates and lamps of stone. An interesting feature was a series of 
objects obtained from the ancient inhabitants, and tombs of the white 
settlers who occupied tbe coast in the eleventh century. 

The articles illustrating the civilization of ancient Iceland included 
some specimens of mediaeval manuscripts, casts of stone containing 
Runic inscriptions, others of ancient doorways, and various ornaments 
of an architectural character. 

Department of Norway and Sweden. 

The commission from Norway, presided over by Dr. Gustave Storm, 
exhibited an exact reproduction, one-fourth the original size, of the 
ship of the Vikings of Norway, which was found in a mound in that 
country in the year 1880. It was considered to have dated from about 
the year 900, and in vessels of this size the ancient Norwegian Vikings 
made their excursions to the south of Europe and also, in the tenth and 
eleventh centuries, to Ireland, Greenland, Iceland, Labrador, and far- 
ther south on the American continent. 

The delegation from Sweden was composed of the distinguished navi- 
gator Baron Nordeuskiold and Dr. Charles Bo vallius, the latter already 
known to students of American antiquity by his work on the ancient 
remains of Nicaragua. 

The objects exhibited referred to the ancient geography of the cen- 
tral parts of America, to the ethnography of the tribes of both coasts 
about Bering Straits, to the ancient remains in Nicaragua, and to the 
results of some explorations of the cliff houses in the State of Colorado 
by the younger Nordeuskiold. 

In the first of these there was a collection of various works on 
mediaeval cartography, maps of the same period, and globes, largely 
from the private library of Baron Nordeuskiold. They illustrated 
excellently the gradual development of the knowledge of the western 
ocean and shores in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. 

Among the ethnographic objects, there was a kayak or boat of the 
Esquimaux, complete with its implements, and occupied by two figures. 
A series of utensils in use by the modern tribes in Alaska, which were 
obtained by Baron Nordeuskiold during his voyage, occupied an adjoin- 
ing case; while a still larger collection from the Siberian coast, princi- 
pally from the tribes known as Tchukches, furnished a correct measure 
of their general culture. 

The collections from Colorado exhibited by Gustave Nordeuskiold, 
jr., were made by him iu the year 1891. They comprised a number of 
photographs and an exact model of one of the houses of the class 
called "estufas;" a sepulcher of one of the inhabitants in its original 
condition and the remains found therein, together with several skulls 
and various utensils. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 75 

The objects from Central America collected and arranged by Dr. 
Bovallius, comprised various ethnographic specimens from the Tala- 
manca Indians in Costa Rica, a number of articles obtained from the 
existing natives of Nicaragua, and a collection proceeding from his 
excavations in the islands of Lake Nicaragua in the year 1883. JS"ear 
these was a model in wood on a small scale, giving his idea of the 
architectural character and proportions of a temple of the natives, 
such as once stood on the island of Zapatero in Lake Nicaragua. 

Department of the United States of America. 

Tlie United States of America was efficiently represented in the 
exhibition by large and valuable collections, covering a wide range of 
subjects and contributed by various individuals and institutions. 

As these will be made the subjects of detailed descriptions in the 
general report, it will be sufficient to name the sources from which 
collections were sent: — 

The United States National Museum, Washington; The Smith- 
sonian Institution, Washington; The University of Pennsylvania, 
Philadelphia; The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; The 
Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Philadelphia; The Hemenway 
Exploring Expedition, Boston; The Columbian Collection of Mr. W. E. 
Curtis; The Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Eth- 
nology, Cambridge. 

These extensive collections covered in great part the archaeology and 
ethnology of that portion of the American continent comprised within 
the area of the United States, and tlirew much varied and new light 
upon the early history of the discovery and exploration of the New 
World by the white race. 

Department of European History. 

It was originally intended to limi' the European display to objects 
which would illustrate the culture status of Europe at the period of the 
discovery of America; but later, and with good reason, the scope was 
extended to embrace all that portion of the history of civilization in 
Europe which was contemporaneous with the Conquest of the New 
World, down to the middle of the eighteenth century. 

As my own time did not permit a close examination of this extensive 
department, and as it may have less interest to those engaged in 
researches strictly American, I will quote the brief but sufficiently full 
description of it prepared for the trustees of the British Museum by 
Mr. Charles Hercules Read, Assistant Keeper of the Department of 
British and Mediaeval Antiquities and Ethnography, Secretary of the 
Society of Antiquaries of London, Vice-President of the Anthropolog- 
ical Institute, etc., who was sent by the niiisenm to examine and report 



76 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

upon the contents of the exhibition. His report was published by the 
trustees of the museum in March, 1803. The portion of it in reference 
to the European department is as follows: 

The most striking feature of this part of the exhibition, and that which distin- 
guishes it from any other, is the extraordinary display of Flemish and Spanish tap- 
estries and carpets, and Persian and Arab textiles, with which the walls of every 
room on the upper floor are lined. Most of the Flemish tapestries from the Escorial 
and the other royal palaces are already well known, both from their being generally 
shown to visitors, and from the excellent photographs published by M. Laurent, of 
Madrid. But in addition to these, many from private collections and from religious 
establishments, some of them fully as important as those of the royal collections, 
have come to light, and are now seen for the first time. 

The most striking case of this kind is probably that of the Cathedral of Zamora. 
The authorities at Zamora were asked to contribute to the exhibition some of their 
works of art, and sent, among other things, several beautiful tapes tries of the fifteenth 
century, of great size, of fine design, and in a good state of preservation. With this 
consignment came a statement that if more tapestries were required for the dec- 
oration of the walls, the chapter possessed fifty others. It seems impossible that 
so wonderful a series of precious tapestries could have lain entirely unknown, 
probably for centuries, and doubtless unseen except by such. as attended the serv- 
ices at the cathedral on certain special festivals. Such a case, and it seems to be 
by no means an isolated one, illustrates in a forcible manner the unknown riches of 
the religious establishments of Spain, unknown even to the comparatively few per- 
sons in the country who are specially interested in such matters. 

It is said, and probably with strict justice, that however remarkable the collection 
of ecclesiastical objects at the exhibition may seem to a stranger it does not repre- 
sent one-fifth part of the possessions of the cathedrals of Spain, some of which have 
been reluctant to entrust to any hands but their own precious or fragile objects 
which could never be replaced. The difficulties of communication in Spain, once 
the main routes are left, and the absence of any general interest in antiquarian mat- 
ters, account for much of the ignorance of the riches of isolated institutions. 

A certain number of the principal objects in the exhibition are mentioned in Sefior 
Riafio's Industrial Arts of Spain, an excellent book, and references to this, rather 
than to more pretentious works, which are not so accessible, may be given. 

The Monastery of Las Huelgas at Burgos has sent one of its greatest treasures in 
the standard of the Almohade Sultan, captured by Alfonso VIII at the famous 
battle of Las Navas in 1212, a wonderful specimen of Arab silk weaving, still pre- 
serving in many parts the original colors. Though much restored it still possesses 
the most important of its original features. It is covered with verses of the Koran, 
the Mohammedan formula, and other Arabic inscriptions. This precious relic is 
traditionally stated to have been given by the victorious king to the monastery 
which still possesses it, and it is only used in the procession of Corpus Christi. 
Sefior Riafio thinks it probable that "Alfonso VIII" should be Alfonso XI (1312- 
1350), as he considers the banner to be of fourteenth century work. An appro- 
priate pendant to this comes from the Cathedral of Burgos, the standard of Alfonso 
VIII, carried at the same battle, or to speak more accurately, all that now remains 
of it, representing the Crucifixion, the Virgin, and St. John. 

An Arab standard of similar work to the first belongs to the Cathedral of Toledo. 
This is the Bandera del Salado, made in Fez in the year 1312 A. D. The central 
design is very original, and the combination of colors singularly beautiful. It is 
formed of sixteen crescents of gold, arranged in four lines, each having within it, 
in white on a green ground, the Mohammedan formula repeated eight times, each 
crescent containing one-half of the formula; and around is a broad border formed 
by chapters of the Koran, writteu in intertwined Cufic letters. The effect of the 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 77 

•alternating tints of gold, green, red, and white, which appear to be but little affected 
by time, is very rich and harmonious. 

The display of church vestments is naturally very large, but for the most part 
they are of an uninteresting period, viz, the end of the sixteenth and beginning of 
the seventeenth century, rich in effect but too heavily charged with gold and raised 
embroidery to produce a pleasing result. A good series of the kind is shown by the 
Marquis de Cubas (room 23). 

In agreeable contrast to these later developments of embroidery are a few earlier 
examples of the highest quality. First of these comes a cope of opus anglicanum 
of the end of the thirteenth century belonging to the Cathedral of Toledo, and 
stated to have been the property of Cardinal Gil de Albornoz (1367). It is of the 
usual semicircular shape, embroidered in many colors with sacred subjects and figures 
of saints under canopies. Along the straight side are six figures of bishops, a king 
and queen, and the rest of the surface is entirely covered with a radiating design, 
the central subjects being the coronation and assumption of the Virgin, the nativity, 
the annunciation, and the Virgin and Child, and on either side of the outer edge 
figures of the following saints : John the Evangelist, Edward the Confessor, Lau- 
rence, Mary Magdalen, Ethelbert, Dunstan, Margaret, Catherine, Thomas of Canter- 
bury, Olave, Stephen, Helen, Dionysius, Edmund the King, John the Baptist, and a 
bishop without name. The inner circle is composed of eight figures of Apostles 
SS. Paul, Simon, Philip, James, Andrew, Thomas, Bartholomew, and Peter. The 
names are inscribed upon scrolls in Lombardic capitals. In the spandrils are placed 
birds, executed in brilliant colors. It will be seen that certain of the saints are 
especially English, and thus help to confirm the cardinal's description of his own 
cope, as well as the internal evidence of the design and method of work, both of 
which point to the conclusion that the cope is of English work. 

The Archaeological Museum of Madrid exhibits (room 12, 219) a similar " capa 
pluvial" of the same date and work, but neither so rich in design nor so interesting, 
nor is it in such a good state of preservation. This example has, moreover, been 
described and figured in Lady Marion Alford's Needlework as an Art (London, 1886, 
pi. 59.) The Diocese of Vich sends, among other choice objects, a very perfect and 
beautiful abbatial miter (room 8, 100) of silk, embroidered with the Annunciation, 
the two figures of the subjects being inclosed in quarterfoils on the two sides of the 
front of the miter, with a border of crockets along the upper edge, and of fylfots 
along the lower. The composition and drawing are of the refined style found at the 
beginning of the fourteenth century, and the work was probably executed in France. 
Except for the fading of the colors it seems in perfect preservation, even the infulse 
being complete. 

From the Cathedral of Mondonedo have been sent the pastoral staff and sandals 
of the Bishop Don Pelayo II of Cedeira (1199-1218), which are of interest from the 
date being fixed. The former is of Limoges champleve' euamel, of the usual simple 
crook form, the head inclosing a figure of St. Michael killing the dragon, and having 
a large flattened knop supported by gilt scrolls. The shoes are of somewhat inele- 
gant outline, reaching to the ankle, made of stuff, originally purple in color, with 
bands of gold thread across the instep and down the middle of the foot to the toe. 
The soles are nearly two inches thick, somewhat like a Chinese shoe, and the edges 
are ornamented with stiff interlacing floral scrolls of the style usually found in 
works of art at this period. 

Although they are not church vestments, it may be well to mention here the 
mantle, berretta, and piece of the coat of the Infante Don Felipe of Castile, brother 
of Alfonso the Wise and of Eleanor of Castile. These objects were taken from the 
tomb of the infante at Villalcazar do Serga (Valencia). The mantle is of a rich 
woven pattern, in gold and silk, of Moorish design, made in Granada, with the word 
"blessing" in ornamental Curie. The cap is very different in design, though it still 
retains much of the Moorish character. It is cylindrical in form, somewhat longer 



78 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

at the back than in frout aud is entirely covered with qnarterfoils inclosing castles 
and eagles, displayed alternately red on gold, and gold on red. The colors are of 
course scarcely discernible, but both the cap and mantle are in singularly perfect 
condition when it is considered that they come from a tomb. Both these objects 
were exhibited in the Spanish Exhibition at South Kensington in 1881, and they are 
of considerable interest from their early date. 

The display of church plate is of the greatest interest, and the more so that it is 
almost entirely of Spanish work. There can be no doubt that so rich a collection 
of material for the study of Spanish gold and silver smiths' work has never been 
before brought together. A great portion of the objects exhibited is naturally of 
the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, but many tine pieces of earlier 
and more interesting periods are to be found. 

The silver chalice and paten of late thirteenth or early fourteenth century from 
Toledo Cathedral are remarkable among these, both for the beauty of the work and 
for the unusually large size of both objects. The chalice is more than a foot in 
diameter at the base, and 17 inches in height, while the paten is 16 inches in 
diameter. The latter is sunk in the center, the depression having twelve foliations 
around the edge, and within it is engraved the Crucifixion with the Virgin and St. 
John, the whole inclosed within a stiff - floral border. The chalice has a plaiu bowl, 
widening rapidly upward (and in this it differs conspicuously from Spanish chalices 
of later date), the knob is ornamented with the evangelistic symbols in repouss6, 
and the stem is quite plain, except for two bands of quarterfoil tracery. The base is 
in design much like that of the Dolgelly chalice, viz, it has three concentric bands 
of flat lobes or scollops in slight relief, upon which are engraved figures of angels, 
and the edge is molded in twelve foliations, supported upon a slight tracery of 
quarterfoils, and in each foliation is a figure of an apostle. The chalice is as early 
in date as any in the exhibition, anil its large size renders it the most remarkable. 
It is stated in the catalogue that it was probably used on Holy Thursday, when two 
hosts are consecrated, one being reserved till Good. Friday, when it is consumed by 
the priest. This second host is usually kept in a chalice-of large size and ancient 
work. 

Another chalice and paten of much the same date is sent from the Cathedrai of 
Santiago, aud possesses additional interest from the decoration of the knop being in 
niello. The paten is of similar design to that from Toledo, but the central subject 
represents Our Lord seated within an engraved quaerfoil, the engraved design being 
all within a depression of eight foliations. The bowl of the chalice is again of the 
shallow form, and the stem is slender and somewhat longer than is found in English 
and other northern chalices. The knop has circular medallions with nielloid scrolls, 
but without any sacred emblems. The base is plain, with the exception of a narrow 
engraved borderof stiff scroll work, and on one side is engraved a group of the Virgin 
and Child seated, with a female figure kueeling in adoration at the side. The pres- 
ence of this group is the only instance in the exhibition of the practice so common 
in English chalices, of placing a cross or other sacred symbol upou the side of the 
chalice to be held next the priest during the celebration of mass. The catalogue 
attributes this chalice and paten to the twelfth century. 

Of later chalices there are a great number dating from the early sixteenth century 
to the middle of the seventeenth, a period which would include by far the greatest 
proportion of all the church plate exhibited. It will be sufficient to notice three of 
the sixteenth century as being fine examples of their kind, and at the same time 
characteristic of the style peculiar to the period. 

The first, from the Cathedral of Seville (No. 49), is remarkable in having a cover, 
which fits closely into the bowl, and has a central socket into which the foot of some 
object has been placed, perhaps a short cross. The bowl is deep, and has round the 
base, outside, a row of pear-shaped settings containing knot-work medallions of 
cloisonne' enamel, the patterns being an inheritance from the Moorish artists, and their 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 79 

prototypes are seen in perfection upon the sword of Boabdil belonging to the Mar- 
ques de Viane. The stem, knop, and foot are Gothic in design, the tracery being 
fairly pure in style, but the foot is ornamented with embossed designs of the rich 
floriated style common in Spanish and Portuguese objects of the Renaissance. This 
mixture of Gothic and Renaissance motives is, in fact, the remarkable characteristic 
of the church plate of the Peninsula in the sixteenth century, and the exhibition fur- 
nishes numberless examples of it. This chalice has upon the foot the arms of an arch- 
bishop in enamel. 

The second chalice, of about the same date, from the Cathedral of Valencia (No. 
50), is of a somewhat different design and in many details recalls the drawings of 
cups by Holbein, though here again the border at the foot is of Gothic tracery. But 
for an unfortunate heaviness of the base, this vessel would be of very graceful design. 
It is singularly secular in its details, which are chiefly composed of festoons of flowers 
and fruit and cherubs, and upon the knop tiny cupids riding dolphins The only 
indications of its sacred character, apart from its shape, are six circular medallions 
let into the foot, which are engraved with the Crucifixion and other designs of the 
same character. These have once been enameled, but the enamel has now entirely 
disappeared, owing to the vessel having been passed through the fire to freshen the 
metal, a practice which seems to have been co union in Spain, as a large proportion 
of the enameled details on church ornaments of all kinds are now bare metal, owing 
to this somewhat barbarous practice. 

The third chalice, from the church of Osuna, has, perhaps, a more peculiar feature 
than either of the others, in having the bowl and knop surrounded with small bells, 
ten on the former and six on the latter. It is unusually rich in detail, with the 
customary mixture of Gothic elements with florid Renaissance foliage. The knop 
is composed of rich canopy work, beneath, or rather inside, which are seated figures 
of Apostles, and upon the foot are highly-embossed scenes from the Passion. The 
inscription on the paten is a curious instance of the misspelling of Latin, 1'ax 
Domini sit senpir uobiscvm. 

Among the paxes are several deserving of special mention. 

The Cathedral of Valencia sends the most beautiful of these. It is of fine gold, 
elaborately chased and enameled in brilliant colors. The front is in the form of a 
chair, in which is seated the Infant Savior, the whole of the figure being enameled; 
the back of the chair is covered with elaborate-scroll work of beautiful design and 
filled with enamel: the lower part of the chair beneath the seat is hollow and has 
two small doors, which open and display a group modeled in the round, and repre- 
senting the Nativity. The pediment above the back of the chair is edged with two 
elegant scrolls in open work, and at the base of the pediment on each side is a figure 
of a warrior standing. The back is minutely engraved and enameled with sacred 
subjects, the Adoration of the Magi, Christ among the Doctors, etc. This specimen 
is by far the most remarkable of all the paxes exhibited, and its attribution to the 
hand of Cellini is much more reasonable than is generally the case with works 
assigned to that artist. A certain delicacy and refinement in the designs points 
rather to Italy than to Spain as the country of its origin, though whether it is 
really by Cellini is a far more difficult point to decide. This appears in the will 
(A. D. 1566) of Don Martin de Ayala, archbishop of Valencia, who bequeathed it to 
the cathedral. 

A pax of perhaps greater interest, and of nearly equal beauty, is that from the 
Cathedral of Ciudad Real. The interesting feature about this specimen is that it 
has for its central subject a carvin."- in idack stone of Byzantine period, representing 
the Descent into Hell, with the legend above, "H Anactacie," i. e., Resurrection, 
and behind the figure of Our Lord stand the Kmperor and Empress, crowned, and 
with halos round their heads. The frame is in the best style of the Spanish 
Renaissance, of silver gilt and enameled, and its bears the date 1565. On cither 
side are square projecting stages, supported on well-designed caryatid figures, 



80 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

and containing four figures of saints, and at the top is a frieze in relief representing 
a combat between horsemen and men on foot; the pediment represents the Assump- 
tion of the Virgin, with figures of Virtues at the sides, and the apes is surmounted 
by an enameled figure of Our Lord holding the orb. The back, though by no means 
so richly decorated as the front, is of great beauty. The handle is formed of a 
female caryatid figure with wings, surmounted by the Cross of Santiago, and 
toward the bottom the terminal base of the figure divides into two serpentine scrolls, 
which curve toward the edges of the pax. For beauty of line this charming figure 
compares favorably with any work of the period, and it would be difficult to speak 
in terms too high of the masterly character of the design. 

Another pax possessing unusual features is that from the Cathedral of Parazona. 
The central portion, if not the whole pax, is certainly of north Italian work. It is 
of silver gilt, and has in relief the subject of the Flagellation, a group of well 
modeled figures of late fifteenth-century etyle. The peculiarity of the work is that 
the flat background is painted in enamel, with a mountainous landscape, in the style 
common in north Italy at this period, and of which there are several good examples 
in the British Museum collection. The inscription at the bottom of the central sub- 
ject, "Borgia-Car. Mon. Regal," would seem to indicate that it was the property of 
Cardinal Borgia, archbishop of Monreale, in Sicily, who died in 1503. The frame is 
of uncommon design, and may be of the same work as the center, but it is possible 
that it was added in Spain. Two pilasters which form the sides are somewhat poor 
in execution, and the cresting round the curved top of the pax is curiously classical 
in feeling, and consists of groups of two winged lion monsters, looped together at 
the necks and tails, the junctions of the latter being surmounted by palmettes- 
There is a certain clumsiness about the design which is scarcely Italian. 

The only other pax worthy of special note is that from the Cathedral of Madrid- 
Alcala, an excellent example of Spanish Gothic metal work of the late fifteenth or 
early sixteenth century, without any trace of later style. The subject is the Descent 
from the Cross, modeled in high relief and enameled. This is surmounted by an 
elaborate canopy filled with rich tracery, and on each side are pinnacles with 
buttressed bases, surrounded with figures of saints. The back is good in design, 
the handle being a plain semicircle pierced to represent a dragon, while the edges 
are bordered with bold tracery in relief. The work of the whole is excellent, and 
little is wanting to make it a beautiful object, but a certain squatness and want of 
elegance of form in the general design suffice to make it fall short of true beauty. 

One of the best specimens of Spanish Gothic, and a remarkable object for its great 
size, is the monstrance from the Cathedral of Jativa, which, without the modern sil- 
ver base upon which it is now placed, stands 5 feet high. The occasion of its con- 
struction was in itself notable. Pope Alexander VI was a native of Jativa, and had 
this gigantic monstrance made for the cathedral from the first consignment of silver 
received from America. The shape is very graceful, and consists of a stem rising 
from a many-sided base and supporting a shaped oblong platform, the edges of which 
are bordered by a light arcade. Upon this platform rest four pillars, which sustain 
the roof, and from this rise three slender towers pierced with tracery, with rich can- 
opy work at their bases. The actual monstrance, or receptacle for the Host, is a cir- 
cular disk of a size proportionate to the rest, with an elaborate open-work border of 
what in England would be called late Tudor style, and it is held up by two angels 
kneeling at opposite sides. The effect of this beautiful object is much destroyed by 
the whole having been regilt, and by the enamels in the foot having been renewed ; 
but in spite of this drawback it remains one of the most beautiful, as it is the most 
conspicuous, objects of ecclesiastical art in the exhibition. 

The processional crosses, of which a very large number are shown, form a very 
interesting and instructive series, possessing many features differing from similar 
objects in other countries. The Marque's de Cubas (room 23) exhibits a good collection, 
which is supposed to represent all the types from the eleventh century to the seven- 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 81 

teenth. Whether the series hegins so early is perhaps doubtful, hut some of the 
examples may well be of the twelfth or, more probably, thirteenth, century. These ear- 
lier crosses are flat plates of copper, gilt, and decorated with champleve enamels in the 
style of Limoges, but neither so well drawn nor so perfect in execution as the French 
examples, though it is by no means improbable that the Spanish enamel of this kind 
is an imitation of that of Limoges. The most noticeable peculiarity in design in 
the Spanish crosses of this period is the presence of four oval plates upon the four 
limbs of the cross, projecting beyond the edges of the limbs, and in each plate is a 
subject in enamel, but those upon the horizontal arms seem always to be the Peni- 
tent and Impeniteut Thieves. The form of the cross remains practically the same 
up to the sixteenth century, and the four oval plates are frequently found at that 
date, though these two are then no longer reserved for the two thieves, but are 
sometimes devoted to figures of saints, the Evangelists, etc. 

A very large cross from the diocese of Vich merits special notice. It is of silver, 
nearly 5 feet in total height, the surface quite plain, except for a circular disk upon 
each arm, in the center of which is a six foil with a subject in translucent enamel. 
This cross differs so much from all the others that it might be thought to be of for- 
eign make, but the probability is that it was made in Catalonia, and, perhaps, near 
Vich itself, where the influence of French designs would be more felt than in the 
more southern parts of Spain. It is attributed, and I think rightly, to the fifteenth 
century. 

The Spanish crosses of the sixteenth and late fifteenth centuries have a character 
fully as peculiar and national as those of earlier date. Those of the sixteenth cen- 
tury are characterized by a richness of detail that makes them look at a little dis- 
tance like filigree work, but a closer examination shows that this rich effect is pro- 
duced by a multiplicity of canopies, edgings, and pendants, symmetrically designed 
in a semigothic style. The richest and at the same time the best in general design 
of this kind, is that from the Cathedral of Osuna (Seville), though many others 
from Salamanca, Astorga, and other cathedrals are very good. Nearly all, however, 
have suffered, and their enameled details are destroyed by having, been passed 
through the fire to render them bright. 

A very interesting class of remains to be found in Spanish churches is that of the 
caskets placed upon the .altar and used as reliquaries, and in one case as a receptacle 
for the Host. Many of these are of pure Moorish work, with Saracenic designs and 
inscriptions. The earliest and most important of these is a large casket of carved 
ivory with mounts of champleve' enamel, exhibited by the Provincial Council of 
Palencia. The whole surface is carved in relief with scrolls of conventional leaves 
of the style common in the ornamentation of the Alhambra, the stems being inter- 
laced. On the sides are hunting scenes; on the body of the casket are broad bor- 
ders formed of pairs of birds and deer alternating, each pair facing, and above them 
a series of triple arches. The cover is in the same style but that the borders are 
much simpler, and in one panel a piece from another casket has been inserted. The 
enameled mounts are an interesting feature and form an important landmark in the 
history of enameling in Spain. The patterns of these are the simplest geometrical 
designs, and the colors blue and white ; but there is every appearance of these being 
the original mounts, and if this be the case they must be of the middle of the elev- 
enth century. For the great historical value of this object consists in its bearing 
the date of its manufacture, A. H. 441 (=A. D. 1049-50), the name of its maker, 
Abd-er Rahman ibn Zeyyan, who made it at Cuenca for Hosam-ud-Daulat Abu 
Mohammed. 

Another casket of nearly equal importance comes from the Cathedral of Gerona, 
where it is usually placed upon the High Altar. This, though equally of Arab 
work, is very different in style, as well as material. It is entirely covered with 
plates of silver gilt, embossed with open scrolls inclosing symmetrical flowers, the 
details of which are inlaid with niello. Around the edge of the lid, as in the pre- 
H. Ex. 100 



82 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

vious example, is a Cufic inscription stating that it was made in Cordova by the 
order of Al-Hakam II, the Caliph of Spain, more celebrated for his studious habits 
than for warlike achievements, who died in A. D. 976. The inscription states that 
Al-Hakam ordered it for his son and gives the name of the maker (Riaiio, p. 12). 
But for this inscription the style of the ornament would probably have led to the 
casket being assigned to a later date. 

These two caskets are without any mixture of western motives in their decora- 
tion, and are of special interest in the history of art industries from the precision of 
their date and country of manufacture. 

Among the altar caskets one of the most beautiful is a cylindrical ivory box from 
the Cathedral of Saragossa. It is of Oriental work, the sides pierced with delicate 
tracery, and with bands of Arabic inscriptions in relief rouud the edge. These 
boxes, though by no means common, are well known, and two in the British Museum 
have always been thought to be of Persian origin, and it is possible that the 
example now in question may be also of Persian work. It has, however, an enrich- 
ment of bands of delicate filigree work, passing over and around it, which are cer- 
tainly Moorish and of the late fifteenth century. This is decided by their similarity 
in style and work to the mounts of the sword of Boabdil belonging to the Marques 
de Viane. In both specimens there are Arabic inscriptions outlined in thin wire 
running over the surface, a peculiar method that seems to have been employed only 
by the Moors, and about this period. At the Cathedral of Saragossa this is used to 
contain a cylindrical pyx, which is also exhibited. The pyx is quite plain, of silver 
gilt, but upon the flat cover is engraved and enameled a coat of arms surrounded 
by an inscription. 

A painted ivory casket, of the style usually called in England Sicilian, is shown 
by the Royal Academy of History. This bears upon it, many times repeated, the 
arms of Aragon- Sicily, and is said to have belonged to the King Don Martin of 
Aragon, who died A. D. 1410. The ornamental scrolls between the shields are of 
unusual beauty and freedom, and a band of carved Cufic letters of au ornate char- 
acter gives it an Oriental aspect, which is but faintly seen in the other designs. 
Though the painting is not in the best state of preservation, this box is a charming 
specimen of the semi-moorish art of Sicily. 

The mudejar style, that is, the combination of Moorish or Saracenic and Christian 
art, is perhaps even better shown in a pair of wooden doors with gilt bronze fittings 
from the Cathedral of Seville. The paneling of these might be from a Cairene 
mosque, so purely Saracenic are their designs, while their borders are composed of 
Biblical texts in well-carved black letter, and the bronze fittings are in accord with 
the ornament. The purity of the two styles is the remarkable feature of these 
doors, each keeping unmixed its own peculiar characteristics and yet remaining in 
perfect harmony. The very early and interesting "Arquilla de los Reyes," the 
reliquary of King Alfonso III (el Magno) and his Queen Ximena, should properly 
have been mentioned earlier, but that its style and work are quite foreign to the 
Moorish taste. Alfonso the Great reigned as King of the Asturias and Leon from 
866 to 910 A. D., and the shrine is therefore interesting as an authentic monument 
of a period of which few remains exist, though it can scarcely be said to have high 
claims as a work of art. It is of the usual oblong form with pyramidal lid, and 
nearly covered with silver plates embossed and otherwise ornamented. Upon the 
lid is the inscription " Aldefonsvs • Rex -f Scemena Regina," with a figure of the 
Agnus Dei between the two names. Upon the sloping sides are embossed the sym- 
bols of the Evangelists, Lucas and Johan being upon the front slope (the eagle very 
like a dove), and the angel of St. Matthew on the left, with the word " Angelvs" in 
place of the name of the Evangelist. On the slope at the back is a cartouche or 
frame of the last century, with the names of the Saints Diodorus and Deodatus> 
whose relics were doubtless contained in the shrine. The front is in two stages, 
each consisting of six round-headed arches formed of cloisons, some of which still 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 83 

contain the triangular or pear-shaped slabs of glass and stone, with which origi- 
nally all were embellished. Within the arches are, upon the upper ranges, embossed 
trees or plants more or less symmetrical, and in the lower, figures of angels facing 
the middle, three in each direction. The execution is throughout of the rudest 
character, the figures of the angels being reduced to the most elemental representa- 
tions of the human figure, and their wings more like leaves than any feathered limb. 
The presence of the cloisonne work, as a survival of Visigothic methods, gives the 
object a peculiar interest, though it should at the same time be pointed out that it 
is not cloisonne enamel. There can be no doubt that the stones or glass were cut 
and placed in position without the application of heat, and do not therefore con- 
stitute enamel 

Some other altar ornaments of different styles and dates are deserving of mention. 
The Cathedral of Astorga sends a very beautiful globular vessel of rock crystal, 
engraved in the East with elegant scrolls in relief. This is attributed, and probably 
with justice, to the eleventh century; its beauty is, however, much lessened by a 
seventeenth century gilt mount, which has transformed it iuto a tall two-handled 
vase. 

An equally beautiful object, but of far different character, is the crystal Navecilla, 
a crystal ship on wheels, with elaborate Gothic mounts of silver gilt, from the 
Cathedral of Toledo. It is about 15 inches in length, the body of the vessel made 
of rock crystal, above which is a considerable superstructure of silver gilt, in 
which the ribs of the ship are indicated. At the prow and stern the bulwarks are 
formed of a band of elegant tracery surmounted by a cresting of leaves. The figure- 
head is a wivern in full relief, and the keel is formed of a band of boldly modeled 
leaf work. All the lines of the construction are very graceful, and the composition 
is pleasing as well as unusual. It is said to have been the property of Dona Juana 
la Loca, and probably became the property of the cathedral as a votive offering. 
Another ship, of which the body is formed of a large turbo shell, is shown from 
Saragossa, but this, though very quaint, and of perhaps a somewhat earlier date, 
can not be compared for beauty with the crystal ship of Toledo. 

The Cathedral of Huesca exhibits three very fine chasses of Limoges chainpleve" 
enamel, one of which is of unusually good quality and early date, though not old 
enough to have been the property of Don Ramiro II, of Aragon, who reigned from 
A.D. 930 to 950, and their traditional history will therefore scarcely pass muster. 

Although the cathedrals and other religious establishments of Spain have only 
sent a small proportion of their marvelous riches to the exhibition, and many 
interesting and well-known objects are not to be seen there, yet, on the other hand, 
many things have been sent, which from their size no one would expect to find else- 
where than in their natural resting place. To this latter category belongs the 
recumbent emgy of Maurice, Bishop of Burgos and founder of the cathedral, from 
which it is now sent. It is a life-sized figure, now resting upon a wooden base, 
round which is written " Pius hujus ecclesie Pontifex et Fundator Mauricius obiit 
A.D. 1240, 4 Oct." This may be a copy of an older inscription, but the date of the 
death is two years later than that given by the modern authorities. The effigy 
is modeled in wood, covered with thin plates of bronze or copper, cut with some 
regard to the lines of the design and nailed on round the edges, and the whole 
appears to have been once gilt. The vestments are covered with a carefully 
engraved lozenge diaper of fleur-de-lis and castles, and the end of the effigy, at the 
feet, has an elaborate design consisting of castles of Castile, and possibly some other 
devices; but from the position of the figure and the worn state of this part, it was 
not possible to determine this point. 

The borders of the vestments and the miter are edged with settings now empty, 
but which once contained stones or glass pastes. The hands are raised, the left one 
in such a position as it would assume if it held a crozier, and the right in the atti- 
tude of benediction. The hands seem to be solid bronze, and, from the linger nails 



84 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

being seen, would appear to be bare, but the presence of a jewel on the back of the 
right hand shows that they are intended to be gloved ; upon the two fingers raised 
in benediction are two rings, upon the first and second joints respectively. They 
are cast with the hand, and are set with simple square stones within a quarterfoil. 
The face is a mask of thick bronze, stopping short at the hair and the ears, and it 
has every appearance of being an actual portrait. The head rests upon a plain 
cushion, enriched on the upper face with chainpleve" enamel. The pattern upon 
this is a lozenge diaper filled with open crosses. The monument as a whole is a 
most dignified aud impressive composition, and it has an additional interest apart 
from its great intrinsic merits, and the remarkable character of the ecclesiastic it 
represents, in the fact that the tradition in Toledo is that he was of English birth. 
He was a trusted and valuable adviser to his King, San Fernando III, whom he 
aided with counsel in matters far removed from his episcopal functions. 

This tomb must have been in part, if not entirely, of French work, as the enameled 
portions differ from any examples of Spanish champleve enamel, and on the other 
hand, agree in style with the known examples of similar work made at Limoges. 
This is not surprising, for the bishop was a traveled man, and had relations with 
many of the European states, and with France he could scarcely fail to have been 
very intimate. It is, moreover, an established fact that the workmen at Limoges 
did go into foreign countries to execute such work, even to England. 

The collection of arms and armor is, as would be expected, of great interest and of 
considerable extent. From the royal collection many pieces of historical interest 
are shown, the jousting suits of Charles V and Philip II, three swords stated to be 
those of Boabdil, Pizarro, and Cortez, a steel turban iulaid with gold and silver 
formerly belonging to Barbarroja, as well as numerous suits and single specimens of 
interest in themselves. Private collectors also have contributed largely, the Conde 
de Valencia sending a series of swords of high quality, while the Marques dc Casa- 
Torres has filled one of the smaller galleries with an excellent collection of arms and 
some good suits of armor, and Sefior Don Jose" Estrech, of Barcelona, has a well- 
arranged series, intended to show the history of arms and armor from the eighth 
century down to the present time. The Marques de Mondejar also shows one of the 
well-known papal swords, this specimen having been presented by Pope Innocent 
VIII in 1486 to Don Ifiigo Lopez de Mendoza, second Conde de Tendilla, ambassador 
at Rome. 

The collection at the Royal Armory in Madrid is, however, so rich in arms and 
armor, both of the highest excellence in themselves, and a large proportion of 
them of an historical importance equalling their technical perfection and artistic 
merit, that it is an ungrateful task to attempt a detailed description of those in 
the exhibition. It is no injustice to say that, fine as many of them are, they can not 
be placed in competition with the accumulated treasures of the Armeria Real. 

It seems, for this reason, a better plan to give some account of the few objects of 
this class which are either unrepresented in the Royal Armory, or have interests of 
a different kind. 

Of these the most remarkable are the several swords stated to have once belonged 
to Boabdil, the last Moorish king of Granada. One of them has been already men- 
tioned as coming from the Royal Armory, but it is plain in make, and its principal 
interest is its history. It is far otherwise with the beautiful swords belonging to 
the Marques de Viane and the Marques Campotejar, and another sword, belonging 
to the Archaeological Museum of Madrid, though somewhat older, belongs to the 
same class. This last is made entirely of metal, the hilt and guard being of bronze 
with gilt details, the blade of steel, the total length 40 inches. The pommel is 
globular, flattened on the two faces, on each of which is a circular medallion 
engraved with ornamental Cufic characters; the grip is fusiform, engraved with 
circles joined together by a single twist, aud containing also Cufic letters. The guard 
is of the peculiar form characteristic of the Moorish swords of the late fifteenth 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 85 

century, viz, rounded shoulders ending, on either side of the hlade, iu a narrow 
limb running parallel with it, the outer edge of the limb curving inward to the end 
where it suddenly turns outward iu a hook, the hollow formed by this curving of 
the limb being rilled up in this case with a plate of metal pierced with circular 
holes. The faces of the guard are quite flat, and engraved with conjoined circles, 
like those on the grip, the spaces between them being filled with engraved floral 
designs. The bands forming the circles are in all cases gilt. The blade is straight 
and two-edged, and has upon one face the stamp of the armorer, a circle containing 
badly written characters which have not yet been read, but they are conjectured to 
be Hebrew from the fact of the Jews iu Spain devoting themselves to the manufac- 
ture of arms. This sword came from the Church of San Marcelo, the warrior saint, 
at Leon, and was there long connected with him. It is believed that it may have 
been a gift by the King Ferdinand the Catholic on the translation of the body of 
the martyr from Africa. 

The Boabdil sword of the Marques Campotejar is of the same general type, but is 
infinitely more sumptuous in execution, and, iu addition, it retains its scabbard 
complete. The mounts both of the sword aud scabbard are of silver gilt, embossed 
and richly chased with formal floral designs of the same style as those of the ivory 
casket of the Cathedral of Palencia (supra p. 81), though of course the sword is of 
a much later date. The mounts are further enriched with bands and medallions of 
translucent cloisonne" enamel, a feature which this sword has in common with that 
of the Marques deViane. An interestiug and to some extent peculiar circumstance 
connected with this sword is, that notwithstanding the pure Moorish character of 
its ornament, yet it would seem to have been the work of a Christian artificer, work- 
ing for the Moors at Granada. The bonds of amity which existed between Boabdil 
and Ferdinand for some years, before the final stand made by the Moors for the pos- 
sessiou of Granada, would account for the presence in the Court of Boabdil of Chris- 
tian workmen, who doubtless succeeded in serving two masters in different capac- 
ities. Upon the plain backs of one of the two tabs to which the sword belt was 
attached is stamped, in characters of the period, the name " Ivan Abad" * * *, 
with the pomegranate of Granada as well as another stamp, not easy to interpret. 
This Christian stamp illustrates a remark of Seiior Riafio (in his introduction to the 
Catalogue of Spanish Works of Art in the South Kensington Museum). "The 
continued contact of the Christian and Mohammedan races, notwithstanding the 
barbarism of the time and the difference of creed did not oblige them to live per- 
petually as enemies. * * This contact could not fail to influence works of art 
and industry, aud for this reason many archaeological objects of the Spanish Middle 
Ages possess a peculiar character." 

The third sword of this type and, like the last one, once the property of Boabdil, is 
that belonging to the Marques de Viane, who exhibits also the velvet jacket, another 
sword and a dagger, stated to have been taken from the Moorish king at his defeat 
(in 1492) and given by Ferdinand the Catholic to one of the ancestors of the present 
owner. One of these is the most perfect example in the exhibition of the refinement 
and richness of effect of which Arab art is capable. It combines the highest efforts 
of the enameler, the carver, and the goldsmith, and, doubtless, the blade is of corre- 
sponding quality, and in every part it is well preserved. The actual grip is of ivory, 
the rest of the hilt is of gold, entirely covered with granular work and filagree, in 
which are set at intervals eight-pointed aud cruciform panels of translucent cloisonne* 
enamel. 

The ivory grip is deeply carved with geometrical designs forming panels of various 
shapes, filled with Arabic inscriptions alluding to the weapon, and ornamental leaves 
and other devices, and where the ivory joins the metal are two broad bands of 
cloisonne enamel (the cloisons being here, as upon other parts of the mounting, of 
gold) composed of scroll work of the greatest beauty interrupted by shaped panels 
containing Arabic inscriptions, among which might be expected the name of the 



86 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

artist, but this nowhere appears. The pommel is spherical, but at the upper end is 
prolonged as a straight point, and is entirely covered with the granular work and 
enameled panels mentioned above. This granular goldsmith's work is of the same 
style as that of the bands of the Persian casket from the Cathedral of Saragossa, 
and might, in fact, be the work of the same artist. The ground is filled with minute 
pellets of gold, through which run lines of Arabic inscription, outlined in flat gold 
wire, thus leaving the interior of each letter empty. The enameled crosses upon 
the poniuiel are changed into a different form by the exigencies of the shape of the 
pommel, the artist finding it necessary to reduce the four limbs of the cross to three, 
and the corresponding outlines of the eight-pointed panels are ingeniously altered 
and adapted to the same end. The surface of the guard is ornamented with similar 
work, and it is only necessary to mention that the two ends running parallel with 
the blade terminate in the heads of monsters, from each of which springs an elegant 
openwork border of spiral scrolls enameled in white and other colors. The blade 
is straight and has the stamp of the armorer upon one side. The sheath is of red 
leather, though very little of this foundation is visible, as one-half of its length is 
hidden by mounts matching those of the sword itself, and these fit into each other 
so closely that when the sword is in the scabbard it is impossible to distinguish 
where the guard ends and the scabbard mounts begin. This sword is described, 
and the inscriptions are given, by Senor Riafio (op. cit., p. 81). 

The enameled details upon this sword are of peculiar interest, not only for their 
intrinsic merits, which are very great, but also as serving to decide the origin of the 
beautiful stirrups in the Forman collection. These stirrups were exhibited before 
the Society of Antiquaries of London, and are described in their Proceedings (Vol. 
XIV, 179). It is sufficient here to say that they are of Moorish form, of iron, plated 
with silver, which is engraved with Oriental designs; while upon the sides are semi- 
circular plates of silver withnielloed designs somewhat in the style of the arabesques 
of Aldegrever. Around these are borders of cloisonne" enamel on gold, in style and 
execution so like the sword just described that there can be little question as to their 
common origin, though it is probable that the sword is earlier in date by, perhaps, 
a quarter of a century. The niello plates of the stirrups also could very well be of 
a Spanish make, as the use of niello is not uncommon, both in Moorish and Christian 
work of inedireval and later times. An example of this is near at hand in the sec- 
ond sword shown by the Marques de Viane. This is more a weapon for use than for 
parade, and is of simple form, by no means beautiful, though the details are planned 
and carried out with the greatest skill. Like the other, it has a straight blade, 
apparently also of Christian make, or, at least, not Moorish. The handle is entirely 
of ivory, the grip cylindrical, with a thicker cylinder above and below, that forming 
the pommel being slightly curved inwards at the sides. The whole handle is 
engraved with beautiful scroll work, brought into relief by an inlay of black sub- 
stance, probably akin to niello, and upon the sides of the pommel is the shield of 
arms of the kings of Granada, as seen upon the azulejos of the Alhambra. The 
scabbard is in keeping with the modesty of the sword, being a plain, leather sheath, 
tooled like a bookbinding with a scale pattern, and having a silver mount and 
chape, the former engraved and nielloed with Arabic inscriptions and the shield of 
Granada, and the chape engraved in a similar manner. The contrast between this 
simple and useful weapon and the gorgeous blade shown beside it is most remark- 
able and instructive, and the fortunate owners of them both may be congratulated 
on the possession of hereditary treasures of a kind and quality but seldom seen. 

It is somewhat surprising to find among the ecclesiastical objects from the various 
cathedrals so few painted enamels that are worthy of note. A good triptych belong- 
ing to the Cathedral of Saragossa would seem to be from the hand of Nardon Penicaud 
orof his school. The central subject is the Adoration of the Magi, painted in the usual 
manner, the faces somewhat round, and here and there the small raised jewels or 
rosettes backed with foil. Tne Conde de Valencia has also a triptych by the same 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 87 

artist, who seems to have been popular in Spain, to judge by the comparative fre- 
quency of his works. Three other enamels in the collection shown hy the Coude de 
Valencia de Don Juan are, however, of far greater interest and beauty. The first 
of these is of North Italian work of the fifteenth century, a circular pectorial medal- 
lion, with a hinged front displaying both sides and out scenes from the Passion 
painted in the exquisite style characteristic of this period and country, and of which 
we have a few good examples in the British Museum. The back of this charming 
pendant is formed of a plate of pearl shell engraved with the Crucifixion, and every 
part seems in perfect preservation. 

The two other enamels are of Limoges, the more important being a brilliant trip- 
tych, unsigned, but, doubtless, by Leonard Limousin, the second an equally brilliant, 
but small plaque, painted by Pierre Reymond in 1537, with the Good Shepherd giv- 
ing crooks to the shepherds, and the exhortation to the shepherds is inscribed in 
two panels at the top. The triptych represents the Last Supper, and has the arms 
of Lorraine beneath, quarterly and an inescutcheon of pretence of Lorraine, while 
on the wings are the arms of Lorraine (on a bend three alerions) and those of France, 
as well as a motto, which would point to the piece having been made for a person- 
age of distinction. The Conde de Valencia also exhibits a large and interesting series 
of the small chanipleve" enamel plaques from horse trappings, most of which have 
devices of an armorial character, both Moorish aud Christain. These little ornaments 
were used in all European counties in mediaeval times, and a large number, such as 
are to be found here, could scarcely fail to produce some interesting results if time 
were given to their study. 

The absence of any large number of Limoges or Italian enamels is not so surpris- 
ing as the entire want of Flemish plate of the period of Charles V or earlier. There 
are, no doubt, some pieces which, on examination, would prove to be of Flemish man- 
ufacture, but there is certainly nothing like a display of such objects, and it seems 
scarcely credible that great quantities of church plate and objects of domestic use 
were not brought from Flanders, a country where art of this kind had attained to 
such perfection. 

There now remains to notice the collections of pottery which are confined almost 
entirely to the lustred wares so well known and so highly appreciated all over the 
world for their decorative qualities. Before describing these, however, it is desir- 
able to allude to an altogether unexpected, though by no means unimportant, exhibit 
of mosque lamps of pottery and glass sent by the Imperial Ottoman Museum at Con- 
stantinople. Of the pottery lamps the most curious, though the least ornamental, 
is one with two rows of handles, covered with oil gilding, and decorated only with 
two narrow bands of inscription in blue, the rest of the surface being plain white; 
probably a product of the potteries either at Cairo or Damascus. Far more beautiful, 
and of unusually large size, are two richly-colored lamps of Rhodian ware, with 
bosses round the lower part filled with elegant arabesque designs, the rest of the 
surface covered with inscriptions and ornament. The red and turquoise colors are 
of unusual brilliancy, and the execution of the ornament, as well as the outlines of 
the lamps themselves, leave nothing to be desired. 

Four small lamps, painted entirely in pale blue, though neither so unusual nor so 
immediately attractive, are fine specimens of their kind. Their principal decora- 
tion consists of bands of ornamental Cufic, the spaces between being filled with 
delicately-penciled devices that recall the illuminated Persian manuscripts of the fif- 
teenth century. The glass lamps seem to be of Venetian manufacture, and probably 
of the fifteenth or early sixteenth century. They are all of lace glass of various 
patterns, somewhat coarse in make, and they preserve the usual form of the mosque 
lamp. In addition to these, there are two trumpet-shaped lamps of the same kind of 
glass, which have been used either as the oil receptacle of a pottery lamp or perhaps 
independently, as they would be too large for any but the largest size of lamp. 
Some of these Venetian lamps have been thought by their Mussulman owners to be 



88 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

too simple in style, and accordingly they have been painted with flowing scrolls in 
gold, which gives them rather a tawdry appearance. 

Of Spanish wares the only collections of any note are those of the Conde de Valen- 
cia de Don Juan, Seuor Don Guillermo de Osma, and of the Archaeological Museum 
of Madrid. Unfortunately, the latter collection must be dismissed with but little 
notice, for the objects were arranged in panels upon the walls of the room, reaching 
to the ceiling, and it was therefore barely possible to see them, and quite out of the 
question to examine any of them at all closely. One of the plates is said to have 
an Arabic word written upon it, a most unusual thing, but as it was at least twelve 
feet from the floor it was not possible to verify this statement, which has already 
been doubted. Among the objects nearer at hand was, however, one of the famous 
Alhambra vases, a fine specimen, standing more than 4 feet high, but, unfortu- 
nately, wanting one of its handles. It is decorated in yellow, or pale luster, aud 
blue, with a profusion of arabesque designs and inscriptions, one of the latter refer- 
ring to its use as a water jar. This vase came from the parish church of Hernos 
(Jaen), where it was used as a holy-water vessel. A similar story is told of an 
equally fine vase, now in the museum at Palermo. Another jar of Toledan make is 
interesting as bearing the name of the maker. It is an oviform vessel of common 
clay, nearly three feet in height, unglazed, and with two projecting ears, or handles, 
on the shoulders. The ornament consists of impressions from oblong stamps, with 
animals, monsters, etc. Near the neck are impressed three stamps, inscribed in black 
letter "En toled" me feci dj° perez." This dates probably from the sixteenth century 

The collections of the Conde de Valencia and Sefior de Osma are shown together, 
and comprise a superb series of the lustered wares of the various Spanish factories, a 
number of tiles, interesting for their devices as well as for the technical processes of 
their manufacture, and a large and unique series of a curious ware believed to have 
been made in Andalusia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but of which the 
history is at present somewhat uncertain. Among the lustered wares the most remark- 
able pieces are two dishes painted in blue and luster, with figures in fantastic cos- 
tumes of the fifteenth century, one of the dishes representing a fishing scene, carried 
round the dish in a quaint fashion. Two covered bowls are also worthy of remark, 
both from their rarity and the originality of their design, the covers being of the 
same- shape as the bowls, but somewhat larger in the mouth, and when placed 
together the form is that of a barrel with narrow ends. Many other pieces of this 
beautiful series deserve mention, if space permitted. The Andalusian ware, how- 
ever, is less known, and therefore deserves more particular notice. Though it can 
scarcely be said to possess so great a charm as the lustered wares, yet it has an origi- 
nality and vigor which is rarely found in any but the earliest productions of Valencia 
and Malaga. It recalls in appearance the Italian sgraffiato wares, though the proc- 
ess of manufacture is of quite a different character. The method employed is, 
however, not quite clear, but seems to have been to draw the outlines of the design 
in some substance which was thrown off' in the furnace, leaving little or no trace of 
its presence, but which, before the firing, possessed an antipathy to the colored 
glaze used to fill up the design, so that these glazes could be applied close up to the 
edge of the outlines without in any instance impinging upon them. In no case is 
the clearness of the outline interfered with, though it is rare to find an instance of 
the glaze being otherwise than close to its edge. The glazes are thick and heavy, 
probably with a base of tin, and the colors used are rich and full, amber, green, 
slaty blue, yellow, and manganese. The collection comprises five large dishes, 
twenty-four small, an oviform vase, two large panels with the arms of Castile- Leon 
and Aragon-Sicily, as well as tiles. The designs of the dishes are vigorously, if some- 
what coarsely, drawn, and include a head of a young man in the costume of the late 
fifteenth century, a deer aud other animals, heraldic lions, and motives derived from 
plants and trees. Some of the tiles have inscriptions in black letter, and the ovi- 
form vase bears the legend, "Mjel rosado coad,' ; honey of roses. It may be of inter- 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 89 

est to mention that this ware is being imitated in Spain at the present time, and a 
good many examples of these imitations are to be found in the shops in Madrid ; and 
though the character of the work lends itself easily to imitation, there are essential 
differences between the old and the new. 

It should be stated that in addition to the classes of objects described above, the 
exhibition contains a very large and important collection of charters, illuminated 
manuscripts, and printed books. Among the latter is a considerable series printed 
on vellum; the former include a number of early charters of the orders of the 
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, the Holy Sepulcher, Santiago, and of Calatravas, 
an early manuscript of the treatise on astronomy by Alfonso the Wise, believed to 
be the original, besides many other important works from the National Library and 
other public institutions. 



CATALOGUE 

AND 

DESCRIPTION OF THE OBJECTS EXHIBITED 



THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, THE -UNITED STATES INDIAN 
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, THE UNITED STATES NAVY DEPARTMENT, 
THE UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM, THE UNIVER- 
SITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL 
SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, THE NUMISMATIC AND 
ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA, THE 
UNITED STATES MINT, AND THE UNITED 
STATES POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT 

AT THE 

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXHIBITION IN MADRID. 



91 



CATALOGUE OF THE DISPLAY FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF 
PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY, UNITED STATES NATIONAL 
MUSEUM. 



By THOMAS WILSON, Curator. 



The Department of Prehistoric Anthropology of the National Museum 
was represented at the Exposicion Historico- Americana, Madrid, 1892, 
by about 5,000 objects, selected from the department, and intended to 
present a synopsis of aboriginal industry. The objects were exposed 
in nineteen double slope-topped cases, which were distributed through- 
out the main hall assigned to the United States at the Exposition. The 
objects were classified, so far as possible, in such way as to show a 
series of implements and objects in each case or in each portion of a 
case. General labels descriptive of the series were printed in Spanish 
and distributed in their appropriate places. A description of the 
objects displayed, together with the names assigned them, the material 
used, the mode of manufacture and probable purpose, is attempted 
to be set forth in the following pages. 

PALEOLITHIC AGE. 

The first appearance of man on earth has heen assigned in Europe to the Quater- 
nary Geologic period ; in the United States to the close of the Glacial Epoch, though 
this has heen denied. 

The Paleolithic implements are the first known works of man. They have heen 
found over the world in the Quaternary deposits, associated many times with the 
remains of extinct animals belonging to that geologic period. The different epochs 
of human culture of the Paleolithic age have, in western and southern Europe, received 
the designations of Cave-hear, Mammoth, Reindeer, Bison epochs, after the animals 
which characterize them, and after the deposits, Alluvial and Cavern, and all 
after the localities, Chelleen, Moustierian, Solutrien, Madalenien epochs. They are 
periods represented in this display. 

ALLUVIAL PERIOD. 

CHELLEEN EPOCH. 

Block of cemented sand and gravel from the Quaternary gravels of the river 
Marne at Chelles, east of Paris, in which Paleolithic implements have been 
found. Pieces of worked Hint are to be seen in it, while other fragments from 
the loose sands beneath are by its side. This station has given its name to the 
earliest epoch of the Paleolithic age. 

Seven Chelleen implements from the Quaternary gravels of southern England. 
Similar implements have been found on the surface. They are of the Hint of the 
country, and have been chipped to their present shape. Many of them show 
signs of use. They are almond-shaped, thick in proportion to their width, and 
have the cutting edge at the point. 

93 



94 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Four Chelleen implements from the Quaternary gravels of the river Somme at St. 
Acheul and Ameins, northern France; of flint, pointed, almond-shaped, crust of 
pehhle left for grip, and with cutting edge at the small end. (Fig. 1.) 





Fig. 1. 

PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT OF FLINT. 
Chelleen Epoch, Alluvial Period. St. Acheul, France. 

Thirty Chelleen implements from different localities in northern, central, southern, 
and northwestern France. They are of flint and have the same general form as 
those mentioned from England. 




Fig. 2. 

PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT (QUARTZITE.) 

From near Madras, India. 

Three Chelleen implements from central France, of the usual thick almond form. 
They are of flint, which, from weathering or exposure to the chalk bed, have 
become whitened. In the highlands of the interior these are sometimes found 
on or near the surface. 

Two Chelleen implements from the gravels of the river Garonne, near Toulouse, made 
from quartzite bowlders. They are rudely chipped, and thick, and the cutting 
edge is at the point as in other paleolithic implements. They resemble the 
specimens from Piney Branch, near Washington, D. C. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



95 



Two smaller Chelleeu implements of quartzite, from the celebrated workshop of 
Bois-du-Rocher in Brittany. Discovered by MM. Micanlt and Fornier. These are 
more in the form of disks, chipped on both sides and to an edge all around. 

Paleolithic implements have been found in isolated localities throughout northern 
Italy and in Spain and Portugal. These specimens are from Lake Garda in the 
Tyrol. (See Cartaillac for locality.) 

Twenty Paleolithic implements of flint, whicb, with many others, were found in the 
foothills on the left border of the Nile, Egypt, by Prof. H. W. Haynes, of Boston. 
He received a bronze medal from the Association Francaise for his discovery. 

Four Paleolithic implements from the Laterite beds near Madras, southwestern 
Hindostan, Asia. (Fig. 2.) Similar ones have been found near Nerbuddah, north- 
western Hindostan. They are of quartzite, rudely made, but have the usual 
characteristics of thickness and the cutting edge at the smaller end. Also 3 
specimens found near Yokohama, Japan, possibly Paleolithic. 

CAVERN PERIOD. 



Six specimens of quartzite chips and implements of human art work, from Cresswell 
Caves. Yorkshire, England, associated with remains of Mammoth, Rhinoceros, 
and other extinct animals. Collected by Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, of Manchester, 
E norland. 





Fig. 3. 

MOUSTIERIAN POINT, SPEAE OE OTHERWISE 

(FLINT). 
From Cavern of I.e Mouatier. 



Fig. 4. 

OPPOSITE VIEW OF FIG. 3. 



Five specimens of red earth from lower stratum of Rents Cavern, Torquay, contain- 
ing tooth of Cave-Bear, with a section of the overlying stalagmitic deposit. In 
this were found teeth of Elephant, Rhinoceros, and Hyena, associated with 
Chelleen implements. Collected by Mr. W. Pengelly, of Torquay, England. 

MOUSTIERIAN EPOCH. 

Seven Moustierian points from Cavern of Moustier, France (Figs. 3-4). Scrapers 
the same, with cutting edge on the side and not at the end (Figs. 5-6). Cave- 
bear tooth. 



96 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



SOLUTRIEN EPOCH. 

Twenty-five specimens of flint, 9 of bone, from Solutr6, near CMlons-Sur-Saone, 
France. Horse bones abounded. Reindeer appear during tbis epocb. Tbe 
chipped edge of flint scrapers is cbanged from tbe side to tbe eml. Two kinds 
of flint points, presumably for weapons, are found; one small, rechipped only 
on the back, with stem and shoulder on one side, tbe other the leaf shaped, long, 
broad, and very thin, some are 16 inches wide and but three-eighths of an inch 
thick. This was an epoch of fine flint chipping. 

MADALENIEN EPOCH. 

Eighteen specimens of flint, 15 of bone. From the Rock-shelter of La Madeleine, 
on the V6zere, Dordogne, France. Flint chipping continued daring this epoch; 
scrapers, knives, points, and flakes are found. Bone points, daggers, and har- 
poons were common. The man of tbis epocb was an artist. More than 400 
specimens of engraving on bone, horn, ivory, and stone have been found in tbe 
Caverns of this period. 




Fig. 5. 

MOUSTIERIAN SCRAPER, SHOWING Bt/LB OF PER- 
CUSSION (FLINT). 
"From Chez Poure. 



Fig. 6. 

OPPOSITE SIDE FIG, 



EUROPEAN PREHISTORIC SKULLS OF THE PALEOLITHIC AGE. 

Cast of the Neanderthal Skull. The original was found near Dusseldorf, Germany, 
and is now at the University of Bonn, discovered by Drs. Scbaffhausen and 
Fuhlrott in 1857. Although the forehead is low and retreating, the skull is not 
small; its estimated capacity is 1,220 centimeters. Its cephalic index is 0.72. 
Many persons are of the opinion that it belongs to the Moustierian rather than 
the Chelleen Epoch. Its great antiquity has been disputed, but, nevertheless, 
Prehistoric anthropologists have given its name, possibly for want of a better, 
to the earliest known type ot tbe human race. 

Cast of the Olmo Skull, from tbe celebrated paleontological deposit of the Val 
d'Arno, near Florence, Italy. It was found many feet beneath the surface asso- 
ciated with worked flints, horse teeth, and mammoth tusks, all of which, with 
tbe original skull, are in the Zoological Museum at Florence. The skull is 
claimed to have belonged to the Moustierian Epoch of the Paleolithic Age. It 
is too fragmentary to be measured. 

Cast of Laugerie Basso Skull, found by M. Massenat, of Mailmont, near Brives 
(Correze), France, in 1872, while excavating the celebrated prehistoric caverns 
ot Laugerie Basse on the V6rzere, Dordogne, France. The skeleton was entire 
and in place. It was on its side, the legs drawn up, the hands placed on the 
side of the head and neck. It was considered that he had been killed under a 
detached and fallen rock. It is in the possession of M. Massenat. The Cavern 
belongs to the Madelenien epoch of the Paleolithic Age. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Wilson. 



Plate I. 



r$ 





"m 



tWtf 



A:'i:< • 



A 



lilim 



iniill 



"Mil 



f>^ 



famSH'Sk 



M 

,,., 



#s 



,,..,,- 



Paleolithic Implements. 
Points of the Solutrian epoch, leaf-shaped, and shouldered mi one *i'l<-. Cavern period. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Wilson. 



Plate II. 



K 



^i 



m 






£ 



Paleolithic Implements. 

Fig. i Flint scraper, with rounded end. La Madeleine, Dordogne, France 
Fitr •-'. Flint dak.-: probably a saw or knife, Lh Madeleine, Dordogne, France 
Figs. 3 and i. Flint gravers. La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. 
Fi<s. 5 and ti. Flint points or drills. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Maond. — Wilson. 



Plate III. 



1:1 



Paleolithic Implements. 



Figs- 1.8, 3, Mini 4 Har] ns made of reindeer horn. La Madeleine, Dordoene, France 

M - s "■ ''■ and '■ Points and har] ns made of reindeer horn; hole and slit for attachment to shaft; 



southern Frai 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Wilson. 



Plate IV. 






Paleolithic Implements. 

Fig, 1 Engraving of pike on canine tooth of bear. Grottoof Duruthy, southwestern France 
Fig. 2. Engraving of seal on canine tooth of bear Grottoof Duruthy, southwestern France 
Fig. 3. Engravings of a man, horses, aurochs, and snake or eel on reindeer horn. La Madeleine 
Dordogne, France. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 97 

Cast of the Engis Skull, discovered by Dr. Schnierling in the Cavern of Engis, near 
Liege, Belgium, in the year 1833. It was of this skull that Professor Huxley 
said that it might have belonged to a savage or a philosopher. 

NEOLITHIC OR POLISHED STONE AGE. 

The name Neolithic was given by Sir John Lubbock to the later stone age to dis- 
tinguish it from the earlier, the Paleolithic or Chipped Stone Age. Many of the 
stone implements, after being chipped or pecked into shape, were smoothed or pol- 
ished by grinding. Some, such as scrapers, arrow and spear heads, were always 
chipped and not polished. This period introduces a new civilization — that of a 
sedentary and agricultural people, with flocks and herds, plants, fruits, textiles, and 
pottery. Tribal organizations were formed, religious sentiments manifested, the 
dead buried, and funeral monuments erected. 

Forty-four flint objects from workshops in Great Britain and Ireland, showing the 
mode of manufacture. Cores and flakes of black flint fitted together as in the 
original block, with knapping hammer, from modern gun-flint workshops at 
Brandon, Suffolk. ( Fig. 7.) Prehistoric blades aud flakes, scrapers, discs, 
hatchets, chisels, and poignards, polished and partly polished, from Cissbury, 
southern England, and from Ireland. Arrowheads of various forms. 




Fig. 7. 

FLINT COKE, WITH ITS BLADES AS STRUCK, IN PLACE. 
Brandon, England. Evans's Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain. 

Nineteen worked flint implements from the Prehistoric workshops of Grand Pres- 
signy, near Tours, France. Large cores (livres du beurre), hammers, blades, 
flakes, daggers, and points. All of the yellow flint of Grand Pressigny. 

Eighteen implements and objects from the Prehistoric flint quarries and workshops 
of Spiennes, Belgium. Unpolished hatchets, cores, blades, flakes, hammers, etc. 

Thirty-three flint implements, many of them from Prehistoric workshops in Scandi- 
navia. Cores, hammers, blades, flakes, scrapers, crescents, daggers, arrow and 
spear heads. 

Sixty-two flint implements and objects from eastern and northern Italy. Small 
cores, flakes, scrapers, discs, points, and beautiful arrowheads. 

Ten flint and obsidian cons and Hakes. From Syria, 2 specimens; Island of Crete,4 
specimens; Island of Milo, 1 specimens. 

Seventy-one flint flakes and points discovered by Mr. W. Flinders Petrie at Kahuu 
in the Fayum, Lower Egypt, in 1K89. Many of these show signs of use. They 
belong to the time of Ameuentop III, of the Twelfth Dynasty, about 2650 B. ('., 
and are probably the earliest Prehistoric specimens to which an historical date 
can be given. 

II. Ex. 100 7 



98 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Seventeen obsidian cores and blades from Mexico and Central America (fio-. 8). The 
blades are thin, sharp, and beautifully made. Large worked flakes, scrapers, 
arrow and spear heads of Hint and obsidian. 




Fig. 8. 

OBSIDIAN CORE AND FLAKES. 



Twelve specimens of drilled axes from Europe. These are plentiful in the Swiss 
lakes and in Scandinavia. In Europe the drilled axes take the place of the 
American grooved axes. These specimens show different kinds of drilling, and 
different stages of progress. Some were drilled from one side, others from 
both. Some have been drilled with a hollow bit, and a number of entire cores 
thus made are shown. These implements belonged to the Neolithic period, but 
continued into the Iron Age. 
Six chipped stone hatchets from Europe and Asia. These have been first chipped 

into shape ready for grinding, and 
then polished. The series shows 
the process of manufacture. The 
tirst (fig. 9) is rudely and the sec- 
ond (tig. 10) finely chipped; the 
third (fig. 11) is partly and the 
fourth (fig. 12) entirely polished; 
the fifth (fig. 13) is rechipped to 
an edge and the sixth (tig. 14) 
reground. 
Stone hatchets in process of manufac- 
ture, chipped but not yet ground or 
polished, from the United States 
of America. Similar objects be- 
longing to prehistoric times are 
found in nearly every country. 
Polished stone hatchets are representa- 
tive implements of the Neolithic 
period throughout the world. 
They vary greatly in size. They 
were intended for the same general 
purpose as the grooved ax, and the 
same remarks as to material and 
mode of manufacture apply. On the coast and among the islands similar hatchets 
were made of shell (fig. 16). Polished stone hatchets were inserted in wooden 
handles, though in the Lake Dwellings of Switzerland horn was used as an inter- 
mediary. Nearly every country is represented. Eighteen specimens from Europe ; 
9 specimens from Asia; 11 specimens from the United States and Canada (fig. 
15); 2 specimens from Mexico; G specimens from Central America; 6 specimens 
from West Indies; 5 specimens from South America. Total, 57 specimens. 





Fig. 9. 



Fig. 10. 



POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OF FLINT. 

wing process n( manufacture, Europe (after Mortillet). 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Wilson. 



Plate V. 






Paleolithic (?) Implements from the District of Columbia. Quartzite. 
Chipped on one side onlj 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Wilson. 



Plate VI. 













Paleolithic (?) Implements from the District of Columbia. Quartzite. 

Chipped on both sides 

dlall" natural size.) 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



99 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

EVIDENCES OF THE EXTREME ANTIQUITY Ol MAX. 

The existence of man on the American continent during a stage of culture corre- 
sponding to the Paleolithic period in Europe has heen the subject of much dispute 
among American anthropologists and geologists. The investigations in this respect 
in the United States of America have not been so profound as in Europe, and anthro- 
pologists are not unanimous concerning the conclusions to be drawn therefrom. The 
contemporaneity of the periods in the two hemispheres has not been universally 
accepted, nor has the relationship of the men who made or used the implements been 
established. 
Implements similar in form, style, and manufacture to those of the Paleolithic age 

from European countries have been found in the United States, which, if found 

in Europe, would be accepted as belonging to that age. These have been found 

by the hundred in every section of 

the United States on the surface and 

at varying depths iu the gravels of 

several rivers, and in the Pleistocene 

deposits. Flint, argillite, andquart- 

zite were the materials mostly used. 

The implements are rude and thick 

and always chipped. Twenty-one 

implements from every part of the 

United States are shown. 
Fossil human thorax. Seven vertebra 

with corresponding ribs and ster- 
num, from Osprey, Sarasota Bay, 

Manatee County, Fla. The bones 

are fossilized. They were found on 

the seashore incased in indurated 

ferruginous sandstone. The two 

pieces of stone belong together and 

form one subject ; they were broken 

in extraction. The sandstone was 

overlaid by surface deposits li to 3 

feet. Geologists assign it to the 

Quaternary period. Found by 

Judge John G. Webb. 
Fossilized human skull, turned to iron. From Osprey, Manatee County, Fla. Found 

in 1868 at a depth of 2 or 3 feet in the uudisturbed subsoil in proximity to a 

shell heap. The skull was accidentally broken at its discovery. The skeleton 

was in place. The bones were sent forward, but some of them were lost. Part 

of them are now in the Peabody Museum. The skull and other bones were 

turned to limonite (hydrous sesrpuioxide of iron) by process of fossilization. 

The measurements of the skull are : Glabella to occipital protuberance, 170 mm.; 

breadth above the auditory meatuses, 131 mm.; breadth of the forehead at tem- 
poral ridges, 102 mm. Found by Judge John G. Webb. 
Fossilized human thigh bone, changed to iron. Apiece of limonite (hydrous ses- 

quioxide of iron) containing a portion of a human thigh bone which has itself 

been changed to limonite. From Sarasota Hay, Florida. Collected by Col. Joseph 

Wilcox, of Philadelphia. 
Rock formation from Sarasota Bay, Florida, containing fossilized shell of (1) Venus, 

(2) Pecten, (3) Fasciolaria tulipa, and others overlying the limonite formation 

containing the human remains from the same locality. These shells belong to 

the Quaternary Geologic period as well as to the recent. Collected by Col. 

Joseph Wilcox, of Philadelphia 





Fig. 11. 



Fig. 12. 



I'OI.ISHED STONE IIATCIIKTS OK FLINT. 



jpe (after Mortillet) 



100 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Fossil pyrula shell, bearing a prehistoric engraving of a mastodon. This shell was 
found in a peat bed near Clayrnont, Del., by Mous. Surault. It was associated 
with prehistoric objects of stone and bone. It bears an engraving or etching in 
outline of a Mastodon, and has every appearance of antiquity. The species of 
shell is native to the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States. 
Chert implements of human manufacture said to have been taken from the Equus beds 
of San Diego, Tex. The Equus beds belong to the Quaternary Geologic period 
and contain fossil bones of the Mylodon, Megalonyx, Equus, Elephas, and other 
extinct animals. Late investigations by Mr. II. C. Mercer causes the belief that 
these implements were ou and not in the Equus deposits. 
Prehistoric implements found in the auriferous gravels under Table Mountain, Cali- 
fornia. In past geologic ages, the Stanislaus River ran in a different channel, 2 or 
3 miles distant from the present channel, and at nigh 2,000 feet greater altitude. 
This ancient channel was of coarse gravels brought down from the mountain, 
and they contain the gold that has given the State the name of El Dorado. The 

gravels reached a thickness in many places 
of 200 feet, and became indurated, possibly 
the result of an outflow of volcanic mud or 
cement. After this an eruption of volcanic 
basalt ran down the stream, filled the chan- 
nel, and covered it and the adjacent country 
with a sheet of lava hundreds of feet in 
thickuess. It is sometimes divided into 
layers. This eruption, aided possibly by 
subsequent glaciers, displaced the stream 
and drove it to its present channel. All 
this happened at such a distant period of 
time as that the new channel has since been 
eroded nigh 2,000 feet below the lava cap. 
The gravels in the ancient channels are now 
pierced by shafts and tunnels in search of 
gold. These explorations are declared to 
have brought to light human and animal 
remains and objects of human industry, 
which, if true, demonstrates the high an- 
tiquity of man in America. 
Mortars and pestles. From under the lava beds of Table Mountain, California. This 
mortar and pestle were, with other stone mortars and several obsidian spearheads, 
found by Mr. J. H. Neale in the Montezuma Tunnel, 1,500 feet distant from its 
mouth and 300 feet under the solid lava cap of Table Mountain. Collected by 
Dr. R. I. Bromley, of Sonora, Cal., and Mr. George F. Becker, Geological Survey, 
Washington, D. C. (Bui. Geol. Soc. Anier., Vol. II, p. 189.) 
Calaveras skull. From "The auriferous gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California." 
(Mem. Museum Comp. Zoology, Harvard College, by J. D. Whitney. ) This broken 
skull was found in Calaveras County, Cal., February, 1866, in the auriferous 
gravels 132 feet beneath the surface, in a shaft while digging for gold. There 
were four layers of volcanic lava over it, 40, 30, 15, and 9 feet, respectively, with 
intermediate layers of gravel. According to Professor Whitney it was a Plio- 
cene deposit; others have denied this and have assigned it to a much later date, 
but, without discussing the age of the deposit, it is believed to be of high antiquity 
and belonged to a past geologic period. The authenticity of the skull has been 
attacked, but favorable evidence is accumulating; objects of undoubted human 
industry are being found in the same horizon, and disbelief in its genuineness is 
passing away. The original skull is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at 
Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. 





Fig. 13. 



Fig. 14. 



POLISH KI) STONE HATCHETS OF FLINT. 



.pe (afler Mortillet' 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



101 



Polished stone pestle. This implement came from the cemented auriferous gravel 
under the basalt or lava cap of Table Mountain, California. The tinder was Mr. 
Clarence King, then director of the Geological Survey of the United States. 
He found it in place while searching for fossils. It is fine-grained diabase. No 
doubt can exist as to the authenticity of the implement, its being of human 
industry, or its extraction from the original place of deposit. 

Stone implements from the auriferous gravels of California. These are enigmas of 
prehistoric science in North America. If any reliance can be placed in human 
testimony, we must believe that these, with mortars and similar objects to the 
number of several hundred, have been found under volcanic lava beds, and that 
they belong to a past Geologic period. If thus found, they are among the 
earliest known implements made by man, and yet they would seem to be of the 
Neolithic or Polished Stone civilization, and so would belong to prehistoric man 




Fig. 15. 

TOLISHED STONE HATCHETS. 
56, hematite, Ohio; 57, greenstone. Indium; 5S, syenite, Illinois; 59, greenstone, Tennessee; 60, chloritic slate, Tennessee mound; 
61, yellow flint, Louisiana ; 62, greenstone, North Carolina. 



in the present Geologic period. The objects are mortars and pestles of hard 
stone, obsidian leaf-shaped implements, steatite bowls, ladles, and platters, 
hammers or sinkers with a pecked groove around. These contradictions must 
await the investigation of the geologist and paleontologist as well as the 
archaeologist. 
Obsidian spearhead from the Walker River Canyon, in the extinct Quaternary Lake 
Lahontan. Found by Mr. W J McGee, of the Geological Survey, in undis- 
turbed clay deposits, 25 feet beneath the surface, and "associated in such manner 
with the bones of an elephant or mastodon as to leave no doubt as to their having 
been buried at approximately the same time.'' (Geological History of Lake 
Lahontan, Vol. XI, p. 246.) Professor Gilbert, chief of the geologic work, says 
(Anthrop. Journal, Washington, Vol. II, October, 1889, p. 312) : " This object was 
indubitably made by man ; was from a well-determined date (the second occupa- 
tion by an ice sheet of the Laurentian basin). It was found in situ and by a 
trained observer, who recognized the. importance of his discovery before he dis- 
turbed the matrix inclosing the implement." 



102 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



The second obsidian spearhead was found in the debris of an excavation in Mono 
Lake, California, in marls of the same age as those of the Walker River Canyon, 
and which Mr. McGee says are "presumptively Quaternary." 
The third obsidian spearhead Avas found projecting from the face of a precipice of 
Columbia (early Quaternary) loam at the head of Chesapeake Hay, Maryland. 
These objects were all collected by Mr. McGee, who, while admitting their evident 
human origin, does not accept them as evidence of the contemporaneous exist- 
ence of man. 
Obsidian spearheads. These, with other prehistoric implements, are found in abun- 
dance in the sandy bed of an extinct lake in 
2 54 southeastern Oregon. It has been named Fossil 

Lake, from the number of fossil remains of birds 
and animals found therein belonging to the 
Quaternary Geologic period. The implements 
are so intimately associated with the fossils as 
to indicate their contemporaneous deposit. 
Two specimens, collected by Prof. E. D. Cope. 
Section of prehistoric rock - shelter, Claymont 
(Naaman's Creek), Del. The structure is shown 
in the sectional drawing. There was a cavity 

255 





2 
Fig. 16. 

SHELL HATCHETS. 
Like those of polished stone: 254, Florida; 255, Kentucky. 

in the solid rock 20 or 30 feet wide and 5 or G feet deep. It has been occupied by 
prehistoric man, and the various layers, with their debris, show the different 
periods. Layers B, D, F, and H contained prehistoric implements, of which 
those in the three trays B, D, and H are samples. The upper layers contained 
arrowheads, pottery, and objects identical with the neolithic culture, while the 
lower layers contained large, rude implements resembling those of paleolithic 
culture. Collected by Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson, of Philadelphia. 

Tray I, Layer B : 

Paleoliths, quartzite 2 

Paleoliths, argillite 6 

Tray II, Layer D : 

Small, rudely chipped implements, arrow and spear heads, broken 

points, flakes, etc 35 

Tray III, Layer 11 : 

Small, rude implements of quartzite, jasper, etc., arrow and spear 
heads, scrapers, worked flakes, lower part of polished hatchet, and 

fragment of pottery 38 

(See Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIV, p. 141 et seq.) 

Rough, chipped, unpolished stone axes or adzes, notched on both edges, many 
specimens showing that the notches were used by means of a withe or thong 
apparently for the attachment of a handle. They are mostly of porphyritic 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



103 



felsite (tig. 17), quartzito (fig. 18), and hard clay slate. These are found princi- 
pally on the Atlantic seaboard from Massachusetts to Georgia, though they have 




Fig. 17. 

RUDE NOTCHED AX. 
District of Columbia. Quartzite. Half natural ( 



4 




Pig. 18. 

KTJDE NOTCHED AX, POHF'HYRITIC FEI.SITE. 
Raleigh, N. C. 

been found in the West. They may have lxen the precursor or ancestor of the 
trrooved stone axe of North America. 



104 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



PREHISTORIC IMPLEMENTS OF USUAL FORM. 

Scrapers. These are of various forms and material (fig. 19). (a) Disk shaped, chip- 
ped both sides and all around, (b) Long round end, the scraping edge beveled 
from one side, the lower surface being formed by a continuous fracture. This form 
is common all over the world and has continued without change from prehistoric 
into modern times, the Eskimo of to-day using similar implements inserted in 




38. gray flint, Texas ; 39, hor 



Fig. 19. 

SCRAPERS. 

, Ohm ; 40, yellow jasper, Ohio, with 



whead stem ; 41, chalcedony, Texas, chipped round. 



wooden or ivory handles. (Mason, Aboriginal Skin Dressing, Rep. II. S. National 
Museum, 1889, p. 553, PI. LXXII to LXXIX.) (c) Forms peculiar to the United 
States are stemmed, notched, and shouldered, and their similarity to arrow and 
spear heads suggests a secondary use of broken specimens. The scraping edges 
of these, unlike class 1), are chipped from both sides. Twelve specimens. 

75 

7<S 




7? greenstone, Massachusetts, gr 
around, projecting ridges; 75, Wiscor 



Fig. 20. 

GROOVED STONE AXES. 

all around; 73, greenstone, Arizona, flat back; 74, greenstone 
iblique groove; 76, greenstone, Alaska, square with flat bick. 



South Carolina, groove all 



Grooved stone axes (fig. 20) are distributed throughout the United States, and are 
not found in Europe. The groove is transverse and was for the attachment of a 
handle by a thong or withe. The material differs with the locality, but granite, 
trap, and rocks that would not flake were used. Water- worn pebbles served as 
well as quarried rock. They were chipped or pecked into shape according to 
material, and if smoothed or polished it was done by rubbing or grinding. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



105 



Grooved stone axes have been classified as follows: (1) Grooved either wholly 
or partially, some with projecting wings. (2) Flat hack for insertion of tight- 
ening wedge. (3) Double bitted. (4) Hematite from valleys of Mississippi 
River and its tributaries. (5) Actinolite from 
the Pueblos of the Southwest. (6) Winged 
and horned, from the West Indies and Central 
America. (7) Longitudinal fiutings on the bit. 
Eighteen specimens. 

Eight specimens of grooved stone axes from Central 
and South America and AVest Indies. There is 
a certain resemblance between the grooved axes 
of these countries and those of the United 
States, while they bear no resemblance to Euro- 
pean implements. They are chipped or peeked 
into shape and then ground or polished as in 
the United States. The grooves are different, 
forming wings or horns, while the edge is prac- 
tically the same. 

Mauls. Large quartzite pebbles bearing a groove 
for attachment of handle by means of a withe 
(fig. 21). These were used in the mines and 
quarries to break open the rock. They are 
principally from Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains. 

Adzes. These are, apparently, only a variation in form and use from the grooved 
ax and polished stone hatchet and gouge. They are rare. Their distribution 




Fig. 21. 

GROOVED MAUL OF GRANITE. 
Colorado. Weight, 11 pounds. 




CHISELS, GOUGES. AND ADZES. 

63, chisel, diorite, Ohio; M.chiael, lydite, New York , 65, chisel, basalt, Unalaska ; 66, gouge, hornstooe. New York ; 67, gouge. Peon- 

. 68, gouge, greenstone, Massachusetts, 69, adz. hornstone. British Columbia ; 70, adz. greenstone, Oregou ; 71, adi, serpen. 
tine, Norinwest Coast. 



in the United States seems to be limited to the northeast Atlantic and northwest 
Pacific coast (fig, 22, 69-71). 



106 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Gouges. These are similar to the grooved axes and polished stone hatchets in mate- 
rial, mode of manufacture, and in every way except form. They were probably 
handled and used in the same manner. Those of the southern coast and the 
West Indies are of shell. They are more plentiful in the Atlantic States, and 
are perhaps confined to that area (fig. 22, 66-68). 
Chisels. These, as will be apparent from examination of the figures, are but varia- 
tions of the polished stone hatchet. Indeed, if the hatchet without a handle be 
taken in the hand and used in connection with the mallet, no reason is seen why, 
except in size, it and the chisel may not have served the same purpose. They 
are brought to a smaller or narrower edge than was the hatchet. The sides, 
whether round or square, are nearer parallel, while the head is not pointed hut 
is large enough to receive a blow from the mallet. Nos. 63 (diorite from Ohio) 
and 64 (lydite from New York) are typical chisels from the interior eastern 
States, while 64 (of basalt and of a peculiar shape) is marked in the collection as 
an " ice chisel," from Unalaska Island. 

Bunts. An arbitrary name given to this object, 
having no relation to any supposed use. 
They resemble somewhat the chipped and 
unpolished stone hatchet. They are of white 
chert of Missouri and Illinois, but are peculiar 
in that they are flat on one side, showing 
the fracture from the nucleus unwrought, all 
chipping being on the opposite side, after the 
manner of scrapers. 
Caches. Chipped implements of leaf-shaped and 
other forms have been found en cache in 
various parts of the United States. Most of 
them are leaf-shaped in form, though some 
areoval and others round. Many are of flint, 
quite thin, and finely finished; others of 
quartzite, are larger and naturally ruder. 
Some of chalcedony have been wrought into 
spearheads with stem and barb. They are 
larger than usual aud evidently completed 
weapons. No explanation yet given will 
satisfactorily account for them in their con- 
dition. They were placed in the cache in 
different positions, but always with reg- 
ularity, on the fiat, or edge, in circles or 
parallelograms, separate or overlapping. 
The number in the caches vary from 10 to 
100 or 200, though that in Mound No. 2, 
Hopewell farm, near Chillicothe, Ohio, 
contained 7,232. (See fig. 9, Mr. Mercer's 
report. ) 
Sixty-one argillite leaf-shaped implements, part of a cache of 95 found at Marshall- 
ton, Chester County, Pa., by Mr. Edward T. Ingram, in 1890 (fig. 23). The 
cache is sought to be reproduced and the implements shown as in the original 
deposit. The top layer was disturbed by the plow. 
A cache of leaf-shaped quartzite implements from the bank of the River Wautanga, 
Carter County, northwest Tennessee. It consists of 18 pieces, 7£ to 9 inches in 
length, 3 to 3^ in width, and live-eighths to seven-eighths in thickness. They 
were buried 2 feet below the surface, laid on the flat side and arranged in a cir- 
cle with the points to the center, the cache being about 2 feet in diameter. The 
hole in which they were deposited was dug through the soil and into the hard 
yellow clay. Nothing was found associated with them, although there was an 
aboriginal cemetery in the neighborhood. Deposited by Thomas Wilson. 




ARGILLITE LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT. 
Cache in Chester County, 1'a. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



10T 




A cache of chalcedoiiic spearheads from the valley of the Little Missouri, Pike 
County, southwest Arkansas. The excavation in which they were buried was 
in yellow clay at 2 or 3 feet deep. They were laid side by side with edges 
overlappiug. They varied in size from 5i to 9 inches in length, 2£ to 3£ in width, 
and one-half to five-eighths in thickness. Deposited by Thomas Wilson. 

Chipped flint disks. These are peculiar to the 
Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumber- 
land River valleys. Their use is unknown. S^frwO^ 
They are of coarse, black flint, made from 53 /C : ^^ 
nodules, are always chipped, never pol- /fltsT 
ished, and the edges sometimes show signs S-iMi-^ 
of wear (fig. 24). They have usually been 
found cached in mounds and other pre- 

historic works. These implements have ffisirffe^ ' V ( ' ' i 

been found in Ohio in caches contain- My r;: 

ing 8,000 specimens, in Illinois of 5,000, *■*« 

3,500, down to 50. 

Prehistoric quarries and workshops at Flint ' _\ Y«slfe:fc\ 

Ridge, iif Licking County, Ohio, near the 

eastern boundary, equidistant from the wt^^^^^^W^W 

towns of Newark and Zanesville. Flint \ jJL} ^- v^v&J 

Ridge is a stratum of flint, continuous with ^rFV ' ^^.'"i.fisK>i 

the ferruginous limestone of southeastern ^^S8^ ^ilwuP^ 

Ohio, lyiug on the Putnam Hill sandstone 

of the Ohio survey. The stratum of flint lg "~ ' 

is from 4 to 8 feet in thickness and from 4 chipped flint disk. 

to 10 feet beneath the surface. It is about Cache '" Ci,S3 County ' ni 

8 miles east and west and 2 miles north and 

south. It is irregular in shape, having been much eroded by small streams. The 
prehistoric quarries were made by sinking shafts through the surface clay and 
then working out the flint by means of fire and water. The pieces were broken 
up and carried to the workshops in the immediate neighborhood and there worked 
into utensils and implements, making or leaving the debris of material both of 
which are here'shown: 

Hammers 8 

Material 4 

Large chipped implements (rude) *. 14 

Small chipped implements (rude) 40 

Leaf shaped implements (thin) 16 

Perforators, scrapers, arrowheads, etc 37 

Cores 16 

Flakes 41 

176 

Trays, containing flint chips, implements, arrowheads, etc., showing the distribution 
of material in the workshops. 

Some localities of the neighborhood were strewn with ruder and heavier material, 
while others had a profusion of small and fine chips, flakes, and debris. The latter 
were mostly on the high bluffs overlooking the valleys below, and from which 
position one could see far over the adjoining country. On these points the flints, 
chips, flakes, etc., were in such profusion as to prevent the grass forming a sod. 
I chose one of these spots and dug it out 10"by 12 inches square, 14 inches deep 
to the bottom of all flint debris and then washed out the earth. The flints 
were 7 inches deep and the earth 7 inches — half and half. The specimens from 
this hole are shown in the two trays in the case. They are as follows: 



108 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Complete and perfect arrowheads 51 

Leaf-shaped : 

Perfect 9 

Imperfect 16 

25 

Cores : Finely wrought 15 

Rude lumps of flint 34 

De"bris: 

Hard-burnt clay, small 2 

Pebbles, not flint, small 13 

Bits of wood, small 5 

Chips and spawls, flint 3, 149 

3,169 

Total contents of hole 3, 294 

Hammer stones are smooth, flat, or oval pebbles, nodules or rude pieces of broken 
stone, usually of the material nearest at hand, used as hammers or pounding 
stones for striking flakes, chips, etc., from a core or nucleus, or for pounding or 
pecking (attrition^, by means of which stone implements are made into the 
desired shape (fig. 25). They are usually taken loosely in the hand and, if a 
rude piece, by turning so as to present a new surface for each blow, the corners 
are gradually worn off, and the hammer becomes round; if a smooth pebble, the 
edges become roughened. Specimens which have served as hammers show a 
small cup marking or depression on one or both sides, which have been thought 
to be for reception of thumb and finger. Their distribution is general throughout 
all prehistoric ages and countries. 



82 






Fig. 25. 

HAMMER AND PITTED STONES. 
SO to 82, ?3 uze. 80, quartzite, New York ; 81, quartzite, Pennsylvania ; 82, flint, Flint Kidge, Ohio. 



Pitted stones are mostly flat or oval pebbles, the larger proportion of which in the 
eastern United States are of quartzite (fig. 25). They are similar in size and 
appearance to some hammer stones. They receive their name from a worked 
depressionor cup-marking in the center of one or both sides, which have heen 
thought by some persons to be (1) for holding with thumb and finger for use as 
a hammer; (2) made by hammering on another stone as a punch; (3) by cracking 
nuts. They are probably related to cup stones proper, and like them their use 
not satisfactorily determined. 

Cup stones. Stones large and small are found marked by a depression, smooth or 
rough, varyiug in diameter Irani 1 inch to 4 or 5, and in depth from a slight 
hollow to a hemisphere (fig. 26). Small pebbles may have but one such depres- 
sion or one on each side, when they are called pitted stones, but larger pebbles, 
even bowlders of many tons, or solid rock, as in the Carpathian and Himalaya 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



109 



mountains, have hundreds of these markings, when they are called " cup stones." 
The National Museum has one from Wheeling, W. Va., with fifty-three cup mark- 
ings thereon. Their distribution is general throughout the prehistoric world 
and their use or purpose has never been satisfactorily determined. 




Fig. 26. 

CUP STONES. 
160, sandstone, Pennsylvania; 163% sandstone, Kentucky. 



CLASSIFICATION OP ARROW AND SPEARHEADS. 

The primary divisions of arrow and spearheads or knives are as follows: 
I. Leaf shaped, classes A, B, C. 
II. Triangular. 

III. Stemmed, classes A, B, C. 

IV. Peculiar forms, classes A, B, C, D, E, F, G. 

I. Leaf shaped. This division includes elliptical, oval, oblony, and lanceolate 
forms bearing any relation to the shape of a leaf, and without stem, shoulder, 
or barb. 



110 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Class A is pointed tit both ends. They are widest from one-third to one-fourth 
the distance from the base. Eleven specimens. 

Class B is more oval, more or less pointed, with concave, straight, or convex base. 
Five specimens. 

Class C is long, narrow, with parallel edges, concave, straight, or convex bases, 
and belongs principally to the Pacific Coast. Five specimens. 

II. Triangular. This division includes all specimens which, according to geo- 
metric nomenclature, are in the form of a triangle, whether the bases or edges 
be convex, straight, or concave. They are without stems and, consequently, 
without shoulders, although in some specimens the extreme concavity of the 
base produces barbs. Eleven specimens. 





A B 

Leaf Shaped 



Triangular. 





A 
Stemmed 






FORMS OF ARROW A\!> SPEARHEADS. 



III. Stemmed. This division includes all varieties of stems, whether straight, 
pointed, or expanding, rouud or flat, whether the bases or edges are convex, 
straight, or concave. 

Class A is lozenge shaped, stemmed, but not shouldered nor barbed. Eight 

specimens. 
Class B is stemmed and shouldered, but not barbed. Sixteen specimens. 
Class C is stemmed, shouldered, and barbed. Nine specimens. 

IV. Peculiar forms. This division includes all forms not belonging to the three 
others, and provides for those having peculiarities, or which are restricted in 
number or locality. 

Class A, beveled edges. Seven specimens. 
Class B, serrated edges. Six specimens. 
Class C, bifurcated stems. Seven specimens. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Ill 



Class D, long barbs, square at ends, peculiar to England, Ireland, and Georgia, 

United States. Six specimens. 
Class E, triangular in section, peculiar to the province of Chiriqui, Panama. 

Eight specimens. 
Class F, broadest at cutting ends— trancbaut transversal — peculiar to Western 

Europe. Nine specimens. 
Class G, slate and polished, peculiar in North America to the Eskimo country, 

and to New England and New York. Ten specimens. 




Fig. 28. 

CEREMONIAL OBJECTS? OR "BANNER STONES." 
83, Serpentine, Virginia; 84, serpentine, Pennsylvania ; 85, striped slate, Wisconsin; hi;, striped slate, Indiana; 87, striped slate, 
Pennsylvania ; 88, brown jasper, Louisiana; 90, stripod slate, Indiana; 91, ferruginous quartz, Indiana; 92, striped Blate, Indiana. 

SUPPOSED CEREMONIAL OBJECTS. 



Banner stones, drilled tablets, boat-shaped and bird-shaped objects, etc. The names 
given to these objects are no indication of their use, which is only conjectural. 
They are all American, and are found in mounds and aboriginal graves, some of 
them so associated with human skeletons as to indicate their use as personal 
ornaments. They may have served as charms, amulets, or, as the general name 
above suggests, foi occasions of ceremony. Some have been drilled for suspen- 



112 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



sion, the holes showing signs of wear, others apparently for a handle, although 
it would be too small for service as a weapon. Some are soft and fragile, while 
others are extremely hard. The edges show no signs of use. No early Indian 
traveler or historian mentioned them, and they had apparently fallen into disuse 
before the advent of the white man. 
Banner stones (fig. 28) present a great variety of forms and an equal uncertainty 
of use. They are supposed to have been for ceremony or ornaments, or, with long 
handles, to have served as badges or iusiguia of rank (baton de commandement). 
They were not weapons, since most of them are of soft material, usually of slate, 
are fragile and would break under even a slight blow; have no cutting e ge, 
while the hole is too small for a serviceable handle. A few are of hard material 



i34 




1-35 




\1W 



Fig. 29. 

BOAT-SHAPED (?) OBJECTS. 
134. striped slate, Ohio; 135, greenstone, Kentucky. 

like quartz, jasper, etc., nevertheless they are impracticable alike for battle axes 
or casse tetes. The specimens show the process of manufacture. They were 
hammered or pecked into form, and then polished before being drilled. The 
drilling is excellent. The broken specimens show a secondary use, having been 
drilled :ind used since the fracture. They belong principally to the interior, 
though they have been found on the Atlantic coast line. 




Fig. 30. 

BIKD-SHAPED (?) OBJECTS. 
210, striped slate. Pennsylvania, 211, striped slate, Ohio mound. 



Boat-shaped objects (fig. 29). The title indicates our want of knowledge concerning 
their purpose. Different uses have been assumed for them, such as twine-twisters, 
handles for carrying parcels, or for tightening cords, but all without evidence. 
Some of the objects are solid, others are hollowed out like a boat, and are finely 
finished. Most of them have two perforations equidistant from the center. The 
material is syenite, chlorite, slate, and galena. They are found principally in 
the valleys of the Mississippi and its tributaries. Six specimens. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



113 



Bird-shaped objects (tig. 30). A class of objects, bird-like in form, but passing grad- 
ually into other conventionalized forms. They generally stand on Hat bases and 
are pierced with a diagonal hole at either end. In some cases the eyes are not rep- 
resented: in others they are marked by bead-like protuberances expanding into 
disks. Some specimens were not intended to represent either birds or animals, 
but are in the form of a bar with both ends alike. Various theories of their use 
have been advanced as knife handles, corn buskers, etc., but none are satisfac- 
tory. They may have served for gaming. The material is usually banded or 
striped slate, though hard stones were employed. Five specimens. 




127, -!■•■ Ne« 



Ifork . 128, -In.-. Pennsylv 



Fig. 31. 
PIEHCEL) i 'It DRILLED TABLETS. 
.ii. i . 129, -l.it.-. Louisiana ; 130, -l.t.-. renne 



131, -In- I- ii 



Drilled tablets ( fig. 31 ) are flat, thin pieces made of striped, or banded slate, or chlo- 
rite. They have one or two holes drilled, some from both sides others from only 
one. The edges of the holes are many times worn by cord or sinew but are fre- 
quently sharp and without signs of wear. They are found in mounds or graves 
on the breasts and arms of skeletons. They may have served as badges, orna- 
ments, or charms. Ten specimens. 

Diseoi.lal stones i gg. 32) are always round in outline; the sides may be convex, flat, or 
concave. In some specimens the concavity has been deepened until the cup became 
H. Ex. 100 8 



114 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



a hole and the implement a ring. They vary in diameter from 2 to 6 inches, and 
are usually of hard stone, worked hy pecking or grinding, or both, hut with such 
perfection as to excite admiration. The larger ones were used hy the Indians in 
a game called "Chungkee," described by early writers. Thirteen specimens. 
Sinkers, pendants, or charms (fig. 33). These names indicate the supposed use of 
these objects. They are usually pear shaped, are of hematite or some hard stone, 
well wrought and finely polished. Many have a slight groove near the smaller 
end, while more have no groove. They are in greater abundance in the interior 
than on the borders of lakes or oceans. Others having greater appearance of 
sinkers are pebbles, round or oval, with a well-defined, ground or polished groove 




Fig. 32. 

DISCOIDAL OK CHUNGKEE STONES. 
us quartz yellowish brown, Tennessee; 117. ferruginous quartz., brown, Tennessee; 118, gr 
119 Ohio; 120, quartz.,te,'ohio; 121, quartzose, Georgia; 122, argillaceous, Pennsylvania: 123, ferruginous < 



11H, fer 



in the center, evidently for the use of a cord or thong. Still others, and more 
numerous, found in large numbers on the banks of rivers and lakes in the eastern 
United States, are naught but a flat pebble with rude notches on each edge or 
occasionally with a hole drilled in-the center. 
Perforators (fig. 34). These are peculiar to the United States. They are always of 
hard stone, usually flint, the point or borer is sharp, the shaft is chipped nearly 
round, is never polished, frequently 3 and even 4 inches long, and with slight 
taper. The top or handle is chipped broad and thin and fits easily in the 
thumb and finger, as if for use as a gimlet. Its form is such that it might have 
been used as arrow or spear head. The point is frequently rounded off and worn 
smooth, as though from use. They may have been used as an awl to bore hides 
or skins, as a gimlet to bore holes in wood, or attached to a shaft, for drilling 
stone. These suggested uses have not all been accepted wiJh unanimity. If 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 115 





114 



" W^s^m 




Fig. 33. 

PLUMMETS, SINKERS, OR CHARMS. 

100 ''' blende, 01 01. red hematite I, |02, amygdaloid, Arkansas; 103,, nstone, Oh,o; hi, ,,,,„ , .California: 

rtzite, Massachusetts; 106, greenstone, W lo; te, Rhod. Island; 103. steatite, ( g.a; 109 

Rhod e le'and; 110, sandstone, Oreg Ill, quartnU I 112, graywacke, New York; 113 r. 

... i 



116 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



used as perforators of hide or wood, why not employ a pointed bone; if for drill- 
ing a stone, why are they not found in Europe, where so much drilling was done .' 
Their possible use as blunt arrows has been suggested and some claim them as 
charms, also as hairpins. Twenty-two specimens. 




Fig. 34. 

PERFORATORS OR DRILLS. 
32, red jasper. Ohio: 33. brown jasper. Oregon. 34. white flint. Missouri, 35. gray flint, Ohio; 36, hor 
opal. California; 318, gray flint, Santa Cruz, California. 



e, Tennessee; 3", gray i 



The aborigines of America were adepts in drilling stone. They drilled holes, large 
aud small, straight and crooked, regular ami irregular, parallel and conical, from 
one side or end or from both, with tools of wood and of copper, solid or hollow. 
They drilled hard stone like quartz, jasper, etc., as effectually as soft stone. 
Specimens of drilling are shown in pipes, and in the supposed ceremonial objects, 
but not in axes or hammers. 



no 




Fig.3a. 

STONE TUBES. 

steatite, Tennessee; 170, chlorite, Tcnne 



Tubes and pipes of stone, principally serpentine and steatite (tig. 35.) They were 
drilled and the hole enlarged at one end so as to form a pipe, and were used by 
the aborigines for smoking tobacco. They have been found in ancient graves 
on the Pacific coast with the mouthpieces of cane fastened with asphaltum. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



117 



Stone beads and ornaments (fig, 36) are found in graves of Indians and are of every 
kind, style, material, and mode of manufacture. Most of them have been drilled 
for suspension. Eleven specimens. 

The pipes of North America demonstrate the ability of the aborigines to represent 
by modeling or sculpture living animals in clay or stone (figs. 37-41). The use 
of tobacco created the necessity for pipes, and their part in Indian ceremonies 
yave an opportunity for, as well as incitement to, art and skill in making these 
representations. Accordingly the pipes are of every practicable material and 
represent all possible, as well as some impossible, animals and objects. 

Perforated stones, club heads, digging sticks, riattas, from Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, 
Santa Rosa, the Catalina Islands, and the coast of Southern California- (tigs. 42 
and 43). These were drilled through the center and some served for club heads or 
weights for digging sticks, while others more modern were riattas for stretching 
and smoothing lariats. They pass by degrees from thick and heavy to thin and 
Hat. By enlargement of the hole they become rings. Some of the holes are much 
worn, others unworn. Four specimens. 




STONE BEADS AND ORNAMENTS. 



200, serpentine, Santa Barbara, Cnl. ; 201, 202, steatite, Pennsylvania ; 203, silieioi 
Cana', New York ; 206, sandstone, Rhode Island ; 2(17, sandstone. Pennsylvania , 208, 



uppi; •-'ill, catlinite, Orisk i 



Mortars and grinding -stones (fig. 44). 'Mortars were-in common use throughout the 
United States, apparently in all epochs of time. They are usually of stone of 
common hardness, though .among the pioneers wood was employed. They are 
sometimes dressed on the outside as well as on'the inside; at other times a rude 
round or«ova! bowlder was used. They are of all sizes, holding from a quart 
to a bushel. The larger and finer specimens are found in California. The 
grinding stone (metate) is peculiar to Mexico, where it has continued in use 
until thcpresent time. 

P !Stl( ' . md hammers (figs. 45 and Hit. Pestles are in great variety, long and short. 
rude and finished, cylindrical and conical, decorated and plain. The various 
forms are well distributed from ocean to ocean. Those with cross handles and 
projecting ears are, however, peculiar'to the northwest coast. 

Steatite vessels (fig. 47). Steatite, quariies, opened and worked by the aborigines, 
have been found on the Appalachian chain of mountains. These quarries contain 
vessels in various stages of completion, together with the tools employed in their 
manufacture. The vessels were frequently blocked out in the quarry and car- 



118 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



rietl home to he finished. The oblong or oval form, with projecting ears for the 
handles, prevails in the Eastern United States, while the larger round and more 
perfectly finished vessels are more frequent on the Pacific Coast. 
Stone picks for steatite quarrying (fig. 48). Some were grooved for a handle, as the 
ax, while others were held in the hand. Both were used in mining steatite and 
in the manufacture of vessels. The material was soft and easily worked, and 
the traces of the pick points are plainly to be seen on the partially completed 
vessels. The grooved picks were peculiar to the Atlantic Coast. 




Mounds in Ross County, Onio: 1", platform or 



Fig. 37. 
STONE PIPES. 
,r"; 178, Indian (?) head and headdress; 179, be 



182, porphyry, I bird 



an's head) ; 183, red sandatone, ( human head and body) ; 184, chlorite, ( wolf). (?) 



Collection of 69 specimens from Warren County, Ohio, consisting of finely chipped 
spearheads, daggers, knives, leaf-shaped implements, perforators, etc., of flint, 
principally from Flint Ridge; carved stone pipes, bird and boat shaped objects, 
perforated tablets, sinkers, pendants or charms of stone and hematite, small pol- 
ished hematite hatchets, and copper spool-shaped objects. Exhibited by Mr. 
Warren K. Moorehead, of Xenia, Ohio. This collection is especially valuable, as 
it comes from one locality and represents one phase of aboriginal culture. 

Hematite objects. Hematite is the anhydrous sesquioxideof iron. It was variously 
employed by the aborigines. They worked it as they did stone, and gave it a 
high polish. It served for grooved axes, polished hatchets, sinkers, pendants, 
or charms, and for muller and paint stones. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



119 



Mailers, paiut stones, and cups (fig. 49). The harder hematite was made into mullers 
for grinding paint, though other stone was employed. The forms were various, 
hut the conical prevailed. Other varieties of iron oxide, limonite, red and brown 
ocher, served as paiut for personal decoration. It Avas preserved in small cups, 
usually of steatite. 




18 8 




Fig. 38. 

STONE AMi CLAY PIPES. 

186, irgillar-eous), Pennsylvania; 187, serpent I .WestVtrj 188, argillaceous ! I KewYork;189 

• 191 serpentine, New York; 192, steatite lizard ), Pennsylvania] 193 steatil 

l,i, .; 19*, serpentine Ihumanfaci r masks .Texas; 195, limest i.Kentucky; 196, clay, Georgia; 197, serpentine tube), California; 

I98,claj coiled snake), New York; 199, claj raven) (?•), New York. 

Digging implements (figs. 50-52), These arc peculiar to the United States. They 
are of silicious material, chiefly the novaculite of Arkansas or the white llinr of 
Illinois and Missouri, and are made entirely by chipping. Many are worn appar- 
ently by use, but some show a polish or luster not yet explained. They are more 
frequent in the Mississippi, Ohio, and Tennessee valleys than elsewhere. There 
arc three forms of these implements: 



120 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Large flat objects of a regular oval outline, chipped to an edge all around, 
but used only on the larger end, which show a polish as though from use 
in digging in earth or sand. Average size, from 12 to 18 inches long, 4 to 
6 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (fig. 50). 

Smaller flat objects, triangular in outline, shortest side slightly rounded and 
chipped to an edge, occasionally showing signs of wear ; 7 to 9 inches long, 
4rJ to 5 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (tig. 51\ 

Still. smaller, flat, nearly round, in outline, sharp all around at the edge, 
truncated on the top or poll, and notched as though for lashing to a handle 
with a thong or withe, though no signs of wear appear ; 5 to 7 inches long, 
4 to 6 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (fig. 52). 




Fig. 39. 

CALUMET PIPE. 
Steatite Kentucky 



Stone swords were made by the aborigines of the United States. They wore chipped 
and never polished; they differed from the leaf-shaped implement in that they 
were longer and heavier ; they differed from daggers in that they were not chipped 
so as to form a handle. Some were as long as 16 inches, and others reduced to 8. 
The handle was wrapped with skin, cloth, grass, or the like. The specimen here 
shown from the Hupa Indians, is but 5A inches long, and the handle is wrapped 
with otter skin (iig. 53), which possibly has some ceremonial or medicine sig- 
nificance. It was collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 

Stone daggers (tig. 54) are different from, and not to be confounded with, the leaf- 
shaped implements, which may have had wooden handles, and have been used 
indifferently as knives or spearheads. The daggers resemble the same weapon 
from Scandinavia, and are, like them, always chipped, and rarely or never pol- 
ished. The handles have been worked out of the solid. They are rare in the 
United States. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



121 



Knives and flakes. These are of silicifiecl wood from California. In form thev 
resemble Mousterien points. Traces of bitumen on the base show their attach- 
ment to handles, while their general form indicates their use as knives. Many 
specimens have been thus marked, and they assist in determining the use of leaf- 
shaped and similar blades, so common throughout prehistoric times. 




Fig. 40. 

CALUMET PIPE. 
Chlorite (owl), Tennease 



Leaf-shaped blades of black flint. These are beautiful specimens of aboriginal flint, 
chipping. The largest specimen here is 240 mm. long, 125 mm. wide, and 1 mm. 
thick. They have been found with traces of bitumen or asp hal turn for the attach- 




Fig.41. 

CALUMET PIPE. 

i Ihloi ite o« i Ki ntui ky. 



ment of ha miles. Thej arc peculiar to the Pacific coasl of Honthern California. 
In the classification of arrow — and spear — heads, these are Class C of the leaf- 
shaped ini]ilemeuts. 



122 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT .MADRID. 



Stone knives witn wooden handles (fig. 55). These specimens include rude flakes 
and finely-wrought hlades. They are fastened with bitumen or gum, in short, 
pointed handles, evidently for use as knives. They are of great importance to 
the science of prehistoric anthropology as showing the methods of attachment 
and use of flint flakes, hlades, etc., in common use in prehistoric times. These 
are found principally on the Pacific Coast, though some have been found in 
Mexico and in Tennessee. 



320 




Fig. 42. 

PERFORATED STONE CLUB HEAD. 
320, ereenstone, California. 



124 




12G 



125 





124, hornblende. Santa Catalina Islands, Califi 

Island, California. 



Fig. 43. 
PERFORATED STONE RIATTAS. 

125, greenstone, Santa Rosa Island, Califor 



126, serpentine, Santa Rn 



Slate knives are fiat, thin, with a semilunar edge and with a straight back made 
thicker and heavier, to be grasped in the hand (fig. 56). They chiefly occur- 
along the coast and in the Northeastern States. Similar implements, likewise 
made of slate with a curved edge and a lateral tang, have been found in Penn- 
sylvania and in Indiana. Varieties of these implements have been used in his- 
toric times by the Indians of the northwest coast as fish knives. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



123 



Spade-like implements of compact green stone, with long, heavy, round handles, 
have been found in the southern part of the United States (tig. 57). The one 
here shown was found in a Tennessee grave mound and belongs to Dr. Joseph 
Jones, of New Orleans. The handle at the largest part is about li inches in 




155 




lb 6 




154 







and 10'». sandstone bi 
158, tate >and tin 



¥lder, hollowed, St. Nicholas I I tnd i 

t, Utah (figs. Y.i and !>'■ ; 159, metate, gi mite, 



156, Dos Pueblos, C ililbi 
indstone rubber, Navajo, i 



157, Sanu Crul Iiland, 



diameter, nearly or quite round, but flattened at the broadened end. It is 17| 
inches long. The edge is rounded off and shows no signs of wear. Its purpose 
is unknown. Similar implements have been found by Mr. Clarence B. .Moore in 
Florida and southern Georgia and i>y Dr. Steiner in northern Georgia. 



124 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



There is a class of well-finished and finely polished implements of which compact 
greenstone and chlorite and calcite were favorite materials, the nse of which is 
unknown (fig - . 58). They were broad, thin, and most of them flat. They were 5 
or 6 inches wide, from 8 to 10 inches long - , and rarely more than one-half an inch 
thick. The edge was rounded off so as to render cutting impracticable. They 
were provided with au indefinite handle, and many have a hole drilled at the 
commencement of the handle. They may have served for scraping or polishing, 
but no traces of use have been found which would indicate their purpose other 
than as mentioned. While these objects are rare in the United States most of 
them have been found iu the South. 




IG3 




Fig. 4.-,. 

PESTLES. 

163, sandstone, Dos Pueblos, California; 164, sandstone, Uos Pueblos, California!; 165, amys 
mound; ltst;. sandstone, Rhodi I in I 167, greenstone, vl:isk;i ; 17'2. greenstone, Alaska, 



aloid, Crescenl City, Califoi 



Shell, horn, and bone served the prehistoric man like stone and copper as material 
for implements and ornaments (tigs. 59, 60). They were made into axes, hatchets, 
swords, daggers, poignards, wedges, points, perforators, harpoous, fishhooks, 
beads, tubes, masks, and engraved gorgets. Many were of pearl-like whiteness 
and served as ornaments. Thirty-nine specimens of shell; thirty-one specimens 
of bone and horn. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



125 



Copper implements (fig. til ). The North American Indians, at the time of the discov- 
ery of the continent, were in the Neolithic period of civilization, and their stone 
implements were, for the most part, polished. It is commonly believed that they 
had no knowledge of bronze. Virgin copper was found in divers portions of 
the United States, chiefly in Lake Superior. The Indians treated it as a malle- 
able stone and hammered it into implements and ornaments. The consensus of 
opinion is that the Indians could not, at the time of the discovery, smelt or cast 
metal, though this has been doubted. The Conquistadores saw ornaments and 
objects of copper in the hands of the natives, and had great disappointment 
that it was not gold. Mr. Frederick S. Perkins, of Wisconsin, sent to the 
Exposition at Madrid a collection of prehistoric copper implements and objects, 
collected principally within the State of Wisconsin. Some were found in mounds 
or burial places, but others were turned up by the plow. The distribution of 
copper objects is general throughout the valleys of the Mississippi River and its 
tributaries, with extensions toward the Atlantic Coast. The common objects 
are axes, hatchets, hammers, knives, drills, gravers, spear and arrow heads, brace- 
lets, disks, gorgets, tubes, beads, plates. Some have been perforated and others 
elaborately ornamented with figures made, sometimes by puncture, other times 
repousse. 



IGI 



1 62 /f 




vim.- S inta 
70, greenstone 



5 








5 












Fig. 46. 








PESTLES \.\|i 


HAMMERS. 


1, Califor 


ii:i 


162, 


sandstone 


. Dos P 


ueblos, Califo 


jlumbia; 


I7l 


gree 


stone. W 


ishingto 


i State. 



North American sculptures ( fig. 62). The aborigines of the United States were appar- 
ently possessed of a great penchant to represent the human face or form in stone. 
They were made both in hard and in soft rock. The implement which probably 
did the most service was the hammer, and the operation performed by attrition 
or pecking. The sculpture was in some specimens afterwards smoothed and 
polished. Whether these sculptures were used as idols, for decora i inn or orna- 
ment, or as totems, has never been satisfactorily determined. They arc distributed 
throughout the I'nitod States east of the Rocky Mountains. 

The stone collars of Porto Rico are puzzles to the archaeologist. No suggestion as 
to their use has proved acceptable. 'I' hey are thus named because of their resem- 
blance to the. modern object, of horse furniture. Some are in a rude slate, indi- 
cating a rude stage of lnanut'act ure. The finished specimens are " righl and left 
shouldered," as though to be used in pairs. Nearly all are decorated. TheNational 
Museum possesses the largesl and finest collection known. Five specimens. 



126 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Ze"ini'S. Stoue objects peculiar to Porto Rico and possibly San Domingo. Found in 
ancient caves, graves, and in human habitations. They are entirely prehistoric, 
having been in possession of the natives at the advent of the white man. Tbeir 
use is unknown, and though various uses have been suggested, none are more 
satisfactory than that of fetich or spirit. They are of hard, usually volcanic 
rock, pecked and smoothed in a conical or mammiform shape, with a representa- 
tion, on one or both ends, of a human or other animal. Eleven specimens. 

WEST INDIES. 

Stone masks, clubs, hatchets. These are generally from the same localities as the 
stone collars and the zeincs, and are believed to have the same antiquity. 
The hatchets are casts. One is from Tennessee, displayed here for comparison. 
Twelve specimens. 



144 






146 



145 





143, steatite, Massachusetts; 144, steatite, Wyi 



Fig. IT. 

STEATITE VESSELS, 
tiing; 145, steatite, Dos Pueblo 



146, Dos Pueblos, Californii 



ALASKA, MEXICO, AND CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA. 

Jade, turquoise, rock crystal. Jade was a favorite material with prehistoric man, 
and in some one of the following varieties was made into implements, utensils, 
or ornaments in nearly every part of the inhabited world. Jadeite was plentiful 
in Mexico and Central America, while nephrite is indigenous in Alaska. Jade 
is a generic term including jadeite (silica, alumina, soda), specific gravity 3.3; 
nephrite (silica, magnesia, lime, and iron oxide), specific gravity 2.9 to 3.1; 
fibrolite (alumina, silica), specific gravity 3.0 to 3.2; saussurite (silica, alumina, 
lime), specific gravity 3.2 to 3.3; actinolite (silica, magnesia, lime, protoxide of 
iron), specific gravity 3.0 to 3.2; pectolite (silica, lime, soda, and water), spe- 
cific gravity 2.7 to 2.9. Fifty-six specimens. 

Obsidian is volcanic glass. Its source of supply was in the Rocky Mountains, where 
it was in profusion. It was easily worked, took a keen edge, and was much 
employed by the aborigines. It was worked principally by chipping, though it 
could lie ground and polished. It served for ornaments as well as imidenients. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



127 



Its chief employ was in Mexico and Central America, where have been found 
many wonderful specimens of sculpture, cores, flakes, and leaf-shaped blades, 
the latter thin, sharp, and beautifully chipped. An extensive aboriginal com- 
merce was carried on in obsidian. A thousand specimens have lately been 
exhumed from the Hopewell Mound, Ohio, a thousand miles distant from the 
nearest known locality where obsidian had its origin. 



Pfev 77 




Fig. 48. 

STONE PICK FOR STEATITE QUARRYING. 
Gra'ywhauke, Pennsylvania. 

Chiriqui gold ornaments from Panama. The Cbiriqui tribe of aborigines occupied a 
portion of tbe Isthmus of Panama between Costa Rica and Veragua. Gold orna- 
ments were discovered in 1859 in prehistoric graves. Gold, silver (in alloy), 
copper, and possibly tin are represented. Gold-silver alloy is probably a 
natural compound. Gold-copper alloys appear to range between purity in either 
metal. Most of the gold objects were made by casting in molds rather than by 
hammering. Gilding, or at least plating, was practiced. Gold was used for 
ornaments and not for implements or utensils. Ten specimens from Chiriqui; 6 
specimens from Central America; 1 specimen from Mexico. 




Fig. 49. 

MCI.LERS FOR GRINDING GRAIN AND PAINT. 
1T3. greenstone, Onoreia ; in. hematite, Ohio. 



Quimbaya gold ornaments from Antioquia, South America. The Quimbaya tribe <>t 
aborigines was found by the Conquistadores occupying territory 10 or 15 leagues 
square west of the Cordilleras and east of the river Cauca, with the rivers 
Tacuruibi on the north and Zegues on the south. This country was called •• El 
Dorado." The natives were-adepts in working metals. The gold was alloyed 
with copper from 10 up to 50 per cent, and perhaps more. It was wrought by 
hammering, casting, and possibly by soldering. The gold ornaments are of every 



128 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



size, from 1,710 grains down to a single gram, and of gold vases 13£ inches high 
and 9\ wide down to the smallest. The gold ohjects buried with the Cacique 
Yamba weighed 30 kilos. Four hundred and fifty-two gold objects from Colom- 
bia were displayed by that Government at the Madrid Exposition ; 41 specimens 
from Colombia; and 1 from Peru, exhibited by the U. S. National Museum. 




Fig. 50. 

DIGGING IMPLEMENT. 
Quartz! te, Tennessee. 

Black argillitic stones similar to that shown, covered with representations in bas- 
relief of human, animal, and other subjects, are found in that country and have 
been claimed as amulets and as calendars of the ancient time system. (Century 
Magazine, October, 1891, pp. 885-889.) They were sometimes certainly, and 
probably always, used for hammering the gold iu repouss6 to represent the 
desired object. One specimen. 




Fig. 51. 

DIGGING IMPLEMENT. 
Quartzite, Illinois. 



MODELS OF PREHISTORIC RUINS IX THE UNITED STATES. 

Great Etowah Mound, Georgia. This mound stands upon the north bank of Etowah 
Creek, near Cartersville. Its base covers a space of about 3 acres, and stands 
at a level of 23 feet above low water in the river. The body of the mound 
has an irregular form and is longest on the meridian, its diameter in that 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



129 



direction being about 270 feet. On the top is a nearly level area of about an 
acre, the average height of which is al>ont50 feet above the base. A broad ramp 
or graded way winds upward from the plain, around the south face of the 
mound, somewhat more than halfway to .the top. There are two smaller 
mounds close by — one on the south, another on the southeast — each about 100 
feet distant, their bases nearly square, and of nearly equal dimensions. Both 
are truncated. Most of the material of these mounds is the rich mold of the 
bottom lands, with occasional lumps of red clay. Prior to the clearing of the 
land, large trees flourished on the top and on the slopes. Scale: 1 inch to 10 
feet, 1 :120. Area represented, about 3 acres. 

Ancient earthworks, Illinois. This model represents one of the most extensive 
works of the Mound Builders in this country. It is situated in the Mississippi 
bottom, 15 miles from Anna, in Union County, 111. The inclosing wall is rudely 
square in outline and its length exceeds 3,200 feet. It incloses an area of about 
28 acres and is from 2 to 4 feet high, with a width of from 20 to 25 feet. The 
northeast quarter of the inclosure is bounded by the creek and has no inclosing 
wall. Within the inclosure are found four 
mounds and a great number of circular 
depressions, or "hut rings.*' The largest 
mound is about 12 feet high, the smaller ones 
about 100 feet in diameter and 5 to 9 feet 
high. The circular excavations are nearest 
the creek, and number over 100. They vary 
in diameter from 20 to 50 feet, and in depth 
from 1 to 3 feet. Outside of the bounding 
wall, on the southwest corner, occurs a large 
mound, 150 feet in diameter and over 4 feet 
high. Near it are three large circular depres- 
sions 120 to 150 feet in diameter and from 5 
to 7 feet deep. Scale: Horizontal, 1 inch to 
30 feet, 1 : 30; vertical, 1 inch to (5 feet, 1 :72. 
Area repi'esented, about 57 acres. 

Section of Little Etowah Mound, Georgia. This 
is one of the smaller mounds of the Etowah 
group, in Bartow County, Ga. It represents 
a section of a mound, showing the interior 

construction — the different layers of earth which compose it, the position of the 
stone burial cists which were found in it, the position of bones, etc. (See 
Great Etowah Mound.) Scale: 4 inches to 5 feet, 1:15. Area represented, 
about 1.10 acre. 

Burial pit under a mound in Caldwell County, N. C. The excavation made revealed 
the fact that the builders of the mound had first dug a, circular pit, with perpen- 
dicular margin, to the depth of 3 feet, and 38 feet in diameter, then deposited 
their dead in vaults or graves built of water woru bowlders and clay merely 
sutticient to hold them in place. Each one of these contained a human skele- 
ton. There were five skeletons in the pit which were uninclosed. 

Pueblos of the United States. The Pueblo country, so called, in the United States 
of North America, lies in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. It occupies 
the territory of and between the head waters of the Rio Grande on the east, of 
the San Juan and its tributaries on the north, the Colorado on the west, and the 
Gila on the south. This territory is desert in large acres. The pueblos depend 
for theirwater on springs as well as on streams. The models of the pueblos of 
Zuni, Taos, and Wolpi have been chosen as examples, the former from the river 
plain, the latter from the mesa, or high table-land. Zuni is on the Zuni River, a 
tributary of the Little Colorado, in the western part of New Mexico, about 40 
H. Ex. 100 




Fig. 52. 

DIGGING IMPLEMENT. 
Gray flint, Illinois. 



130 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



miles southwest of Port Wingate, and belongs to the Indians of that name. Taos 
is situated on the Taos River, a tributary of the Rio Grande in New Mexico 
northward about 200 miles from Santa Fe. It was occupied by Spaniards in the 
time of the Conquerer and was the scene of a sanguinary contest in the great 
rebellion of 1690. Wolpi (spelled also Hualpe) lies at the extreme west of the 
Pueblo country and belongs to the Tusayan Indians called Moquia, a name they 
do not accept, preferring that of Hopi. Some of the trans- 
parent photographs in the windows show views of pueblos 
and pueblo life. 
The first knowledge had by the Europeans of New Mexico and 
Arizona was about the year 1530, when it was vaguely called 
the country of the "Seven Cities." In 1540 Vasquez Coronado, 
governor of New Galicia, organized an army of 300 Spaniards 
and 800 Indians, and set out for the north to conquer the 
•'Seven Cities of Cibola." It is highly probable that these 
"Seven Cities" were located in the valley in which Zuni is 
now found. At any rate all that country was subjugated and 
an expedition was sent out to the northwest to conquer other 
rumored "cities" in that direction. Supposed traces of this 
expedition in the shape of Spanish mail armor, Spanish 

bridles, bits, etc., have been 
found far north, in Kansas, 
and even in Minnesota. In 
the course of this expedition 
seven villages were subju- 
gated, and priests were left 
with them to inculcate the 
religion of the conquerors. 
This region was called 
Tusayan. 
At a general insurrection of the 
natives, which took place 
in 1080, the Spaniards were 
expelled from Tusayan as 
from the other pueblos, but 
while all the others were 
reconquered within a few 
years and rechristianized, 
the power of the Spaniards 
never was reestablished as 
far west as Tusayan, and 
since 1680 there has not been 
a priest stationed among 
them. They practice to-day 
essentially the same rites 
\ 30190 ) and ceremonies as their 

forefathers before the dis- 
covery by Columbus, and 
are therefore of peculiar in- 
terest in prehistoric science. 
Zuni is the largest and most populous of the existing pueblos, and is supposed to 
have contained a population of nearly 5,000. There are, in 1880, but 1,602. The 
houses are built of small stone laid up as a wall with little mud mortar, the 
interstices chinked and the wall plastered, still with mud mortar. The Span- 
iards during their 150 years' occupation taught them the art of building with 
adobe or sun-dried bricks, of which material the old church in Zuni is constructed 



,T'«T 




Fig. 53. 

OBSIDIAX DAGGERS. 
Hoopa Valley, California. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



131 



and is still standing, but the improvement was not adopted. The houses are 
usually well finished inside, arc neatly washed with white clay, and are com- 
fortable habitations. The lloors are occasionally made of fiaggiu<>-, but are 




Fig. 54. 

CHIPPED STONE DAGGER WITH HANDLE. 
(Jray flint M id, Alabama. 



usually plastered with clay adobe. It is smooth and readily kept clean. The 
roofs are constructed of cross rafters, filled iu with willow brush. Light is 
admitted through windows formerly made of plates of mica, for which glass, 
when obtainable, is now substituted. The houses on the ground are usually 




^ 









ss 



ZKT 

Fig. 55. 
STONK KNIVES IX WOODEN HANDLES. 
Honpa Valley, California. 



closed, the entrance being through the upper stories, which are reached only by 
tneans of ladders, as shown in the model. The t. Traces arc favorite lounging 
places torthc inhabitants. The oval, dome-shaped structures close to the houses 



132 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



are adobe ovens, used for baking the sacred or feast bread. In -wicker bird- 
coops are kept eagles, hawks, and turkeys, which are regarded as sacred birds, 
and from which are plucked tbe feathers used in tbe dance and ceremonials. 
Covered ways permit access to several parts of tbe town. Tbe streets are not 
broad enough to permit tbe passage of wagons, and the transportation is by 
horses and donkeys. 
Wolpi is one of seven contiguous Tusayan villages. Tbese villages are located on 
tbe flat tops of tongues or points of tbe mesas projecting into and overlooking 




93, black slate, 



Fig. 56. 
SLATE KNIVES. 
ennsylvama ; 94. red shale, Pennsylv 



95, red shale, Indiana. 



tbe valley 400 or 600 feet below. Tbe bouses are built in long rows, several 
stories in height, each story usually set back so as to form a terrace. Their 
gardens are on the billside or in tbe valley below. Tbere is no running stream 
within 40 miles, and they depend for tbeir scant supply of water on the springs 




Fig. 57. 

SPADE-LIKE IMPLEMENT. 
South Carolina. 



and wells far down the hills or in tbe valley. The Tusayans of these pueblos 
number about 2,000. They are sedentary and peaceful, and live much as do the 
Zunis. They may not all have the same origin, for one of the pueblos, Tewa, 
speaks a different language from the others. 
Cliff" ruin, "Casa Blanca." This prehistoric ruin, situated in Canyon de Chelly, 
Arizona, is a combination of village and cliff dwelling; whether originally so is 
unknown. The lower part contains a large circular chamber 16 feet in diameter, 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



133 



with about 22 well-defined rooms, ;m<l traces of others. Some of the walls are 
adobe and are very thin. The upper portion of the cliff is situated in anatural 
cavity in the rock, measuring about 94 feet in length and 40 feet iu depth. It 
consists of 13 rooms and is built out even witli the edge. One of the rooms is 
supported by a well made buttress, a feature rare among these ruins. Traces of 
walls which once extended three stories up from the ground, almost to the floor 




SPADE- I.IKE IMPLEMENTS. 
96, greenstone, Kentucky ; »", Arkansas; 9\ South Ca 



of the upper cavern, cau still be seen on tins cliff lace, and access t<» the upper 
portion was had, doubtless, by means of terraced roofs of this part. The over- 
hanging eli If extends upward for nearly a thousand feet above tin; ruin. The 
principal room in the upper portion is two stories high and has been coated w ith 
a wash of white clay trimmed with yellow; hence the name of Casa Blanca. 
Scale, 1 inch i<- 5 feet, 1:60. Area represented, 150 feet high, 210 wide. 



134 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Ruined Pueblo of Wejegi, Chaco Canyon. This ruin is on the north side of the 
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, close under the cliff, about 9 miles above the junction 
of the Escavada. The interior dimensions of the ruin are about 170 by 118 feet. 
It forms three sides of a hollow square, and presents a front of 15 rooms on the 
longer or 11 rooms on the shorter side. In the north row, some of the walls are 
still standing to heights of from 12 to 18 feet, and this part of the structure was 
at least three stories high. The walls are of stone, shaped as shown, and laid 
up with mud or stone mortar of mud without lime. On the ground plan there 
are 93 rooms. The north or main row is 5 feet deep; the east and west wings 
are each 4 rooms deep. The rooms on the ground average about 9 feet square. 
There are no openings in the outer wall. There are two circular "estufas" 23 
feet in diameter, in the corners formed by the intersections of the wings with 



252 




252, Pyrula shell, Imli; 



Fi-. 59. 
SHELL IMPLEMENTS. 
un.l; 2M, Pyrula shell, Kentucky, mound ; 256, Haliotii 



the main row, completely inclosing the building, but there is no standing wall 
remaining. The building was once. terraced from the court outward. It prob- 
ably contained about 210 rooms, and on the basis of the proportion existing in 
the present inhabited pueblos, probably had a population of about 300 persons. 
Scale, 1 inch to 5 feet, 1:60. Area represented, about 1 acre. 
Ruined tower, Colorado. This ruin is within a mile of McElmo Creek, a small tribu- 
tary of the Rio San Juan, in southwestern Colorado. The ruin seems to have 
been a compact village or community dwelling, consisting of two circular build- 
ings and a great number of rectangular apartments. The greater part of the 
village is in such a state of decay as to be hardly traceable among the sagebrush 
and rubbish. The apartments number nearly a hundred and seem generally to 
have been rectangular. The walls of the tower only are stauding, and the only 
portion represented. It is constructed of roughly hewn stone, and is one of the 
best specimens of this ancient architecture. Scale, 1 inch to 2 feet, 1 :24. Area 
represented, 64 by 61 feet. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 135 

Mummy Cue, Canyon del Mnerto, Arizona. This ruin receives its name from a well 
preserved mummy discovered in a cist near it. It stands on a shelf as repre- 




llnKN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 



sented by the model, hut has been much reduced from its original width by 
crumbling, and is at a height of 200 feet from the bottom of the cliff. The dwell- 
ing occupied two unequal crescent-shaped caverns, and follows the configuration 



136 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



of the rock. At the junction of the crescents ou a uiirrow shelf was a rectangular 
tower three stories in height, the walls and floors of which were ot better mate- 



2 34 




Fig. 61. 

COPPER IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS. 

United States. 



rial and construction than those on either side. The village contained several 
constructions which might have been "estufas" (sweat houses or cisterns), or 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 137 



215 





304 






w 



Fig. 02. 

ABORIGINAL TERRA COTTA AND STONE SCULPTURES. 

304, clay figure. Alabama ; 303, clay figure ( wolf) (?). Alabama ; 215, limestone, tennessee; 216, Iimeal human head), Virginia; 

•2\T, ferruginous sandstone, Ohio; 2 IK. volcanic rock (human face), Tuxpan, Mexico; 219, greenstone (?), Mexico; 220. alabaster, 
Mexico; 221, silicilied wood, Yucatan. 



138 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

might have been tanks for holding a supply of water. No means other than is 
apparent from the situation have been suggested as to how the water was obtained. 
The walls are of masonry. The stones of which they were made are lying about 
as when the walls were destroyed. The village might have contained a thou- 
sand inhabitants. The cave and cliff dwellings of this country are at all heights 
in the cliffs, from 30 to 800 feet from the bottom, and the same variation in height 
from the top of the cliff. These towers and some other monuments are quite 
prehistoric, and were in the present ruined condition when first visited by the 
Spaniards, and have never been occupied in historic times nor by any known 
peoples. Scale, 1 inch equals 5 feet. 



BRONZE AGE. 

EUROPE. 

The Bronze Age is so named because the principal cutting implements were made of 
bronze. It succeeded the Neolithic or Polished Stone Age in Europe, and pre- 
ceded the Iron Age ; and had a duration of one thousand or two thousand years, 
and in some places possibly three thousand years. No written history of the 
Bronze Age has descended to us. Bronze is a composition of copper and tin in 
the proportion of about 10 to 1, and is harder than either of its components. 
The supply in Europe during the Bronze Age seems to have come from the 
Orient. Bronze implements were made by hammering and casting, and the 
bronze was used many times over by recasting. No less than fifty-seven bronze 
foundries have been discovered in France, and a proportionate number in Italy, 
the one at Bologna having 14,000 pieces ready for melting. Bronze casting was 
extended to include all manner of prehistoric implements, utensils, and orna- 
ments, and continued into protohistoric times, Etruscan, Grecian, Roman, etc., 
until its use became as at present. Seventy-five specimens of bronze and 1 
mold for casting knives and pins. 

Bronze hatchets. The people of the Bronze Age in Europe were descendants of 
those of the Neolithic Age, and their bronze hatchets were at first in the same 
general form as the polished stone hatchets of their ancestors. Copper hatchets 
of this form have been found, which has given rise to a belief in a Copper Age 
preceding Bronze. Bronze hatchets passed through several stages of evolution, 
though the steps are not always certain. The first bronze or copper hatchets 
were hammered straight and flat, though sometimes with projecting wings and 
stops on the edges ; second, hatchets cast in molds and with wings and stops; 
third, the wings were increased in size and hammered over to clamp the handle; 
fourth, the socket. Stops and rings appeared in some of the styles. Five 
specimens. 

Bronze hatchet, first style. Plain, straight, the edges thickened by hammering to 
give strength after the fashion of a T-beam of the present day (fig. 63). Two speci- 
mens in this tray are of copper. These are rare. Many of the bronze hatchets of 
this epoch, and all the copper ones, were made by hammering, lint casting was 
soon introduced and became universal. They were inserted in a long handle of 
wood, and doubtless served both as implements and weapons. These are called 
in France hatchets a bords droits. Reproductions of molds for casting are in 
adjacent trays. 

Bronze hatchets, second style. These are always cast and always handled. They 
appear to have been an evolution from the first style. The handle, still of 
wood, was either naturally or artificially bent at the poll ; was split and inserted. 
The stop at the bottom prevented further splitting, while the ling on the inner 
side afforded means of lashing to the handle (fig. 64). They are called in France a 
talons. Reproductions of molds for casting them are in adjacent trays. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



139 



Bronze hatchets, third style. These are likewise always cast and always handled. 
The handle was hent, split, and the hatchet inserted as in the preceding epoch. 
The wings were cast straight, and, on insertion of the handle, were closed over it 
on each side and hammered down, thus holding the handle firmly (fig. 65). No. 
25243 shows a piece of the original wood thus inserted. Reproductions of molds 
for casting them are in adjacent trays. 

Bronze hatchets, fourth style. Always cast and always handled. During this epoch 
of the Bronze Age this form was the ne plus ultra of hronze hatchets. They were 
the hardest, hest composition, and held their edge the host. They were most 
effective whether as implements or as weapons. The handle was iuserted in 
the socket, and, as usual, hent at the poll and lashed with a ring. The square 
forms were peculiar to Brittany, where they have been found en cache (fig. 66), 
( M. de Mortillet found a cache of 100 at Moussaye, anil M. de Chatelier one of 92 
near Pont l'Abbe.) They were occasionally deteriorated in quality and size, and 
were placed in the graves as votive offerings to the dead. Representations of 
molds for casting are in adjacent trays. 

Bronze spearheads. These are all cast. Their use continued into the Iron Age, 
and even into historic times. 
The Etruscans and Romans 
used them as well as did their 
predecessors. 

Bronze swords, poniards, daggers. 
These continued in use until 
a late period. They spread 
over Europe and are traceable 
by their different styles. 
Xos. 101584-101586 are from 
Sweden; 101121 from Brit- 
tany, yet this form of grip is 
often found in Italy. Xo. 
101342 belongs to the Iron 
Age, and shows the scabbard 
and the netting in which it 
was held. The three com- 
plete specimens are casts — 
originals at Konigsberg, Prus- 
sia. Nos. 101584, 101585 are 
Swedish; 101125 is from Brit- K """" 

tany ; they are from a foundry 
of the Bronze Age, and have been broken into bits to be melted and recast. 

Bronze sickles. These were cast in molds of stone or bronze, possibly of sand or 
clay. One of these molds is in the adjoining tray. The implement was attached 
to a wooden handle elaborately carved to fit the hand. (See No. 139765, right- 
hand side of this tray, for example, found by Dr. Gross at the Station of Moer- 
ingen, Lake of Bienne, Switzerland; a cast, the original of which is in the 
Government Museum at Berne.) The sickles were lashed firmly to the handle, 
were provided sometimes with holes, sometimes with rainures, and sometimes 
with button-like protuberances, which, when the implement was fitted to the 
handle, served to fasten it firmly. 

Bronze knives. These are principally from the Swiss lakes. The small labels 
indicate stations in Lake Neuchatel. They were usually cast and usually hard- 
ened by cold hammering. A pair of molds are in the adjoining 1 ray. Notice 
the elegance of form and decoration, superior even to those of modern times. 

Bronze razors. This utensil appeared in use in the Larnaudian epoch. The large 
crescent-shaped were continued into the later, possibly the Iron Age. They 
were cast and then hardened by cold hammering. Despite their appearance, 
thev could be held in the hand with as much firmness as the modern razor. 




Fig. 63. 

BRONZE HATCHETS. 



140 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Bronze hairpins. At the station of the Bronze Age at Wallishofen, Lake Zurich, 
were found, in 1884, about 2,000 such pins. Some were 16 inches in length with 
a head as large as a walnut. They were decorated with concentric circles and 
not infrequently colored stones more or less precious were inserted. 
Bronze fibulae (safety pins). These were used during the Bronze Age, continuing 
throughout the Grecian, Etruscan, and Roman civilizations, to be used as pins 
for fastening their garments. They are usually found on opening the aucient 
graves of the latter peoples about the shoulders and breast. 
Bronze center base of shield (Roman clipeus). Remark the decoration by fiicised 
lines in concentric circles. Similar objects have been found with holes on one 
side near the edge, supposed to have been for suspension. The shield of the 
Romaus (and so also believed of the Etruscans) Avas of immense size, made 
sometimes of leather or hidej and covered with buttons with protruding points 
for spikes. No. 101812 is one of these spikes. 
Bronze strigile. This instrument was used in the bath and by athletes for scraping 
the skin. The hollow or spoonbill held the oil poured into it from the little 

flagon, and with it the skin was 
anointed. Notice some with closed 
handles for closed rings. No. 101402 
bears the private mark of the maker 
or owner. 
Bronze belt of a warrior (fragment). 
Found in a tomb near Vulci. Only 
one end or front part has been pre 
served; the center has decayed by 
contaqt with the earth under the 
back of the extended corpse. The 
holes near the edges secured a bind- 
ing, possibly of leather or cloth. 
Notice the small uails for this pur- 
pose. Thd point is split and spread 
each way over the binding. Here 
is the original of the modern McGill 
patent split spike or paper fastener, 
specimens of which lie by its side. 
Steatite molds for bronze hatchets (cast). 
Each side thereof has been utilized 
for a similar purpose. Found in Cis- 
ternes-la-Foret, Puy-de-D6me, by M. Brouillet. Original in Musee Clermont- 
Ferrand. 
Bronze molds for bronze hatchets. A pair of molds complete for casting winged 
hatchets. The wings were made straight, to be hammered over the split handle 
and fasten it firmly. The ring for lashing the handle, the orifice to receive the 
molten metal, and the vents for escape of air are plainly to be seen. Part of the 
treasure of Vandrevauges, near Sarrelouis, Alsace. Gathered by Victor Simon. 
Original at Musee Saint Germain, Paris. No. 8102. 
Bronze molds for socketed bronze hatchets. Cast of a mold, in two pieces, for 
socketed bronze hatchets, fourth style. The ring on the side is plainly shown; 
the core is absent. Found at Bricquebec, Seine-Inferieure, France. 
Terra-cotta mold for bronze hammers. With core complete, for socketed hammers. 
From the station of Moeringen, Lake Bienne, Switzerland. Gathered by Dr. 
Gross. Original in Government Museum, Berne, Switzerland. 
Mold for a bronze knife, with a socket. Cast of a mold, with core, for bronze knives, 
with a socket for the insertion of the handle instead of a tang. Complete in 
three pieces. Found by Dr. Gross, Lake Neufchatel. Original in Government 
Museum, Berne, Switzerland. 




Fig. 65. 



Fig. 

BRONZE HATCHETS. 

Europe. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



141 



ABORIGINAL MODES OF HAFTING STONE IMPLEMENTS. UNITED STATES. 

Various North American tribes still use, though to a limited extent, weapons and 
tools of stone and bone, halting them according to the methods in vogue among 
their forefathers. Such modern specimens illustrate the manner in which the stone 
axes, celts, adzes, and other implements of earlier date were rendered serviceable 
by the addition of handles, and are here shown for purposes of comparison: 
Fig. 323. Grooved greenstone ax, with a hickory withe bent around the groove. The 

ends of the withe, which form the handle, are firmly bound with strips of raw 

hide below the stone head, near the middle, and at the lower part. From the 

Dakota Indians. 
Fig. 324. Polished stone hatchets of argillite, chipped thin at the poll, to fit into the 

cleft end of an oaken stick, where it is secured by twisted cords of sinew. From 

the Indians of the Missouri Valley. 




Fig. 67. 

ABORIGINAL METHODS OF HAFTING STONE IMPLEMENTS. 



FlG. 325. War club, consisting of a solidly round stone, attached to a long handle 
with rawhide sewed with sinew, and a looped thong in the end for the wrist. 
From the Dakota Indians. 

Fig. 326. A weapon of similar character. In this instance, however, the handle is 
much shorter and the round stone head is not firmly attached by flexible 
thongs. The rawhide covering of the weapon (including the head and handle), 
consists of one piece taken from the caudal portion of an ox, a part of whose 
tail forms an ornamental appendage to the handle. From the Apaches. 

Fig. 327. — A war club with a well-wrought and polished egg-shaped head of yellow- 
ish limestone, and strengthened by a casing of rawhide, which extends about 
6 inches below the head. The part of tbe ashen handle that encircles the stone 
is ornamented with large-headed brass nails. The extremity of the handle, 
again, is enveloped by a tightly fitting covering of rawhide, taken from the 
caudal part of the buffalo. A tuft of the animal's tail has been retained for 
decoration, and a feather of the wild turkey is attached to the hair by a narrow 
strip of dressed skin. From the Blackfeet. 

Fig. 328. — A weapon of the same description. The polished head is smaller and 
more elongated than in the original of fig. 327. The handle shows the usual 
casing of rawhide, and is looped for a wrist strap. From the Mississippi River 
Valley. 



142 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Fig. 329. — Dagger kuife, chieily used as a hunting weapon. It consists of a ground 
lancehead-shaped blade of dark slate, inserted and riveted by means of a 
wooden j>eg into a barbed ivory socket, -which is attached to a short cylindrical 
handle of pine wood. From the natives of Nmiivak Island, Alaska. 

Fig. 330. — Scabbard of the dagger knife just described. Formed by two hollowed 
pieces of pine ? which are held together by a binding of split spruce roots. 



CATALOGUE OF THE ETHNOLOGICAL COLLECTION OF THE 
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE SMITHSONIAN 
INSTITUTION. 



By WALTER HOUGH, Assistant in the Department of Ethnology. 



This collection, which relates to the present condition of the Indian 
tribes north of Mexico, is a part of that intended for the Chicago exhi- 
bition, and is displayed here for the first time. 

In accordance with the method of the National Museum, by which 
Dr. Goode and his colleagues propose to unite popular education with 
scientific education, the specimens exhibited are described and 
explained, so far as possible, by means of maps, diagrams, illustrated 
books, photographs, and labels. 

Although in forming this partial collection, under the personal super- 
vision and care of Prof. O. T. Mason, articles of the greatest importance 
from their artistic or unusual character have been selected from the 
collection, their scientific and comparative order has not been changed. 

The series, consisting of more than 5,000 photographs, transparen- 
cies, lithographs, paintings, and engravings from illustrated books, 
represents, as a whole, the various phases of Indian life, and form a 
complete museum of drawings. 

Independently of the large collection of works on this subject by 
American authors here brought together, the publications of the 
Smithsonian Institution and the Bureau of Ethnology form an impor- 
tant library for study. 

The exhibit contains sufficient materials for writing and illustrating 
a work on the aborigines of the northern part of the two great conti- 
nents discovered by Columbus. 

This collection has also for its object the display of the method of 
study and installation of the Department of Ethnology of the United 
States National Museum. 

All human activities and industries should be regarded as a part, or 
small part, of the system of nature, and should be studied in accord- 
ance with the laws and operations of natural history. Every article 
which is the result of a human action should be studied, first, in the 
I mode of its manufacture (ontogeny) ; secondly, in its relation toother 

143 



144 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

products of human action of the same class or similar classes (phylog- 
eny); thirdly, in its historical evolution; fourthly, in its geographical, 
original, and national distribution. 

Visitors are requested to begin the examination of this collection at 
the left corner of the glass cases, and to go on examining from left to 
right, and from the top to the bottom, as if they were reading a book. 

Case I. 

Specimens of arrows from North America. — This collection comprises the kinds nsed 
by the aborigines of North America. 

By beginning the examination of the specimens contained in this case on the 
left, they may be studied in their order from Labrador (including West Green- 
land) on the east and Alaska on the west, across the continent, to Mexico, above 
the Aztec territory. 
Plate armor. — Composed of three layers of ivory plates 1 inch wide and 6 inches long. 

Every plate contains 6 holes, through which passes a thong made of deer hide, 
which fastens them together. These plates are arranged like scales, in order to 
afford better protection in war against the enemy's missiles. The lower part 
contains 43 plates, and the middle 38. The upper row is composed of 2 sections : 
One of 10 plates, protecting the breast, and the other of 8 plates, protecting the 
upper part of the back. The armor is kept in place by leather straps. 

This armor greatly resembles that formerly used in Japan, which fact has given 
rise to the supposition that the primitive inhabitants or aborigines of Alaska 
had some relations or connection with the Japanese. Length of the armor when 
opened, 3 feet 8 inched. Eskimo of Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, 1892. 153491. 
Collected by H. R. Thornton. 
Plate armor. — A fragment consisting of 9 iron plates, resembling those of the Japa- 
nese suits of armor, fastened together by three thongs. 

This specimen was found in a marsh on Cape Prince of Wales, near the ivory 
armor (No. 153491) before described. Each plate measures 4J inches in length 
by LJ inches in width. 1892. 153492. Collected by H. R. Thornton. 
Armor. — Composed of 32 pieces of cedar and other kinds of wood, fastened together 
by a fine cord of sinew and other material. 

The breastplate and backpiece of the armor are separate. A section of 8 small 
pieces protects the throat, and another similiar set of 7 pieces protects the nape 
of the neck. The armor is fastened on the right side by a wide leather strap, 
and on the left by a strap and loop. A button placed on the front of the collar 
probably served to hang the quiver. Length, 21| inches; width, 20 inches. 
Sitka, Alaska. 9243. Collected by Dr. A. H. Hoff, U. S. A. 
Wooden armor. — Composed of 74 pieces of wood of equal length and half an inch in 
diameter. 

These pieces of wood are woven together by strips of leather thongs and cot- 
ton cord, alternating. The strips, both of leather and cotton, pass in front of 
two of the pieces of wood and behind the next two, and repass at the side in 
the same way, but continuing to alternate; that is to say, the whole forms a 
twining from the top to the bottom and from the right to the left, which inter- 
weaving produces a very good external effect. Length of the wooden pieces, 
23£ inches; width of the leather strips. 2| inches, and of the cotton strips, 1£ 
inches. Tlinkit Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska, 1881. 49213. Col- 
lected by J. J. McLean. 
Armor. — Made of tanned leather, cut into fringes on both sides, and ornamented 
with blue and red drawings. 

The armor is attached to the body by leather straps. This armor is a good 
protection but is extremely troublesome to the warri >r. Hupa Indians (Atha- 
pascan stock). California, 1886. 126908. Collected b y Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 145 

II ar ( i„b— The head is an oval stone, fastened to the wooden handle hy a strip of 
leather, which also covers the entire handle. 

The leather is covered by a sheet of tin 6 inches longer than the handle, orna- 
mented with beads and a hanging leather strap also embroidered with beads. 
Leu»th, 29 inches; length of the head, 6i inches. Yankton Indians (Siouan 
stock), Yankton Reservation, Dakota. 8382. Collected by Dr. A. B. Campbell, 

U. S. A. 

Club (slung shot).— The head is of stone, and is of the shape of an egg; the handle 
is of wood. The whole club is strongly covered with leather. 

The head hangs at about an inch from the handle, suspended by the same 
leather which covers both. The handle is ornamented with strips embroidered 
with beads, and a plume of horsehair hangs from it. Length, 23 inches; diam- 
eter of the head, 2 inches. Ute Indians (Shoshonean stock), Ute Reservation, 
Colorado, 1891. 153047. Collected by Theo. Moller. 

Scalp with long ha ir — Taken from the head of •an Indian. Mounted on a wooden 
hoop covered with red flannel, to which it is fastened by a loop. Length of the 
hair, 27 inches. Sioux Indians. 153950. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Scalp.— Taken from the head of an Indian. Mounted on a wooden hoop. This skin 
has been cut and stretched in order to make the scalp larger. 

The Indian tears the scalp from his conquered victim, seizing him by the hair 
with the left hand, and with a knife cutting a piece of skin as large as the 
palm of the hand. When the scalp is dry he sometimes ornaments it, and he 
preserves it as a trophy of great value. Length of the hair, 25 inches. Sioux 
Indians. 153952. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Scalp.— An oblong piece of skin with black hair. Length, 5| inches. Sioux Indians. 
153954. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Scalp. —Taken from the head of an Indian. Mounted on two hoops covered with red 
flannel, and placed one inside of the other. A cord is tied to the larger hoop. 
Length of the hair, 12 inches. Sioux Indians. 153951. Collected by Mrs. M. 
M. Hazen. 

Horse tail.— Mounted on a wooden hoop, imitating the shape of a human scalp, sus- 
pended by a loop of red flannel. Length, 21 inches. Sioux Indians. 153954. 
Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Case II. 

Specimens of bows from North America.— This collection of bows contains the follow- 
ing specimens, comprising all those known north of the Aztec territory : The 
bow with a backing of sinew cord; the bow made of pieces of bone joined 
together; the bow covered with sinews glued to the back ; the simple bow made 
of elastic wood. , 

Boxv with a backing of sinews.— Made of spruce pine, strengthened at short intervals 
with fastenings of sinew. The cord of the bow is of twisted sinew. Length, 
57 inches. Eskimo of the Yukon Delta, Alaska. 43679. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson. 

Mixed bow.—Oi bone, in three pieces fastened together by a cord of sinew, and 
strengthened, in addition, by small pieces of bone and a longitudinal table of 
sinew. Length, 3 feet. Eskimo of King William's Land. 10280. Collected by 
Capt. C. F. Hall. 

Bow covered with sinew.— Made of wood; the back is covered with a strong band of 
sinew, plastered with glue to imitate the bark of a tree. It has curved ends, 
ornamented with small pieces of skins, giving it the appearance of Cupid's bow. 
Length, 38 inches. McCloud River Indians. 76373. Collected by Lorin F. 
Green. , 

H. Ex. 100 10 



146 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Bow made of horn. — Made of several pieces of buffalo horn joined, and covered on 

the Lack with sinews cemented with glue. Decorated with bands of red flannel, 

» fastened with thongs of buckskin, covered at intervals with ornaments of small 

feathers. Length, 3 feet. Sionx Indians (Siouan stock), Missouri River. 154015. 

Deposited by Mrs. Mildred McLean Hazen. 

Bow covered with sinew. — Bow of hard Avood, with the back covered with sinew 
cemented with glue and strengthened with fastenings of sinew and with a strap 
of buckskin. The cord of the bow is of sinew, fastened to one end by six half 
turns. Length, 42 inches. Ute Indians of Utah (Shoshonean stock). 14886. 
Collected by J. W. Powell. 

Plain how. — Made of wood, not strengthened, ornamented with paintings on only 
one side of the bow. Sioux Indians (Siouan stock), Missouri River. 8301. 
Gift of the Army Medical Museum. 

Quiver, how, and arrows. — The cases for the bow and the arrows are separate; they 
are of white sealskin. The bow is of antler, and is composed of three pieces, 
joined together by clinched rivets of iron, and fastened together in the center 
by a cord of sinew. The arrows have wooden shafts with a broad iron head, 
wide and smooth notches, and two feathers placed in the same plane, the whole 
tied with sinew. Eskimo of Cumberland Gulf. Quiver, 30014; bow, 34055; 
arrows, 90138. Collected by L. Kumlien and Lucien Turner. 

Quiver and how. — Quiver of seal skin, with the hair outside. It is a plain bag, with- 
out compartments, for the bow and the arrows. The bow is of spruce, strength- 
ened on the back with a cord of sinew. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 
89240. Collected by E. P. Herendeen. 

Quiver, hoiv, and arrows. — The cases for the bow and the arrows are of fish skin. The 
bow is of spruce, strengthened with a cord of sinew ingeniously stretched on 
the back and enveloping the whole bow. The arrows have shafts of spruce, a 
bone head fastened in the groove at the end of the shaft by small strands of 
sinew; two feathers are fixed in the groove, in the same or in different planes, 
and are fastened to the shaft with sinew. Eskimo of Porcupine River, Alaska, 
1891. 153640. Collected by J. H. Turner. 

Quiver, how, and arrows. — The cases for the bow and the arrows and the bandoleer 
are of sea-otter skin, lined with red flannel, and embroidered with beads of 
many colors, and have long fringes of sea-otter skin cut in strips. The bow is 
of horn ; compound ; the pieces of horn are united by sinews, and the whole is 
overlaid on the back by sinew and cement ; the grooves are made by wrappings 
at the end of the bow. The cord is of fine twisted sinew. The arrows have 
small shafts, three feathers, and iron heads. Nez Perce" Indians (Shahaptian 
stock), Idaho. 22287, 29886, 23842. Collected by William H. Danielson and 
J. B. Monteith. 

Bow and quiver. — Quiver of sea-otter skin, lined with flannel, and ornamented with 
beads and with fringes of sea-otter skin. The bow is of pieces of horn, united 
by small deerskin thongs, and is covered on the outer side with raw hide 
cemented with giue. JNez Perce Indians (Shahaptian stock), Idaho. 23843, 
21286. Collected by Rev. G. Ainslee and J. B. Monteith. 

Quiver, hou\ and arrows. — The cases for the bow and the arrows and the bandoleer 
(shoulder belt) are of mountain-lion skin, and are lined with red flannel, partly 
cotton, and ornamented with an embroidery of beads. The bow is of wood, 
plain ; with a string of sinew. The arrows have plain shafts, iron heads, and three 
feathers. Arapahoe Indians (Algonkian stock). 129873. Collected by Lieut. 
H. M. Creel, U. S. A. Given to Lieutenant Creel by Powder Face, the head chief 
of the Southern Arapahoe. 

Quiver, how, and arrows. — The cases of the bow and the arrows are of oxhide. The 
bag is of leather; the bow is of hard wood, plain. The arrows have plain shafts 
and three feathers. Comanche Indians (Shoshonean stock), Iudian Territory. 
8818, 6964. Gift of the Army Medical Museum. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 147 

Quiver, bow, and arrows. — The cases for the bow and the arrows are of oxhide. The 
bag is of leather; the bow is of hard wood, and is plain. The arrows have 
painted shafts, an iron head, and three feathers. Tonkawa Indians (Caddoan 
stock), Texas. 8448. Collected by Dr. H. McElderry. 

War shield. — Of leather, covered with deerskin painted yellow, ornamented with 
figures and drawings. Edged with buffalo hide dyed red, and ornamented with 
woodpecker's skins, eagle's feathers, and bands of leather covered with red flan- 
nel. Diameter, 16 inches. Cheyenne Indians (Algonkian stock), Indian Terri- 
tory. 58616. Given by Tick Kamatse. Belonging to Tich Kaiuatse, a Cheyenne 
warrior, formerly in the service of the Smithsonian Institution. 

JYar shield. — Made of leather covered with cotton cloth painted yellow and green 
and ornamented with drawings representing an owl. Border of red flannel, orna- 
mented with eagle's feathers. Diameter, 17 inches. Arapahoe Indians (Algon- 
kian stock), Wyoming, 1879. 127871. Collected by Lieut. H. M. Creel; obtained 
from Little Raven, head chief of the Northern Arapahoes. 

War sliield. — Made of hide, with two coverings of deerskin painted on the outside 
with concentric circles in yellow, red, green, white, and blue. Border and tas- 
sels of red flannel, ornamented with eagle's feathers and those of other birds. 
Width, 15 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Indian Territory. 73073. 
Gift from the Army Medical Museum. 

War shield. — Made of hide, of a convex form ; as device, it bears a buffalo head and 
rays painted in blue and black. It has around it a festoon of red flannel, to 
which several eagle's feathers are sewed. Diameter, 17 inches. White Mountain 
Apaches (Athapascan stock), New Mexico, 1836. 11319. Collected by Governor 
W. F.M.Amy. 

Case III. 

Pipestem. — Made from an oak sapling; the upper half is wrapped in a beautiful 
braid of quills dyed in various colors. Length, 38 inches. Width, 2§ inches. 
Sioux Indians. 154006. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Pipe. — The stem is of oak, flattened; the upper half is ornamented with a covering 
of braid made of quills, and a horsehair plume. The bowl is made of a small, 
black stone, lined at the stem end with lead. Length of the stem, 374; inches; 
width, If inches; length of the bowl, 2f indie's. Sioux Indians. 154004, 154005. 
Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Pipe. — Stem of oak, flattened, ornamented with small tin bangles, tassels of ribbon, 
and dyed horsehair, and wrapped in a braid of red and white quills and wood- 
peckers' skins. The bowl is lined at the stem end with lead. Length of the 
stem, 29 inches; width, If inches; length of the bowl, 5 inches. Sioux Indians. 
154001. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Pipe. — Stem of oak, flattened; the upper half is ornamented with tassels of dyed 
horsehair and with ribbons, and is covered with woodpeckers' skins and a braid 
of red and yellow quills. Length of the stem, 30 inches; width, If inches; 
length of the bowl, 5 inches. Sioux Indians. 154000. Collected by Mrs. M. M. 
Hazen. 

Pipe. — Oak stem, flattened; the upper part is ornamented with a covering of wood- 
peckers' skins and a braid of red and yellow quills, and tassels of ribbons and 
dyed horsehair. The bowl is of catlinite, and has a small hole in it. It has a 
.carved border at the point of union with the stem. Length of the stem, 28 
inches; width, 1-i inches; length of the bowl, 5 inches. Sioux Indians. 154002. 
Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Piptholders (4). — Long bags of buckskin and flannel, embroidered with beads and 
feathers. Sioux Indians. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Pipes. — Made in imitation of a moutbpiece. These imperfect pipes are made of the 
tibia of a deer. The part near the ends is wrapped in hide with the hair on. 
Length, 6J and 74. inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, 
Indian Territory, 1891. 152940. Collected by James Mooney. 



148 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Pipe of stone. — Obtained by the Kiowas from some northern tribe; it is about half a 
century old. Length, 13 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reserva- 
tion, Indian Territory, 1891. 152941. Collected by James Mooney. 

Pipe. — Bowl of catlinite; the stem is a wooden cylinder. Obtained from the Kiowa 
traders. Length, 25£ inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Agency, 
Indian Territory, 1891. 152912. Collected by James Mooney. 

Tomahawk pipe. — Stem of hard wood; head of iron; blade triangular; the bowl is of 
the shape of a spindle, with raised edges. Length of the head, 8 inches; of the 
stem, 174 inches. Ponca Indians (Siouan stock), Ponca Agency, Indian Ter- 
ritory, 1891. 152805. Collected by James Mooney. 

This "tomahawk" pipe was obtained by R. R. H. Voth from an old Ponca 
Indian named Hairy Bear, who claims for himself the glory of having killed 
two whites with this pipe. This weapon is very old ; it was used by Hairy 
Bear's grandfather. 

Tomahawk pipe. — Stem of hard wood, head the shape of a spear, with ornaments 
around the stem. This tomahawk is of Mexican origin. The Kiowas claim 
that this spear-shaped specimen is the true Kiowa type. Length of the stem, 
20 inches; of the head, 6| inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa 
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 153013. Collected by James Mooney. 

Tomahawk pipe. — Without a stem ; iron head; the blade is triangular; the hole is 
elliptical; the bowl has somewhat of the shape of a spindle, with a raised bor- 
der, and a carving around the center. Length of the head, 7i inches. Kiowa 
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152894. 
Collected by James Mooney. 

This iron tomahawk was purchased. These weapons in the shape of a hatchet 
are of English origin; those in the shape of a spear are Mexican. This speci- 
men is half a century old, and many men have been killed with it. 

Pipe. — The bowl is of stone, and is joined to the stem by straps of rawhide. The 
receptacle for the tobacco is very small. The thick stem is made of two sections 
forming a tube united by rawhide. Length of the stem, 71 inches; height of 
the bowl, H inches. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 59290. Collected by 
Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 

Pipe. — The bowl is of horn, and i^joined to the stem by rawhide straps. The recep- 
tacle for the tobacco is very small, and is lined with tiu. The stem is curved, 
and is formed of two sections hollowed out and united by rawhide strips. 
Length of the stem, 13 inches; height of the bowl, 1^ inches. Eskimo of Cape 

j Lisburne, Alaska. 46021. Collected by Dr. T H. Bean. 

Pipe. — The bowl is of bone, joined to the stem by rawhide straps. The receptacle 
for the tobacco is very small, and is lined with tin. The stem is slightly curved, 
and is made of two sections of wood united by hide. Length of the stem, 13J 
inches; height of the bowl, \\ inches. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska, 89287. 
Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 

Pipe. — The bowl is of whalebone, and is driven far into the stem; it is small, and is 
lined with tin. The stem is curved, and is made of two sections of wood united 
by rawhide straps. The mouthpiece is of ivory, joined to the stem by a tin band. 
A small iron w r ire, which is fastened to the pipe, serves to clean it. Length of 
the stem, 13 inches. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. 63785. Collected by E. 
W. Nelson. 

Pipe. — The bowl is of iron; it was once joined to the stem by hide, but this was 
broken and was replaced by a white ribbon. The receptacle of the bowl is very 
small. The stem is curved, and is made of two grooved pieces of wood united 
with rawhide. The mouthpiece is of ivory. Length of the stem, llf inches; 
height of the bowl, 1-J inches. Eskimo of Cape Lisburne, Alaska. 46020. Col- 
lected by Dr. T. H. Bean. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 149 

Spoon . — Made of whalebone; it is long and flat, and is cut in the shape of a spatula. 
Ornamented with totemic carvings. Length, 14 J inches; width, 2 inches. Sitka 
Indians (Koluschau stock), Sitka, Alaska. 8944. Collected by Dr. A. H. Holf, 
U. S. A. 

Spoon. — Made of wood. The lower part of the handle is cut to represent the head 
of some animal, holding the bowl of the spoon in its. teeth. Length, 11 inches; 
width, 2f inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschau stock), Sitka, Alaska. 75438. Col- 
lected by J. J. McLean. 

Spoon for berries. — Made of wood; the outside is ornamented with totemic eugrav- 
ings. It has nearly the shape of a spatula. Length, 14^ inches; width, If inches. 
Kake Indians (Koluschan stock), Kuin Island, Alaska. 20823. Collected by 
James G. Swan. 

Spoon for berries. — Made of wood; it is long and flat, and is nearly of the shape of 
a spatula; it is ornamented with totemic drawings. Length, 15i inches ; width, 
If inches. Tsiinshian Indians (Tsimshian stock), British Columbia. 16256. 
Collected by Dr. W. H. Dall. 

Most of the household utensils-.of the Indians of the northwest coast are orna- 
mented with engraved or carved designs. 

Goat's horn. — Horn for making spoons. The bowl of the spoon is made of the wide 
part of the horn, to which, after it has -been split for some inches on one side, 
the desired shape is given by means of steam, with a wooden mold. The handle 
is made of the long part of the horn, usually ornamented with totemic or mytho- 
logical carvings. The bowl and the handle are often made in two pieces. 
Length, 7i inches; width, If inches. Alaska. 16809. Collected by Dr. W. H. 
Dall. 

Spoon. — Made of goat's horn. The bowl and the handle are united by copper rivets. 
There are totemic carvings on the handle. Length, 8f inches; width, 2$ inches. 
Alaska Indians. 23400. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Spoon. — Made of goat's horn. The handle is ornamented with totemic carvings. The 
bowl and the handle are united with rivets. Length, 12 inches ; width, 2| inches. 
Massett Indians (Skittagetan stock), British Columbia. 88706. Collected by 
James G. Swan. 

Spoon. — Made of goat's horn. There are totemic carvings on the handle. The handle 
and the bowl are united. Length, 9| inches; width, 2| inches. Tsimshian 
Indians (Tsimshian stock), Porcher Island, British Columbia. 20616. Collected 
by James G. Swan. 

Spoon. — Bowl of sheep's horn; handle of goat's horn, ornamented with engraved 
totemic figures. 

The bowl is made in a wooden mold, by means of steam. The handle is joined 
to the bowl with copper rivets. Length, 12i inches; width, 3^ inches. Skide- 
gate Indians (Skittagetan stock), British Columbia. 89173. Collected by James 
G. Swan. 

This class of spoons are preserved in families as heirlooms, and are conse- 
quently held in high esteem. 

gpoon.— Made of goat's horn. The handle is ornamented with totemic carving. The 
bowl and the handle are united'with copper rivets. Length, 9^ inches ; width, 
2£ inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska. 75430. Collected 
by J. J. McLean. 

Sj)oon. — Bowl of sheep's horn. The handle is of goat's horn, ornamented with carved 
totemic figures. The bowl is made in a wooden mold, bymeaus of steam. The 
handle and the bowl are united by copper rivets. Length, 11 inches; width, 2f 
inches. Alaska Indians. 23408. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Sjwon. — Made of goat's horn. Handle ornamented with carved totemic figures. 
The bowl and the handle of many of this class of spoons are of a single piece. 
Length, 7f inches; width, 2£ inches. Alaska Indians. 9278. Collected by Dr. 
A. H. Holt, U. S. A. 



150 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Alaskan spoons. — Made of a mixture of wild sheep's horn and goat's horn, retaining 
their own shape, and magnificently ornamented with carved mythological devices 
of the tribes of the Koluschan stock. Sitka, Alaska. 20843, 20749, 20748, 20747, 
23432, 23431, 23431, 16257. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Spoon. — Made of white ox horn. Large circular bowl, with a handle about an inch 
long. It has a buckskin loop ornamented with work in quills of different colors; 
the handle is strengthened with small rings of tiu plate. Diameter of the bowl, 
5i inches. Sioux Indians. 131337(a). Collected by Mrs. A. C. Jackson. 

This class of spoons is made for trade, as the Sioux do not use them in their 
homes* 

Spoon. — Made of white ox horn. The bowl is of a semi-oval form. The handle is 
covered with strings of beads. Length, 11 inches ; width of the bowl, 3 J inches. 
Sioux Indians. 131337 (b). Collected by Mrs. A. C. Jackson. 

Spoon. — Made of white ox horn. The bowl is of a semi-oval form; the handle is verv 
slender, and is surrounded by dyed braids of quill and with little rings of 
tin plate, with yellow feathers. It has a carved bird's head at the end of the 
haudle. Length, 11 inches; width of the bowl, 3^ inches. Sioux Indians. 
131337 (c). Collected by Mrs. A. C. Jackson. 

Bowl. — Made of black ox horn. Large, circular bowl; the handle is very slender, 
and is surrounded by dyed braids of quill. It has a bird's head carved on the 
end of the handle. Length, 9J inches; width of the bowl, 4f inches. Sioux 
Indians. 131337 (d). Collected by Mrs. A. C. Jackson. 

This kind of spoou is made by boiling the horn to make it flexible; in this 
state the desired shape is given to it, and it is held in position until it is 
entirely cold. 

Spoon. — Made of white ox horn. The bowl is shallow and the handle is slender, with 
bead ornaments and rings of tin plate covered with braids of dyed strips of 
quill. It has the head of a bird earned on the end of the handle. Length, 9£ 
inches; width of the bowl, 3^ inches. Sioux Indians. 131337(e). Collected by 
Mrs. A. C. Jackson. 

This kind of spoon is made for trade; the Sioux do not use them in their 
homes. 

Sj)Oon. — Made of white ox horn. The bowl is deep and the handle is slender, sur- 
rounded by dyed braids of quill. The head of an. elk is carved on the end of the 
handle. Length, 9^ inches; width of the bowl, 3 inches. Sioux Indians. 
131337 (f). Collected by Mrs. A. C. Jackson. 

Buckets (3). — Made of decorated hide. Used for holding berries, sugar, pounded meat, 
etc. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152996. Collected by James Mooney. 

Pestles (3). — Madeof walrus tusk. Used for pounding berries with dried meat, in order 
to season it. Length, 14, 15, 16 inches; width, 2, 2^, and 2i inches. Eskimo of 
Bristol Bay, Alaska. 55919. Collected by Charles L. McKay. 

Pestle. — Made of walrus tusk. Use"d.for pounding berries with meat, in order to sea- 
son it. Length, 11J inches; diameter, 2 inches. Eskimo of Kassianamute, 
Alaska. 127422.^ Collected by I. Applegate. 

Ladle. — Made of buffalo bone painted red. The bowl is very deep. Length, 9 inches. 
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152994. Collected by James Mooney. 

Ladle. — Made of wood. The bowl is of the shape of an egg. Length, 15 inches. 
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152993. Collected by James Mooney. 

Bowls. — Made of a tree knot. The Kiowas do not manufacture pottery or baskets. 
Diameter 5 to 7 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock) Kiowa Reservation, 
Indian Territory, 1891. 152995. Collected by James Mooney. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 151 

Bucket. — Cylindrical birch bark. Sewed with the root of the spruce pine. Length, 
13 inches; diameter, 4|- inches. Athapascan Indians, Hudson Bay, British 
America. 10924. Collected by J. Lockhart. 

Pail. — Made of birch bark, sewed with fine root of spruce pine. It is used for 
holding berries, etc. Length, 6 inches; width, 4 inches. Indians of Ungava, 
Labrador. 90086. Collected by Lucian M. Turner. 

Pail. — Made of birch bark, sewed at the border with pine root, under which are 
attached small pieces of black cloth, at intervals of about 2 inches. It lias 
engraved designs on the inside. Length, 7 inches; width, bi inches; height. 3 
inches. Tinne" Indians (Athapascan stock), Upper Yukon River, Alaska, 1891. 

153390. Collected by I. C. Russell. 

Pail. — Made of birch bark, folded at each end, and strengthened by boards. Very- 
rough work. Length, 7 inches; width, 5 inches; height, 2i inches. Tinne 
Indians (Athapascan stock), Charleys Town, Upper Yukon River, Alaska, 1891. 

153391. Collected by I. C. Russell. 

Pail. — Made of birch bark, with the edge sewn with spruce-pine root, and died 
pieces of quill. It is used for holding berries, etc. Length, 11^ inches; width, 
9f iuches. Tsimshian Indians (Tsimshian stock), Fort Simpson, British Colum- 
bia. 2546. Collected by W. L. Hardesty. 

Saddlebag. — Made of buckskin, lined with red flannel, embroidered with beads, and 
with a fringe of buckskin. Length, 46 inches; width 11 inches. Sioux Indians, 
1868. 129875. Collected by Lieut. H. M. Creel, U. S. A. 
This specimen was the property of Sitting Bull. 

Tobacco pouch. — Made of buckskin, ornamented with red flannel, embroidered with 
beads. Length, 15 inches; width, 7 inches. Bannock Indians (Shoshonean 
stock), Fort Hall Reservation, Idaho. 22282. Collected by William H. Danilson. 

Tobacco holder. — Made of buckskin, ornamented with bead work, rings of tin plate, 
and a buckskin fringe. Length, 16 inches; width 5i inches. Ute Indians (Sho- 
shonean stock), Colorado. 8353. Collected by Dr. A. B. Campbell, U. S. A. 

Pipe case. — It is of an oblong shape, made of hide. It has a cotton ribbon sewed on 
the edge. Length, lOf inches; width, 2£ inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan 
stock), Hupa Valley, California. 131157 (d). Collected by Jeremiah Curtin. 

Pipe. — In the shape of a cigar holder. The bowl is of soft stone, and the stem is of 
wood. Length, 5f inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa Valley, 
California. 131157 (b). Collected by Jeremiah Curtin. 

Pipe. — Bowl long, tubular, of carved soapstone. The stem is of wood, and is short 
in proportion to the mouthpiece. Length, 8$ inches. Hupa Iudians (Atha- 
pascan stock), Hupa Valley, California. 131157(c); Collected by Jeremiah 
Curtin. 

Pipe. — Made of soapstone, resembling a pipe bowl; it may be used without a stem. 
Length, 11 inches; diameter, 1-J inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), 
Hupa Valley, California. 131157 (a). Collected by Jeremiah Curtin. 

Purses and coins. — The purse is of elk horn, and is ornamented with zigzag design 
engraved on the outside. It has a buckskin band around it to prevent the 
coins from falling out. The coins are of dentalium or tooth shell, bordered 
with dyed skin. These coins vary in value according to the length of the shell, 
and are worth from 1 shilling to $5 apiece. Length of the purse, 5A- inches. 
Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa Valley, California. 131159. Collected 
by Jeremiah Curtin. 

Spoon.— A long shell, darkened, polished, and worn by long use. Ouly women use 
this sort of spoon. Length, 6 inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa 
Valley. California. 131163. Collected by Jeremiah Curtin. 

Spoon. — Made of horn. Carved handle. Only men use this kind of spoon. Length, 
6J inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa Valley, California. 131115. 
Collected by Jeremiah Curtin. 



152 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Partiesehe case yHavresac). — Loiig oblong case of hide, used as a valise. Ornamented 
with drawings painted in bright colors. "Parflesche" is the name given to 
these valises by the French, because they saw that the Indians kept meat in 
them. Length when folded, 30 inches ; width when folded, 16 inches ; Ute Indians 
(Shoshonean stock), Utah. 17196. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. 

Louse crusher. — It consists of a piece of wood in the shape of a spatula and another 
section of a ronnd bone. The spatula is forcibly introduced into the hair, and 
the bone keeps near the point, so that, between the two, the vermin are crushed. 
Length of wooden piece, 9 inches; of the bone, 3 inches. Hupa Indians (Atha- 
pascan stock), Hupa Valley, California. 131153. Collected by Jeremiah Curtin. 

Case IV. 

Wearing. — Four looms (of the kind now in use) of the Zufii and Pima Indians, of the 
southwest of the United States, and of the Talamanca Indians, of Costa Rica, 
displaying the materials, apparatus, utensils, mode of work, and productions of 
the Indian weavers. In addition, photographs, water-colors, drawings, and 
diagrams. Collected by .lames Stevenson, Edward Palmer, and Dr. W. H. Gabb. 

Case V. 

Ice brush. — Made of whalebone; lashedto a wooden handle, terminating at the oppo- 
site with a point of deer's horn. It is used for clearing away the snow and 
ice from the breathing holes of the seal. Length, 29 inches; width, 1^ inches. 
Eskimo of King's Island, Alaska. 63606. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Ice creepers. — Cut out of bone. Fastened to the feet by hide straps. Length, 3£ 
inches; width, 1£ inches. Chukchis of Plover Bay, .Siberia. 46261. Collected 
by W. M. Noyes. 

Ice scoop. — A whalebone hoop, a w T halebone net and a cord of sinew, interlaced; 
wooden handle; fastenings of whalebone and hide. It is used for removing the 
ice from the holes to which the seals come to breathe. Eskimo of St. Lawrence 
Island, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Icepick. — Made of ivory of walrus tusk, and used with the barbed harpoon. It is 
used to break the ice in order to enlarge the hole to which the seal which has 
been once wounded comes to breathe, in order that the hunter may pull the 
animal out with ease. Length, 13 inches; thickness, 1 inch. Eskimo of Cape 
Nome, Alaska. 41404. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Snow staff. — Ring of antler, with hide uetting; ivory point through the center. This 
ring, on the principle of the snow shoe, is fixed on the end of a long staff, and 
serves, like those used in the Alps, to enable the traveler to steady himself when 
walking on the ice or snow. Diameter, 3i inches. Eskimo of Port Clarence, 
Alaska. 46297. Collected by W. H. Dall. 

Seal probe. — Made of walrus tusk. It is used to find out whether the seal is in the 
breathing hole. Length, 20 inches. Eskimo of King William's Land. 10388. 
Collected by Capt. C. F. Hall. 

Harpoon (model). — Wooden shaft; an ivory barb, strengthened with wooden pegs; 

' an ivory ice pick lashed to the lower end with fastenings of thin hide. Length, 

11 inches. Eskimo of Port Clarence, Alaska. 46326. Collected by T. H. Bean. 

Knife. — Handle of ivory of walrus tusk. Short blade of iron, set into the handle. 
Length, 11A inches; width. 1A inches. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 89282. 
Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 

Knife. — Wooden handle. Long iron blade inserted into the handle, iind secured by 
fastenings of hide. This knife is very much like those used by blacksmiths. A 
strap hangs from the end of the handle. Length, 10 inches; width of the blade, 
i inch. Eskimo of Ungava Bay, Labrador. 90211. Collected by Lucien M 
Turner. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID 153 

Knife.-— Handle of deer's horn, with three cavities for the fingers. A short iron blade 

inserted in the handle. Length, f inch; width, £ inch. Eskimo of Anderson 

River, Canada. 2278. Collected hy R. McFarlane. 
Knife. — Deer-horn handle. Short blade of iron, inserted into the handle. Length, 2 

inches; width, £ inch. Eskimo of Anderson River, Canada. Collected by R. 

McFarlane. 
Knife. — Handle of carved deer horn. Short iron blade, secured to the handle. 

Length, 5 inches; width, finch. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 56554. Col- 
lected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 
Knife. — Deer-horn handle. The whole blade is of iron, and is inserted into the 

handle, and secured with lashing of seal hide. Length, 5£ inches; width, 1 inch. 

Eskimo of Ikogmut, Alaska. 37440. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 
Knife and sheath. — Long and curved; handle of ivory of walrus tusk. Iron blade 

fastened by rivets to the handle. Sheath of tanned hide. Length, 17i inches; 

width, If inches. Indians of Prince of Wales Island, B. C. 20831. Collected 

by James G. Swan. 
Knife. — Handle of ivory of walrus tusk, with fastenings of spruce-pine root at the 

end, which is secured to the blade, which is of iron, and is short. Length, 7^ 

inches; width, 1 inch. Eskimo of Anderson River, Canada. 1309. Collected 

by C. P. Gaudet. 
Knife. — Handle of ivory of walrus tusk, strengthened with fastenings of spruce-pine 

root. Very short iron blade set into the handle. Length, 5 inches; width, f 

inch. Eskimo of Anderson River, Canada. 2281. Collected by R. McFarlane. 
Knife. — Deer-horn handle. Short iron blade set into the handle. Length, 7A inches; 

width, i inch. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 89276. Collected by Lieut. 

P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 
Knife. — Handle of two pieces of ivory of walrus tusk. Short iron blade inserted 

into the handle, and secured by hide fastenings. Length, 44 inches; width, f 

inch. Eskimo of Cape Darby, Alaska. 48087. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 
Knife. — Handle of curved wood, with a curved iron blade inserted into it. A small 

piece of wood hangs from the blade, fastened by a strip of tanned hide. Length, 

6| inches. Indians of Ungava Bay, Labrador. 89966. Collected by Lucien M. 

Turner. 
Utensils and implements of arrow makers. — Consisting of rough shafts for arrows, 

straightener, saw, polisher, brush, pumice stone, pieces of flint, chisel for 

knapping flint, flint flaker, cord of sinew, prepared sinew, rosin, glue stick, 

feathers for arrows, ground paints, salmon skin, and arrowhead, showing the 

mode of attaching it to the reed, and the arrow complete. Indians of McCloud 

River, California. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. A., and Loren A. Green. 
Polisher. — Two pieces of stone, with grooves through which the shafts of the arrows 

are drawn to polish them. Length, 4£ inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), 

Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152983. Collected by James 

Mooney. 
Saw knife. — Table knife, notched like a saw. It is used for making the notches in 

the shafts of the arrows and for all kinds of cutting. Length, 9f inches. 

Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 

152985. Collected by James Mooney. 
Sharpener. — Smooth stone, used for sharpening knives. Length, 4 inches. Kiowa 

Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152986. 

Collected by James Mooney. 
Groover. — Point of a butchers knife, notched, for making grooves along the shafts 

of the arrows. The object of these grooves is not known. Length, 2£ inches. 

Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 

152984. Collected by James Mooney. 



154 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Straightener (6). — A piece of rib bone, with a hole through it, It is used for straight- 
ening the shafts of the arrows. Length, 7f inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan 
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152981. Collected by 
James Mooney. 

Basps. — Made of tin plate, folded and punched like lemon graters. They are used 
for removing tbe bark and roughening the shafts of the arrows. Length, 4^ 
inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 
1891. 152982. Collected by James Mooney. 

Primitive shuttle. — White yarn wound on a long stick. It is used for weaving 
blankets. Length of the stick, 20 inches. Mold Indians (Shoshonean stock), 
Arizona, 1885. 128475 (b). Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson. 

Woolen yarn, red. — Wound on a long stick. It is used as a shuttle in weaving 
blankets. Leugth of the stick, 21| inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), 
Arizona, 1885. 128475 (a). Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson. 

Model of a loom. — With a specimen of a blanket, striped red and green, in process of 
manufacture. Length, 22^ inches; width, 14^ inches. Navajo Indians (Atha- 
pascan stock), New Mexico. 10359. Collected by Governor W. F. M. Arny. 

Model of a loom. — Iu operation, to show the system or mode of weaving. Clear and 
brilliant colors. Navajo Indians (Athapascan stock), Arizona. 16494. Col- 
lected by Governor W. F. M. Arny. 

Weaving yoke (O pis ta oee turn). — Curved wooden yoke, with a groove at either end. 
The weaver carries it across his back, and it forms a part of the appendages 
used for changing the threads of the warp. Length, 17 inches ; width, If inches. 
Zufii Indians (Zunian stock), New Mexico, 1884. 127681 (d). Collected by 
Col. James Stevenson. 

Weft sivord. — Made of oak. It is used for beating down the weft in making blank- 
ets. Length, 15 inches. Navajo Indians (Athapascan stock), Navajo Reserva- 
tion, Arizona. 150449. Collected by Dr. Washington Matthews. 

Beater (Sooqua). — A slender wooden rod, which serves to beat the Aveft in weaving 
blankets, etc. Length, 23H nches; width, £ inch. Moki Indians (Shoshonean 
stock), Pueblos, Arizona. 41692. Collected by F. H. Cushing. 

Yoke. — Wooden yoke used by the weaver. It forms part of the implements used to 
keep the threads tight in tbe delicate weaving, etc. Length, 10J inches ; width, 
f inch, Zuui Indians (Zunian stock), New Mexico. 129068 (a). Collected by 
Mrs. M. E. Stevenson. 

Spindles, with wool. — A polished wooden rod, sharp at both ends, and inserted into a 
disk, usually of wood, but sometimes of stone or horn, to give a violent rotary 
motion to the spindle. Length, 21 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), 
Arizona. Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson. 

Boiler (Ea o po ni no). — A piece of wood cut in the shape of a cylinder, on which 
the belts are rolled during the manufacture of the cloth. Length, 7f inches; 
diameter, 2+ inches. Zuui Indians (Zunian stock), New Mexico. 127681 (c). 
Collected by Col. James Steveuson. 

Comb (Sa weech). — An oblong piece of wood, with teeth cut at the ends. It is used 
for keeping the weft tight in weaving belts. Length, 9 inches ; width, If inches. 
Zufii Indians (Zunian stock), New Mexico. 127681 (b). Collected by Col. James 
Stevenson. 

Twister. — A piece of hard wood, in one of the ends of which there is a hole through 
which is passed a small rod, which serves as a handle. It is used for making 
very thick cord. One end of the thread which is to be twisted is fixed in a post 
or hook and the other in the twister, just below the handle. The operator then 
turns the twister by means of the handle, and the thread is twisted strongly 
and rapidly. Length, 10 inches ; width, 2 inches. Zuui Indians (Zunian stock), 
New Mexico. 69308. Collected by Col. James Stevenson. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 155 

Reed. — Composed of many little reeds, or small pieces of cut reed, tied at one end, 
in an upright position, side by side, between parallel rods midway; each reed 
has a hole burned through it. It is used in weaving to open the warp alternately 
and to permit the passage of the shuttle. Zulu Indians (Zunian stock), Xew 
Mexico. 127688, 69657, 69696. Collected by Col. James Stevenson. 

Belt. — Placed in the loom to show the mode of work. Texture of white, red, and 
green wool, forming geometrical figures. The Zuni and Moki Indians are cele- 
brated for their skill in making and weaving belts. Zuni Indians (Zunian 
stock), New Mexico. 129209. Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson. 

Fat scraper. — Made of ivory of walrus tusk. It has a cavity very ingeniously cut in 
it and a hole in which to insert and hold the thumb. It is sharpened on only one 
side. This implement is used only with the right hand ; the operator scrapes the 
green hide with it to remove the fat. Length, 8 inches ; width of the blade, lh 
inches. Eskimo of Togiak River, Alaska. 127508. Collected by I. Applegate. 

Fat scraper. — Ingeniously made of a thin strip of the outside of a stag's antler, wide 
in the center and narrow at the ends. This strip is curved in the form of a 
truncated cone, cut at one end in the form of a bow which locks at the other 
end into a triangular opening like a barrel hoop. This implement is made 
when the horn is soft. This pattern is used only at Bristol Bay. Diameter, 3 
inches. Eskimo of Bristol Bay, Alaska. 55911. Collected by C. L. McKay. 

Hide scraper. — Made of ivory of walrus tusk. The cavities for the forefingers and 
thumb are shallow and extend nearly to the flint blade. The cut at the bottoin 
is very deep. Length, 4f inches. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. Collected by 
E. W. Nelson. 

Hide scraper. — The handle is of hard wood. The cavity for the thumb is deep and 
long, and in it there is a projection of the shape of an ear. A cavity gives it 
the appearance of a skull, and ends an inch behind the stone blade. The tail- 
piece is cut in the shape of a bell. The shape of this implement is entirely 
original, and gives reason to think that it was made to suit the hand of the 
operator. Length, 5£ inches. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. 63849. Col- 
lected by E. W. Nelson. 

Hide scraper. — The handle is of wood, and has a shallow mortise cut in one of its ends. 
The blade is a narrow hatchet of schist lashed to the handle by a fastening of 
spruce-pine root. Length, 16 inches; width of the blade, 1| inches. Eskimo of 
Nunivak Island, Alaska. 43886. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Hide scraper. — The handle is of wood. The blade is a smooth hatchet of slate, care- 
fully inserted in the lower part of the handle. It has a cavity for the thumb. 
The cavity for the forefinger is on top, and those for the other three fingers 
underneath. The palm of the hand rests on the end. Length, llf inches ; width 
of the blade, 2f inches. Eskimo of Norton Bay, Alaska. 43927. Collected by 
E. W. Nelson. 

Graining tool. — The handle is the shoulder blade of an ox. A toothed iron blade is 
attached to the handle by a hide strap. Length, 12 inches; width of the blade, 
If inches. Indians of Ungava Bay, Labrador. 89924. Collected by Lucien M. 
Turner. 

Fat scraper. — Made of a thin strip of buck horn, bent in the shape of a hoop, with the 
ends interlaced, but not fastened. The ends are tied with three turns of a hide 
strap around the outside. This is the only specimen in existence. Diameter, 3J 
inches. Eskimo of Nakneek, Alaska. 127792. Collected by William J. Fisher. 

Fat scraper. — Made ot walrus-tusk ivory. The lower part is cut in the shape of a 
preserving ladle. The handle consists of two prongs, the extremities of which 
are carved to represent two bear's heads. Length, 4 inches; width, 2| inches. 
Eskimo of Putnam River, Alaska. 127896. Collected by Lieut. George M. 
Stoney, U. S. N. 



156 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Fat scraper. — Made of a narrow and thin strip of buck horn twisted in the shape of a 
horseshoe, and kept in that shape by a hide strap passing and repassing through 
two holes made in the ends, and covered by a pretty coil. The loop is counter- 
sunk at the ends. The inside edge of the strip of buck horn is beveled in order 
to present the outer bird part for work. Diameter, 3| inches. Eskimo of Sledge 
Island, Alaska. 44771. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Hide scraper. — The handle is of walrus-tusk ivory, and is slightly bowed in the mid- 
dle, with a tailpiece roughly cut on the end. It has two cavities for the fingers 
made above the Hint blade. The lower cavity is very deep. Length, 4 inches. 
Eskimo of Putnam River, Alaska. 127886 (a). Collected by Lieut. G. M. Stoney, 
U.S.N. 

Hide scraper. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. Above the deep cavity for the thumb it 
has a protuberance carved in the shape of au ear. The cavities for the lingers 
are very deep, and extend nearly to the dint blade. It has a groove deeply cut 
on eachside. Length, 3| inches. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. 63851. Col- 
lected by E. W. Nelson. 

Graining tool. — The handle is the shoulder blade of an ox. On the upper y>art of the 
bone the edge is toothed. It is used for softening deerskin in tanning it. 
Length, 13 inches. Indians of Ungava, Labrador. 90246. Collected by Lucien 
M. Turner. 

Beaming tool. — Made of the tibia of a reindeer. The bone has been split in order to 
obtain the wide part of the rear portion to serve as a support and the middle 
part of the front as a scraping edge. The natural shape of the bone is admi- 
rably adapted to this operation. This implement is used for scraping the deer- 
skin in tanning it. Length, 13 inches. Indians of Ungava, Labrador. 89928. 
Collected by Lucien M. Turner. 

Woman's knife. — Iron blade and bone handle. Its shape is like that of a saddler's 
knife. Length, 5 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, 
Indian Territory, 1891. 152976 (a). Collected by James Moouey. 

Woman's knife. —Made of copper, with the upper edge doubled to serve as a handle. 
Its shape resembles that of a saddler's knife. Length, 7 inches. Kiowa Indians 
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152976 (b). Col- 
lected by .James Mooney. 

Grainer for tanning skins. — Made of a thin sheet of iron. The upper part is inserted 
in a carved handle. The blade is toothed. Length, 44. inches and 7i inches. 
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152976 (c). Collected by James Mooney. 

Grainer for tanning skins. — Made of an iron rod. The handle is covered with cloth. 
The lower edge is toothed. Length, 144; inches. Kiowa Indians (Kio wan stock), 
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152874 (d). Collected by James 
Mooney. 

Grainer for tanning skins. — Made of a piece of an old gun barrel. The lower end is 
flattened and toothed. Length, 13^ inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), 
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152974 (c). Collected by James 
Mooney 

Hide scraper. — The blade is a strip of steel; the handle is of hard wood, and is cut 
in the shape of a hoe, with a handle at the end, covered with tin tacks. The 
blade is fastened with hide. Length, 12 inches. Wichita Indians (Caddoan 
stock), Wichita Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152971. Collected by 
James Mooney. 
Hide scraper. — The handle is of hard wood, cut in the shape of a hoe. The blade is 
of steel, and is attached to the handle by buckskin straps. Length, 12i inches. 
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock). Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152970 (b). Collected by James Mooney. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 157 

Hide scrapers (3). — Made of flat circular stones, not polished. One is of sandstone, 
and the others are of dark chert. Length, 41, 5£, and 6 inches. Kiowa Indians 
(Kiowau stock) Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152969. Collected 
by James Mooney. 

Grainer, with sharpener. — The grainer is made of an entire bone of the leg of a cow, 
and has a toothed edge. The sbarpener is a piece of rib bone. Length, 15 inches 
Kiowa Indians (Kiowau stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152972. Collected by James Mooney. 

Grainer for tanning skills. — Made of a concave strip of iron. The handle is covered 
with canvas. The lower edge is toothed. Length, 15 inches. Kiowa Indians 
(Kiowau stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152974 (b). Col- 
lected by James Mooney. 

Hide scrapers (3). — The handle is of deer's antler, and is of the shape of a hoe, to 
which a steel blade is fastened by buckskin straps. Leugth, 111 inches. Kiowa 
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152970 (a). 
Collected by James Mooney. 

Hide scraper. — Bone of the rib of a cow, which the tanner uses for strippiug the hair 
from the hides, after moistening them slightly. Length, 15^ inches. Kiowa 
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152975. 
Collected by James Mooney. 

Grainer for tannin;/ shins. — Made of bone from a cow' sleg, split and toothed on the 
lower edge. A piece of wood is inserted in the concave part, and the whole is 
covered with hide. A thin strap is fixed on the end of this covering to fasten 
the implement to the operator's wrist, in order to enable him to work steadily. 
Length, 10 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian 
Territory, 1891. 152973. Colleced by James Mooney. 

Hope for tanning skins. — Made of a rawhide strap, cut in two and twisted. Length, 

3 feet. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 
1891. 152979. Collected by James Mooney. 

Braided rope. — Made of buffalo sinew. Four-ply braid. It is used for tanning skins. 
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation,' Indian Territory, 1891. 
152980. Collected by James Mooney. 

Pick for breaking ice. — Made of whale rib bone, attached to a wooden handle by a 
strip of hide which is wrapped around the handle. Its shape is very much like 
that of a mattock. Length of the handle, 181 inches; leugth of the pick, 141 
inches. Eskimo of Mackenzie River district, British America. 1852. Col- 
lected by B. R. Ross. 

Pick for breaking ice. — Pick made of whale-rib bone, fastened to the end of a wooden 
handle by a hide thong. The pick forms with the handle an arc of about 60°. 
A stroug strap is attached to the center of the bone, extending to the handle, 
and serves as a band to keep the pick in the position described. Lengtli of the 
handle, 311 inches; length of the pick, 18 inches. Chukchis, eastern Siberia, 
1864. 2511. Collected by Commodore Rodgers, U. S. N. 

Pick for breaking ice. — Made of bone, fastened to a wooden handle by a hide strap, 
which extends around the pick and passes through a hole made in the handle. 
Length of the handle, 181 inches; length of the pick, 9| inches. Eskimo of 
Cape Espenberg, Alaska, 1880. 63599. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Adze. — An iron pick attached to a wooden handle by a hide strap, which extends 
above the upper part of the pick and passes through a hole made in the handle. 
Length of the handle, 11 inches; width of the pick, 5| inches. Eskimo of Mac- 
kenzie River, Canada, 1869. 5126. Collected by R. McFarlane. 

Adze. — Handle of stag's horn, bowed at the lower end. A stone pick, inserted at 
right angles in the handle. Length of the handle, 13 inches; length of the pick, 

4 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Alaska, 1*78. 33084. Collected by E. 
W. Nelson. 



158 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Adze. — A stone bead inserted in a ring of stag's horn, which is attached to a wooden 
handle by a hide strap passing through the holes in the head and handle. The 
handle is painted red and bine. Length o*' the handle, 14 inches; length of the 
head, 1+, inches. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska, 1877. 33082. Collected by 
E. W. Nelson. 

Adze. — An iron head inserted in a bone ring, which is fastened to a wooden handle 
by a hide strap passing through holes in the head and handle. Length of the 
handle, 10 inches; width of the head, I inch. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska, 
1883. 89871. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. N. 

Adze. — Head of nephritic stone, inserted in a small ring of stag's horn, which is 
fastened to the curved end of a wooden handle. Length of the handle, 13 
inches; length of the head, 2| inches. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska, 1878. 
33083. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Bark strippers (3). — Made of deer-rih bone, having one of the ends cut in the shape 
of a pickax. This implement is used for removing the bark from the cedars. 
Length, 9|, 10*, and 12 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Char- 
lotte Islands, British Columbia. 88922. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Bark stripper. — Made of deer-rib bone, with one end cut in the shape of a pickax. 
The other end serves as a handle and is wrapped in spruce-pine root. This 
implement is used for removing the bark from the cedars. Length, 9£ inches. 
Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), British Columbia. 88897. Collected by 
James G. Swan. 

Bark stripper. — Made of elk horn. It has both ends sharpened. Length, 17* inches; 
width, If inches. Lummi Indians (Salishan stock), Lummi Reservation, Wash- 
ington, 1875. 130978. Collected by E. C. Chirouse. 

Bark beater. — Made of an oblong piece of wood, one of the ends of which is cut in the 
shape of a beak and the other is rounded to serve as a handle, having a long, 
narrow hole in it, enabling the workman to grasp it more firmly while at work. 
It is used for pounding the bark of the cedars and all kinds of textile materials. 
Length, 14£ inches; width, 3£ inches. Lummi Indians (Salishan stock); Lummi 
Reservation, Washington, 1875. 130979. Collected by E. C. Chirouse. 

Prepared cedar bark. — Insitle bark of the yellow cedar. It is used for making clothes, 
blankets, thread, etc. Sheets of the same bark used for covering the roofs and 
sides of houses. Indians of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, 1888. 129986. 
Collected by James G. Swan. 
Wedge. — Made of elk bone. It is used for splitting wood. With this kind of wedge 
the Indians of the northwest coast can easily split boards of all sizes from any 
sort of tree. Length, Hi inches; width, 3 inches. Clallam Indians (Salishan 
stock), Washington. 20899. Collected by James G. Swan. 
Wedge. — Made of wood. Used in the primitive method of splitting, to make thwarts 
in building boats. Length, 11 inches; width, 3 inches. Otoe Indians (Algonkian 
stock), Nebraska. 22415. Collected by J. W. Griest. 
Wedge. — Mode of fir or yew. The upper part is covered with network of thick cord 
made of cedar root. It is used for splintering. Length, 25 inches; width, 24; 
inches. Maka Indians (Wakashan stock), Neah Bay, Washington, 1884. 74780. 
Collected by James G. Swan. 

Case VI. 

Dance figures. — Representing dancers in dancing dress. These images are prepared 
before the dance, and are afterwards given to the children as playthings. Zuiii 
Indians, New Mexico. 9567, 22935, 22936, 61198, 68069. Collected by James 
Stevenson. 

Dance figures. — Zuni Indians, New Mexico. 22930. Collected by James Stevenson. 

Dance figures.— Zxmi Indians, New Mexico. 54206, 69084, 69096, 22931, 84208. Col- 
lected by James Stevenson. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 159 

Dance figures. -Zufii Indians, New Mexico. 99176-7; 189-190; 69185-6-7-8; 84190 

Collected by James Stevenson. 
Musical instruments.— Consisting of a notched stick and the shoulder blade of a 

deer. The sound is produced by rubbing the notches with the sharp point of 

the bone. A much louder sound is produced by placing the notched stick over 

the mouth of an empty gourd. Moki and Zuiii Indians, Arizona and New 

Mexico. 68851-2-3-5; 84228-9-30; 84227-8-9. Collected by James Stevenson. 
Battles— Made of gourds fixed on the ends of wooden handles ; they have symbolical 

figures paintecl on tbem in very bright colors. They are used in ceremonies. 

Moki and Zufii Indians, Arizona and New Mexico. 68731-40-44-53-54 ; 164-148. 

Collected by James Stevenson. 
Paraphernalia of the fiance.— Apron, belt, wand, and wooden figure. Moki Indians, 

Arizona. 22843-66-905-59; 68865. Collected by James Stevenson. 
Belts (2).— They form part of the dance dress. Made of native cotton. Moki Indians, 

Arizona. 22947-53. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. 
Dance headdresses and figures— The headdresses are those now in use in the dance, 

and the figures represent a dancer in dance dress. ZuQi Indians, New Mexico. 

69114, 41956, 35404, 41958, 23141. Collected by James Stevenson. 
Dance wands (9).— Small wooden boards ornamented with painted symbolical figures 

and with feathers. They are carried in the ceremonies called "dances." Zufii 

Indians, New Mexico. 69171-2-5-8-9; 22923-4; 41931; 16169. Collected by Frank 

Hamilton Cushing. 
Dance wands (12).— They are carried in the ceremonies called. "dances." Small 

wooden boards ornamented with painted symbolical figures and with feathers. 

Zufii Indians, New Mexico. 69110; 41951-57; 19617; 22929. Collected by James 

Stevenson. 

Cases VII and VIII. 

Model of " totem post ."—A slate column with carvfed ornamental figures. Height, 20 
inches; diameter, 3 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Char- 
lotte Islands, British Columbia. 88981. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Model of " totem i>ost."—A. slate column ornamented with carved designs. Height, 16 
inches; diameter, 3| inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Prince of Wales 
Island, Alaska. 23341. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Sculptured bone.— Representing a human figure. Length, 3 inches; width, If inches. 
Tsimshian Indians (Tsimshian stock), Fort Simpson, British Columbia. 9813 (a). 
Collected by Lieut. F. W. Ring, U. S. A. 

Sculptured hone. — Representing two human faces, one above the other. Length, 6 
inches; width, 2 inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska. 
45995. Collected by J. J. McLean. 

Shaman rod.— Made of bone, ornamented with engraved mythological carvings. 
Length, 8£ inches; width, 1 inch. Tsimshian Indians (Tsimshian stock), Fort 
Simpson, British Columbia. 89021. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Sculptured iron/.— Incrusted with shell. Length, 5£ inches; width, 2| inches. 
Tsimshian Indians (Tsimshian stock), Fort Simpson, British Columbia. 9813 (b). 
Collected by Lieut. F. W. Ring, U. S. A. 

Pestle.— Made of bone, ornamented with figures in relief. A braided cord is attached 
to one end. Length, 6| inches; diameter, £ inch. Sitka Indians (Koluschau 
stork), Sitka, Alaska, 1884. 75420. Collected by J. J. McLean. 

The Indians of the Northwest Coast are remarkable for the profusion of their 
carvings; almost all their articles of personal use or belonging to their houses 
are ornamented. 

Sculptured bone.— Length. If inches; width, 1£ inches. Eoonya Indians (Koluschan 
stock), Chichagoff Island, Alaska. 73801. Collected by Lieut. T. Dix Bolles, 
U. S. X. 



160 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Sculptured bone.— Length, 6£ inches; diameter, 1£ inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan 

stock), Sitka, Alaska, 1884. 75459. Collected hy J. J. McLean. 
Sculptured ivory. — Representing a fish. Length, 5| inches; width, 2\ inches. Ton- 
gass Indians (Koluschan stock), Fort Tongass, Alaska. Collected by Lieut. F. 
W. Ring, U. S. A. 

Set of amulets of the Shaman. — Carved in ivory or hone; fastened to a delicate ivory 
handle ornamented with carvings. Average length, 2-J- inches. Tsimshian 
Indians (Tsimshian stock), Fort Simpson, British Columbia. 89021. Collected 
by James G. Swan. 

Needlecase. — Made of the bone of a swan's wing.; without ornaments. The ends of 
the bone are plugged with wooden stoppers, one representing the head of a fish 
and the other the tail, so that the whole has the appearance of a fish. Length, 
6 inches; diameter, | inch. Eskimo, Askinuk, Alaska. 36719. Collected by 
E. W. Nelsou. 

Needlecase. — Made of carved ivory, representing a nude human figure. The tube 
for holding the needles is of the same length as the case. Length, 3| inches. 
Eskimo of Nubviakkhchugaluk, Alaska. 43945. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Made of the bone of a swan's wing. Ornamented with four rings in a 
diagonal line, and a large number of straight lines around the bone. The ends 
are plugged with wooden stoppers, one representing the head of a fish and the 
other the tail, the whole having the appearance of a long fish. Length, 6± 
inches; diameter, | inch. Eskimo of Askinuk, Alaska. 36723. Collected by 
E. W. Nelson^ 

Needlecase. — Made of the bone of the wing of a swan. Ornamented with two sets 
of diagonal lines and three borders of straight lines around the bone. The ends 
are plugged with wooden stoppers. Length, 5£ inches; diameter, -{ A 6 inch. 
Kaialigumut Eskimo, Alaska. 37159. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Made of the bone of the wing of a swan. Ornamented with straight 
lines carved around the bone. The ends are plugged with wooden stoppers, one 
representing the head of a fish and the other the tail, the whole having the 
appearance of a long and slender fish. Length, 6£ inches; diameter, f inch. 
Eskimo of Askinuk, Alaska. 36^27. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Carved in ivory. It has nearly the shape of a spindle. Hollow at the 
top and at the bottom. On each side it has a wing supported by a small piece 
which projects from the surface. Length, 5| inches. Eskimo of Nortou Sound, 
Alaska. 33697. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Carved in ivory, ornamented with four nude figures seated, two facing 
the other two. Length, 4+ inches. Eskimo of King's Island, Alaska. 44137. 
Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Carved in ivory, representing a walrus carrying something in its mouth. 
Ornamented with dots, rings, and lines, forming a beautiful design. This needle- 
case is not like those usually carried by the Eskimos, as it only opens at one 
end. Length, 4i inches. Eskimo of Togiak River, Alaska. 127443. Collected 
by I. Applegate. 

Needlecase. — Carved in ivory, representing a whale. Ornamented with dots, rings, 
and lines. It opens only at one end, and has a hole in the center, plugged with 
a stopper of soft wood. Length 5 inches. Eskimo of Bristol Bay, Alaska. 
7913. Collected by Dr. T. T. Minor. 

Needlecase. — Carved in ivory. One end is ornamented with a seal's head, and the 
other with a walrus head. The opening of the case runs from the top down, and 
has one end plugged with wood. Length, 5J inches. Eskimo of the Lower 
Yukon, Alaska. 38443. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Made of the bone of the wing of a swan. Ornamented with small dots 
and rings. Both ends are plugged with wooden stoppers. It is a fine specimen. 
Length, 5 inches ; diameter, f inch. Eskimo of Lower Kuskokwim River, Alaska. 
36762. Collected by E. W. Nelsou. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 161 

Xeedlecase. — Made of the bone of the wing of a swan. The center is ornamented 
with transverse lines forming a right angle ; the ends with diagonal lines. Both 
ends are plugged with wooden stoppers, one representing the head of a fish and 
the other the tail, giving the whole the appearance of a long fish. Length, 6 
inches; diameter, f inch. Eskimo of Askinuk, Alaska. 36764. Collected by 
E. W. Nelson. 

Drill bow. — Made of walrus ivory, ornamented with three parallel lines. At the sides, 
at intervals of about 1 inch, it has nine clefts, joined by curved lines. At the 
bottom it has ornaments of rings and dots. Length, 18 inchesj width, 1 inch. 
Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 89423. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Bag handle. — Made of ivory, slightly convex, and ornamented with carvings. Those 
on the back represent houses, trees, and animals; those of the sides a scene from 
the whale fishery. Length, 12i inches; $ inch square. Chilcat Indians, Alaska. 
67904. Collected by J. J. McLean. 

Pail handle. — Made of ivory. The shape is semicircular. It has nine seal heads 
carved in relief on the outer face. The edges have carved ornaments. Three 
trees are carved on the inner face. Length, 9 inches; width, 1| inches. Eskimo 
of the Lower Yukon, Alaska. 136375. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Pail handle. — Made of ivory, slightly curved in the center. It has a bear carved on 
either end. Length, 8| inches; width, If inches. Eskimo of Diomede Island, 
Alaska. 63884. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Ilox handle. — Made of ivory, slightly convex, and ornamented with etchings represent- 
ing apparently skins of animals. The sides are incrusted with blue beads. 
Length, 15f inches ; width, 1 inch. Eskimo of Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. 48529. 
Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Pail handle. — Made of ivory. It has two fishes carved on the center. At each end 
of the handle are three fishes, two curved in relief, and one forming a pendant. 
Length, 10^ inch; diameter, § inches. Eskimo of Sledge Island, Alaska. 
44690. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Box handle. — Made of ivory, ornamented with various carved drawings. Beginning 
at the left, a hunter is seen in the act of firing at the game ; then come ten reindeer; 
and lastly, on the right is represented a whale with its captor. Length, 15 
inches; width, 1 inch. Eskimo of Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. 48831. Collected 
by E. W.Nelson. 

Pail handle. — Made of ivory. It has six sections of a design carved on it, giving it 
the appearance of seven fish tails joined in a single line. Length, 6^ inches; 
width, 1£ inches. Eskimo of Cape Darby, Alaska. 48137. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson. 

Accessories of an aboriginal game. — Made of short sticks of spruce, and engraved 
with totemic devices. Any number of persons may take part in this game. 
The dealer sits on the ground, having before him a pile of frayed cedar bark, in 
which the sticks are shuffled, and with great solemnity draws out the pieces 
one by one without looking at them, and passes them to each of the players 
seated in front of him. Each stick has a different value, and the highest, or the 
lowest, or the defined, or the specified number gains the stake. T'lingit Indians, 
Sitka, Alaska. 6556. Collected by Dr. J. J. Minor, U. S. A. 

Small sticks for a game-Ma.de of wood, 29 in number, placed in a deerskin bag. Most 
of the sticks have a dinstinctive mark. Length, 5 inches; width, £ inch. 
T'lingit Indians (Koluschau stcok), Sitka, Alaska. 9039. Collected by Captain 
Henriques. 

Explanation of the game. — Each player, in his turn, selects a number of sticks 
from the bag, and places them under a pile or piles of frayed bark. II is adver- 
sary must guess whether the number of hidden sticks is even oi odd, or whether 
they are in one or the other pile. If the player guesses right, or not, he wins, or 

H. Ex. 100 11 



162 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 






loses, one or more sticks. The game continues until one of the players has lost 
all his sticks, and he then loses the whole amount staked on the game. The 
T'lingits are inveterate gamhlers. 

Whipping-tup and whip. — The top is of wood, and the point is of hone. Length, 
2% inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 
1891. 152905. 

Dart ( Tuato-gyabo). — Made of a rib bone. One is pointed, aud there are two feathers 
on the other. Length, 16 inches. Kiowa Indians ( Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reser- 
vation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152906. Collected by James Mooney. 

This dart is used iu athletic exercises. It is thrown with great force over the 
ice, aud the player whose dart goes farthest wins the stake. This is the favorite 
game of the young men. 

Sling. — Made of deer hide painted with red clay. Used by the children. Length, 
30inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 
1891. 152922. Collected by James Mooney. 

Gaming arrows (6). — The arrow is of a single piece of wood. The head is carved and 
painted. It is thrown with the hand, like a javelin; the player who throws it 
farthest wins. It is a man's game. Length, 29 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan 
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152913. Collected by James 
Mooney. 

Game (Tangokya). — It is composed of 8 small sticks, marked differently. They are 
thrown like dice. The sticks are called horses or mares. The count of the game 
is kept with markers. This game is played only by men. It is the favorite name 
of the horse racers. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian 
Territory, 1891. 152909. Collected by James Mooney. 

Shinny stick and hall. — The staff is curved at one end. The ball is of hide stuffed with 
hair. This is a woman's game. Length, 3 feet. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), 
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152903 (a). Collected by James 
Mooney. 

Shinny. — Ornamented with drawings of animals. It is a game for women only. 
Length, 3 feet. Cheyenne Indians (Algonkiau stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe 
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152903 (c). Collected by James Mooney. 

Football. — Made of oxhide stuffed with hair. Diameter, 3* inches. Kiowa Indians 
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 189L 152904. Collected 
by James Mooney. 

The game of football is played by the women and girls. They do not drive 
the ball with the foot like the whites. The game consists in supporting the 
ball as long as possible on the toes of one foot while they dance around on the 
other. 

Shinny and ball. — The shinny is curved at one end. The ball is of hide and is stuffed 
with hair. This game is for women. Length, 3 feet. Kiowa Indians (Kiowa 
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152903 (b). Collected by 
James Mooney. 

" Mescal " purse, of buckskin, embroidered with beads. — Made in imitation of the narcotic 
root wafer of a cactus, which is eaten in the "mescal ceremony." Those who eat 
the "mescal" carry the purse hanging from a necklace, and it coutains a small 
quantity of consecrated "mescal." Diameter, li inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan 
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152883. Collected by James 
Mooney. 

Mescal is the root of the Cereus, of the cactus family. When chewed it has the 
properties of a narcotic. 

Amulet. — A closed bag, made of hide embroidered with beads. Length, 2 inches. 
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152932. Collected by James Mooney. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 163 

Enchanted bow. — Made of rib bone. It is used when it is desired to shoot an arrow 
at the malignant spirit who, from the clouds, has been the cause of the failure 
of the buffalo hunt. Length, 15 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa 
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152989. Collected by James Mooney. 

Enchanted bag of the sun dance (model). — Made of hide. It is of the shape of a saddle, 
and contains the " Great Talisman " of the Kiowas. No white has succeeded in see- 
ing the talisman, but it is known to be composed of the 300 (more or less) scalp 
trophies of the tribe. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservatiou, 
Indian Territory, 1891. 152927. Collected by James Mooney. 

Enchanted tortoise shell. — Shell of a land tortoise, polished by use. This shell is used 
in the act of parturition, as an amulet, and the family receives it with great cere- 
mony. Length, 4| inches. Cheyenne Indians (Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and 
Arapahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152<sil. Collected by James 
Mooney. 

Medicinal root. — Used in decoction, in the case of stomach ache. Kiowa Indians 
(Kiowau stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 153001. Collected 
by James Mooney. 

Amulet (life charm). — A small diamond-shaped bag, embroidered with beads, and hav- 
ing a fringe of deer hide; it is worn by young girls, and it contains the umbili- 
cal cord of the person who wears it. Length, 2i inches. Kiowa Indians (Kio- 
wan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory. 152882 (a.) Collected by 
James Mooney. 

Enchanted bag. — Made of the skin of the legs of a tortoise. Cheyenne Indians 
(Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152810. Collected by James Mooney. 

Obtained by Rev. H. R. Voth from an old Cheyenne doctress. It is used as 
an amulet at births. 

Amulet stone. — Oval stone, incrusted in a piece of hide embroidered with beads, with 
Two straps, ornamented with beads, to support it. Diameter, If inches. Kiowa 
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152884. 
Collected by James Mooney. 

This amulet comes from Chihuahua (Mexico), which presented it from motives 
of gratitude. The Kiowas believe that this stone possesses life and the power 
of motion. 

Shield and saddle. — Made of dark deer hide, embroidered with beads. Kiowa Indians 
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152928. Collected 
by James Mooney. 

Doll dressed in deer hide. — Bead ornaments. The belt is ornamented with buttons of 
German silver. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian 
Territory, 1891. 152920. Collected by James Mooney. 

Doll dressed in buckskin. — It has a buckler on its arm. A child's plaything. Kiowa 
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152918. 
Collected by James Mooney. 

Small spoons. — Wooden toy. The children carry these spoons in their belts as a 
plaything. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory. 
1891. 152923. Collected by James Mooney. 

Quiver. — Toy made of squirrel skin. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reser- 
vation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152921. Collected by James Mooney. 

Hag doll. — It carries a quiver and shield, and is seated on a saddle. Kiowa Indians 
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, 1891. 152921. Collected by James Mooney. 

Doll dressed in red flannel.— It represents a woman seated on a saddle, carrying a 
child on her back. Kiowa Indians ( Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian 
Territory, 1891. 152916. Collected by James Mooney. 

Toilette bags. — Playthings made of bide. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa 
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152930. Collected by James Mooney. 



164 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Saddles. — Toys, made of buckskin. Length, 8 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan 
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152929. Collected by James 
Mooney. 

Little moccasins. — Plaything, made of buckskin, embroidered with beads. Length, 
3 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 
1891. 152926. Collected by James Mooney. 

Bow. — Toy, ornamented with bead embroidery. Length, 13 inches. Kiowa Indians 
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152914. Collected 
by James Mooney. 

Gun and case, toy. — Wooden gun, deerskin case, embroidered with beads. Kiowa 
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152931. 
Collected by James Mooney. 

Ivory doll. — Representing a woman dressed in deerskin, ornamented with various 
skins. Length, 4 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Alaska. 129237. 
Collected by L. M. Turner. 

Ivory doll. — A short string of beads hangs from its nose, which is pierced by a feather. 
From its ear haugs another string of beads, which passes underneath its chin. 
The sack is of duck skin, and the pantaloons of deerskin. Length, 13| inches. 
Eskimo of Tuniakput, Alaska. 127292. Collected by I. Applegate. 

Doll. — It wears a blouse of deerskin, festooned with another skin, a hood embroid- 
ered with beads, and earrings of bells. Around its face it has a ribbon of skin, 
which serves to tie it. Length, 3f inches. Eskimo, Alaska. 37889. Collected 
by E. W. Nelson. 

Doll. — Dressed in a blouse of different skins, with hide shoes. A wide fringe of skin 
hangs from the hood, to protect the face. Length, 7 inches. Eskimo, Norton 
Sound, Alaska. 37634. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Ivory doll. — Representing an Eskimo mother dressed in a long blouse; she is carry- 
ing her child in a large case. It has eight marks painted on its chin. Length, 
3f inches. Eskimo, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. 48584. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson. 

Ivory doll. — Dressed in skins. The blanket on which it is stretched is of duck skin 
trimmed with skins. Length, 3 inches. Eskimo, Togiak River, Alaska. 127312. 
Collected by I. Applegate. 

Wooden doll. — With ivory eyes, mouth, and ears. The rings which it wears in its 
nose and ears are of beads. The dress is of various kinds of skins. Length, 
12+ inches. Eskimo, Togiak River, Alaska. 127297. Collected by I. Applegate. 

Diadem front. — Made of wood, carved and painted, imitatiug the head of a bird, sur- 
rounded by little human heads. It is used in the dances in ceremonies. Length, 
7 inches; width, 6 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte 
Islands, British Columbia, 1883. 89159. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Diadem front. — Rectangular piece of wood, from which a bear's head rises in relief. 
The outlines are black and red. It is used in ceremonial dances. Length, 7 
inches; width, 5f inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan stock). Sitka, Alaska, 1882. 
56486. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Diadem front. — Rectangular piece of wood, from which a bear projects in relief. The 
body of the bear is painted red; the outlines of the bear's head are black and 
red. The whole is edged with red flannel cut in scallops. It is used in cere- 
monial dances. Length, 6f inches; width, 6 inches. Haida Indians (Skitta- 
getan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, 1883. 89051. Collected 
by James G. Swan. 

The different tribes of the northwest coast believe that they are descended 
from a bird or other animal, and carve the image of their supposed progenitor 
on many of the articles of their personal property. The owner of the diadem 
described believed that he came from the bear family. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 165 

Diadem front. — Flat piece of wood, carved and painted, representing a human figure. 
It is nsed in the ceremonial dances. Length, 6^ inches; width, 5£ inches. 
Indians of the northwest coast of North America. 688. Collected by George 
Gibbs. 

Diadem front, — Rectangular piece of wood, from which the heads of a bear and a 
bird rise in relief. Painted bine, and the outlines black and red. Length, 5J 
inches; width, 3f inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska. 
20755. Collected by James G. Swan. 

i U remonial mask. — It is of the shape of a narrow face, and is of wood, painted white, 
with black and red outlines. A pointed projection rises from the forehead and 
descends to the eyes. It has two pairs of eyes; the upper pair is slightly open, 
and contains holes; the lower eyes have large lids, which descend to the line of 
the nostrils. The mask has a piece of curved wood on one side and a black 
feather on the other. Length, Hi inches ; width, 5J inches. Eskimo of Askinuk, 
Alaska. 48700. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Dancing mask. — Of soft wood; it has a human face in the center, and above it a 
deep concavity painted red, and ornamented on each side with wooden pegs. 
On the upper part of the face there is a thin rectangular piece of wood. It has 
large hands sculptured at the top and bottom. The lower hand has a walrus 
painted on it. The rest of the face is painted white, and the borders black. 
There is a little hood on the upper part of the forehead. Length, 26 inches; 
width, 10 inches. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. 33113. Collected by E. 
W. Nelson. 

It is used in dances to the sound of the drum and of songs relating to a hunt- 
ing or fishing party, or, more usually, to a mystic legend. 

Ceremonial mask. — Of wood, of an oval shape. A kind of ridge extends the whole 
length of the mask, aud on either side displays a concavity, painted red and 
ornamented with wooden pegs. Near the lower edge and extending from right 
to left it has a cleft of a semicircular shape. There are two holes on either 
side of the mask. The bottom is painted white, and the edges black and blue. 
A black feather rises from each side and from the top. Length, 11 inches; width, 
71 inches. Eskimo, Askinuk, Alaska. 48701. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 
It is used at funerals. 

Finger mask. — A thin, circular piece of wood, and represents a deformed face. 
Under the face are two holes to put the fingers in. The mask is festooned with 
long hair from the reindeer's tail. It is used by placing it before the face in the 
ceremonial dances. Diameter, exclusive of the fringe, 3^ inches. Eskimo of the 
Lower Kuskoquim River, Alaska. 37896. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Dancing mask. — Of wood, and has the form of the face of a white man, with black 
lines on the upper part of the eyes and above the nose. The ears are of separate 
pieces of wood painted red, and a hide strap hangs from each. A wooden plug 
is mortised to each side of the chin. The eyes, the nostrils, and the spaces 
between the teeth are entirely perforated. A feather issues from the forehead 
and from the side of the left eye. A cord of spruce pine root serves to fasten 
the mask on the head of the person who wears it. Length, 12 inches; width, 10 
inches. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. 33133. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 
It is used in dances to the sound of the drum and songs relating to a hunting 
or fishing party, or. more usually, to mystic legends. 

Finger mask. — A thin, circular piece of wood, and represents a deformed face. Under 
thr face are two holes for the fingers. The mask is festooned with long hail 
from a reindeer's tail. It is used by placing it in front of the face in the 
ceremonial dances. Diameter, exclusive of the fringe, 3 inches. Eskimo of the 
Lower Kuskoquim, Alaska. 37653. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 



166 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Ceremonial mask. — Of wood, painted blue, with black lines on the edges; the eyes 
slightly opened, the nose and lips very large. Length, 94, inches; width, 7i 
inches. Bellacoola Indians (Salishan stock), British Columbia. 20580. Col- 
lected by James G. Swan. 

Ceremonial mask. — Of wood, painted blue, with red and black lines on the edges. 
There are painted designs on the cheeks, and a worked garniture on the lower 
lip. Length, 8 inches; width, 5£ inches. Alaska Indians. 67953. Collected 
by J. J. McLean. 

Ceremonial mask. — It is of wood, and has lines painted red and black, and blue draw- 
ings on the forehead and cheeks. It is used in dances. Length, 9 inches; width 
8£ inches. Alaska Indians. 67952. Collected by J. J. McLean. 

Ceremonial mask. — It is of wood, and has the eyes and eyebrows painted black. A 

metal ring hangs from the nose. It is used in dances. Length, 6f inches; 

width, 64; inches. Sitka Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska. 9937. Collected 

by Captain Henriques. 

Case IX. 

Feathers for the head (1)— Various garnished feathers, fastened to the end of a stick 
by ties of ribbons. Length, 12i inches. T'liugit Indians (Koluschan stock), 
Alaska. 46497. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Feathers for the head (2). — Various woodpeckers' feathers fastened to the ends of two 
short sticks. Length, 18| inches and 12| inches. Indians of the northwest 
coast of North America. 2491-2. Collected by Lieut. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. 

Ornament for the head. — Crown of woodpeckers' feathers and deer hide. Diameter, 9 
inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa Valley Reservation, California. 
21331. Collected by Stephen Powers. 

Ornament for the head. — Crown of sea-otter skin ornamented with beads, feathers, 
and small pieces of red cloth. It has a string to fasten it to the head. Used in 
the dances. Diameter, 8i inches. Uka Indians (Yukian stock), Reudon Valley 
Reservation, California. 21410. Collected by Stephen Powers. 

Dance whistle. — Carved in the shape of a fish. It consists of two pieces of wood 
carved on tlie outside and united by spruce-pine root. Length, 14 inches; 
width, 3^ inches. Skedan Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, 
British Columbia. 89139. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Dance whistle. — Composed of two pieces of wood, carved, and joined together by 
a packthread cord. Length, 4* inches; width, 3 inches. Haida Indians (Skit- 
tagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 89068. Collected 
by James G. Swan. 

Dance whistle. — It consists of two pieces of wood, carved on the outside, and united 
by three ligatures, one of hide, one of spruce-pine root, and the third of pack- 
thread. The mouthpiece is cemented with rosin. Length, 19f inches; diameter, 
3 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British 
Columbia. 89071. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Dance whistle. — It consists of two pieces of wood, carved on the outside, dovetailed, 
and cemented with rosin. There are engravings on it, representing a face and 
arms. Length, 74 inches; width, 5 inches. Skittagetan Indians, Queen Char- 
lotte Islands, British Columbia. 89158. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Dance whistle. — Two whistles united by spruce-pine root, forming a double whistle. 
Each consists of two pieces of wood, carved on the outside, joined together witli 
spruce-pine root, and cemented with rosin. Length, 9 inches; width, 3 inches. 
Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 
89070. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Ceremonial rattle. — Made of wood, ornamented with various painted engravings and 
drawings, both mythological. The handle is covered with ribbon. This pattern 
of rattle is very common among the Indians of the northwest coast. Length, 
12£ inches; width, 34 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queeu Char- 
lotte Islands, British Columbia. 98086. Collected by James G. Swan. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 167 

Ceremonial rattle. — Made of wood, ornamented with a painted drawing representing 
a human face. Length, 9 inches. Massett Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen 
Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 88717. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Dance rattle. — Made of wood, ornamented on each side with a drawing of a human 
face and other painted and engraved drawings. Length, 10i inches; width, 4i 
inches. Alaska. 74335. Collected by J. J. McLean. 

Dance rattle. — Made of wood, engraved, and with a painted drawing representing 
a woodpecker. Length, 10 inches; width, 3 inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetan 
stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 88797. Collected by James 
G. Swan. 

Rattle. — Gourd, with drawings painted white and black and the bottom painted 
green, with a wooden handle passing through it. It is used in dances. Diam- 
eter, 6 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona. 
84145. Collected by Victor Mindeleff. 

Rattle. — Made of a gourd, with painted designs, and pierced by a handle with a loop 
at the end. It is used in the dances. Diameter, 5 inches. Moki Indians (Sho- 
shonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona, 1886 128740. Collected by Mrs. 
M. E. Stevenson. 

Rattle. — Made of wood, carved and painted, representing a two-headed eagle, an imi- 
tation of that on the Russian dag. Length, 10 inches; width, 4 inches. T'lingit 
Indians (Koluschan stock), Sitka, Alaska. 20763. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Leg gin rattles. — Made of blue flannel, ornamented with three strips of red flannel, and 
with strings of white beads sewed around them. Along the whole length of the 
leggins are sewed three rows of bird beaks, which, by knocking against each 
other, produce various sounds, in accordance with the movement of the leg. 
The chiefs alone use this rattle in the dances of great ceremony. Haida Indians 
(Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 89088. Col- 
lected by James G. Swan. 

Rattle. — Composed of many bird beaks fastened around two wooden hoops covered 
with spruce-pine root. A stick tied to each of the two sides serves as a handle. 
Diameter, 6f inches. Hadia Indians (Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte 
Islands, British Columbia. 89088. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Rattle. — Gourd painted bright green, yellow, and black, with a wooden handle run- 
ning through it, with two feathers tied to one end. It is used in the dances. 
Diameter, J inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), Moki Reservation, Ari- 
zona. 68742. Collected by Col. James Stevenson. 

Rattle. — Rough gourd, painted green. It has for a handle a stick which passes through 
it, but without coming out at the opposite side. Length, 7 inches; width, 3£ 
inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona. 84149. 
Collected by Victor Mindeleff. 

Head of a crook. — Gourd painted black, with red lines; a short stick passes through 
it. This handle serves as the head of a long staff which is used in the ceremo- 
nial dances. Length, 19 inches ; diameter of the gourd, 4A- inches. Moki Indians 
(Shoshonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona. 22964. Collected by O. D. 
Wheeler. 

Rattle. — Gourd ornamented with designs tainted black on a background of bright 
green. A stick which passes through and through it serves as a handle. It is 
used in the dances. Diameter, 3j- inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), 
Moki Reservation, Arizona. 68716. Collected by Mrs. M. E.Stevenson. 

Dance whistle. — Made of the bone of an eagle's wing, with buckskin strips and 
feather pendants. Length, 6f inches. Arapahoe Indians (Algonkian stock), 
Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Oklahoma, 1890. 153057. Collected by 
Eniilio Granier. 

Medicine man' 8 enchanted rod. — Wooden staff covered with red cloth and feathers; 
head of catlinite, with a tassel made of horsehair dye J green. Length, 25 inches. 
Arapahoe Indians (Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Okla- 
homa, 1890. 153064. Collected by Emilio Granier. 



168 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Medicine man's enchanted rod. — Wooden staff paiuted red and ornamented with 
beaded fringes; bead of catlinite, ornamented with an incrusted German-silver 
cross. Plumes of feathers on the ends. Length, 27 inches. Arapahoe Indians 
(Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Oklahoma, 1890. 
153063. Collected by Emilio Granier. 

Wliislle and necklace for dancing. — The whistle is made of the bone of an eagle's 
wing, wrapped in pieces of quill and pearls. Necklace of buckskin painted 
dark and ornamented with quill work. Length of the whistle, 7j inches. Arap- 
ahoe Indians (Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Oklahoma, 

1890. 153056. Collected by Emilio Granier. 

Flute. — Made of two pieces of cedar, joined by fastenings of buckskjn cord. The 
key is stuck on with balsamic pine rosin. The six holes for the fingers are made 
by burning. It is called "the love flute," because it is used in serenades., 
Length, 21 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian 
Territory, 1891. 152899. Collected by James Mooney. 

Whistles. — Made of the bone of eagles' wings. They have pendants of feathers. The 
largest of the whistles is about one hundred years old. It is used in the sun 
dance and in giving orders for the movements of the warriors in battles. Length, 
li and 10 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian 
Territory, 1891. 152938. Collected by James Mooney. 

Deer call. — It is made of a kind of tin tube fixed between two pieces of perforated 
wood. It is sounded by blowing. It imitates pretty well the bleating of the 
deer. Length, 7 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, 
Indian Territory, 1891. 152939. Collected by James Mooney. 

Enchanted rattle. — It has the handle covered with hawk skin, ornamented with ten 
tin bells. The head is made of the scrotum of a young buffalo, and has birds 
and cabalistic signs painted on it. Length, 2 feet. Cheyenne Indians (Algon- 
kian stock), Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152807. Obtained from Rev. H. R. Voth by James Mooney. 

Ornament for the head. — Bunch of feathers, with a large eagle's feather in the center. 
Used by the medicine men, on which account the name of " Dr. Buffalo " is given 
to it. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 

1891. 152861. Collected by James Mooney. 

Battle. — Wooden handle wrapped in buckskin, ornamented with a horsehair plume 
and a tin bell. The head is made of the scrotum of a buffalo, with figures in 
relief. It is used in the dance called that of the "Warrior Dog." Length, 8| 
inches. Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians (Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and Arap- 
ahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152808. 

Tablets •of birch bark, or descriptive writing. — This instructive series of writings on 
birch bark was obtained from the Ojibway Indians and collected by Dr. W. J. 
Hoft'man, whose account will be found in the seventh annual report of the 
Bureau of Ethnology. 

In the upper part of the glass case, on the left, are the ballads or mnemonic 
songs used by the Shamans in the cermonies of the Great Medicine Society. The 
glass case on the left contains a tablet of birch bark relating to the traditious 
of the tribe. The next case contains tablets of battles and hunts. The last 
case contains tablets of songs for cures and for hunts, which are carefully 
marked, in order that they may serve as a guide to the singer. 

Fastener for ivorkbag. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with four rows of 
engraved parallel lines. A small hole made in the ivory serves for the passage 
of the lace or cord with which the bag is closed. Length, 6J inches; width, i 
inch. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. 48778. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fastener for ivorkbag. — Made of a strip of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with five 
rows of engraved parallel lines. A small projection is carved in the center, in 
which is a hole serving to pass the cord with which the bag is closed. Length, 
7-£ inches; diameter, f inch. Eskimo of Nulokhtologumut, Alaska. 38218. Col- 
lected by E. W. Nelson. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 169 

Fastener for workbag. — Made of a cylindrical piece of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented 
with twelve rows of engraved parallel lines. It has in the center a small i>ro- 
jection, in which is a hole serving as a passage for the cord with which the bag 
is closed. Length, 7^ inches; diameter, | inch. Eskimo of Big Lake, Alaska. 
36637. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fastener for workbag . — Made of a cylindrical piece of walrus-tusk ivory. Slightly 
curved and ornamented with eight rows of engraved parallel lines mingled with 
points and crosses. There is a hole in the ivory, serving as a passage for the 
cord with which the bag is closed. Length, 6+ inches; diameter, 1 inch. Eskimo 
of Sabotnisky, Alaska. 48966. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fastener for workbag. — Made of a cylindrical piece of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented 
with eleven rows of engraved parallel lines mingled with dots and circles. 
Length, && inches ; width, f inch. Eskimo of Paimut, Alaska. 38011. Collected 
by E. W. Nelson. 

Fastener for workbag. — Made of a triangular piece of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented 
with figures representing diamonds and a set of wooden plugs incrusted in the 
ivory and surrounded by circles. It has a cleft serving as a passage for the 
cord with which the bag is closed. Length, 5A inches; width, % inch. Eskimo 
of Paimut, Alaska. 37188. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fastener for workbag. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with engraved trans- 
verse lines, forming various figures. An eagle's head is carved on one of the 
ends. A small hole made in the ivory serves as a passage for the cord with 
which the bag is closed. Length, 5i inches; width, | inch. Eskimo of Ano- 
gogumut, Alaska. 37431. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fastener for workbag. — Made of a 'flat and thin piece of walrus-tusk ivory, orna- 
mented in the center with an engraved drawing representing a human face, and 
on each side an engraved seal. A series of lines crossing each other are engraved 
on the upper edge. A small hole made in the ivory serves as a passage for the 
cord with which the bag is closed. Length, £ inch ; width, 1 inch. Eskimo of 
Chalitmut, Alaska. 37319. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fastener for workbag. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. Carved to represent a salmon. 
A small hole made in the button hook serves as a passage for the cord with 
which the bag is closed. Length, 4f inches ; width, 1 inch. Eskimo of Nunivak 
Island, Alaska. 43694. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fastener for workbag. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory and carved in the shape of a 
beaver. Ornamented with engraved circles, lines, and points. Five small 
pieces of lead are cemented to the ivory at intervals of about an inch. A small 
hole made in the lower part of the fastener serves as a passage for the cord 
with which the bag is closed. Length, 7 inches; width, £ inch. Eskimo of 
Sabotnisky, Alaska. 48861. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fastener for workbag. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory, carved in the form of a seal. 
Ornamented with borders, engraved around the neck and tail. Various draw- 
ings adorn the body. A small hole made in the ivory serves as a passage for 
the cord with which the bag is closed. Length, 4i inches; diameter f inch. 
Eskimo of Nulukhtologomut, Alaska. 38241. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fastener for workbag. — Carved in walrus-tusk ivory, in the form of a seal. Orna- 
mented with engraved circles, points, and lines. A small hole made in the ; vory 
serves as a passage for the cord with which the bag is closed. Length, 6 inches; 
width, £ inch. Eskimo of Sabotnisky, Alaska. 48860. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson. 

Fastener for workbag. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory, carved in the shape of a lamprey 
A small hole made in the ivory serves as a passage for the cord with which 1 he 
bag is closed. Length, 6| inches; width, £ inch. Eskimo of Norton Sound, 
Alaska. 24502. Collected by Lucien M. Turner. 



170 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Denticulated rattle (2). — It consists of two pieces; one long, toothed stick and, 
another small, smooth stick. It is used in the ceremonial dances. One end of 
the denticulated rod is held in the left hand; a gourd, or any other sounding 
object, is fixed on the other end. The long rod is rubbed from the top to the 
bottom, and from the bottom to the top, with the other rod held in the right 
hand. Length of the denticulated rod, 26 inches; length of the short rod, 12 
inches. Shoshone Indians (Shoshonean stock), Wind River Reservation) 
Wyoming, 1876. 22026-7. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. 

Flute. — It consists of two strips of wood, guttered and joined together by a buck- 
skin cord, and cemented with rosin. It has six holes for tbe fingers, made by 
burning. The key is of reed. Length, 21 inches; diameter, If inches. Sho- 
shone (Shoshonean stock)., Wind River Reservation. 153065. Collected by 
Emilio Granier. 

Whistle. — Made of the bone of an eagle's wing. Ornamented with a wrapping of 
dyed quills. Length, 8 inches. Sioux Indians. 153923. Collected by Mrs. M. 
M. Hazen. 

Whistle. — Made of the bone of an eagle's wing, with a strap of sea-otter skin tied 
to the neck of the whistle. Length, 10 inches. Sioux Indians. 153926. Col- 
lected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Whistle. — Made of the bone of an eagle's wing. Ornamented with a wrapping of 
dyed quills. A buckskin strap, with white quills. Length, 7f inches. Sioux 
Indians. 153924. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Battle. — Made of two pieces of hide, cemented together, forming a ball. The handle 
is strengthened by a wooden tube. A feather is cemented to the upper part of 
the whistle. Length, 8 inches; diameter, 3| inches. Sioux Indians. 153920. 
Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Battle. — A rod covered with buckskin, from which hang many deer hoofs, forming 
the timbrel. It has a feather on one side and a wide buckskin loop on the other. 
Length, 19 inches. Sioux Indians. 153927. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazeu. 

Whistle (broken). — Made of the bone of an eagle's wing. A buckskin strap, orna- 
mented with white and blue quills. Length, 6| inches. Sioux Indians. 153925. 
Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Flageolet. — Made of reed, covered with quills, painted. It has four holes for the 
fingers. A tongue placed in an oblong case produces the sound. Length, llf 
inches; diameter, f inch. Sioux Indiaus. 153922. Collected by Mrs. M. M. 
Hazen. 

Small drum. — Made of deerskin drawn over an irregular hoop and fastened with 
wooden pegs which project from the whole hoop at intervals of about an inch. 
Diameter, 7 inches. Sioux Indians. 153921. Collected by Mrs. M. M. Hazen. 

Drumstick. — Made of a straight, stick of wood. The knob is of buckskin, stuffed 
with hair. The stick and knob are painted red. The little children use it. 
Length of the stick, 14f inches; diameter of the knob, about 11 inches. Moki 
Indians (Shoshonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona. 22553. Collected by 
Maj. J. W. Powell. 

Drumstick. — The knob is of hair, covered with cloth. The men use it. Length, 22 
inches; diameter of the knob, 4-£ inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock),. 
Moki Reservation, Arizona. 22553. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. 

Drumstick (Tatchi) .—The two painted with dark colors. The knob is of buckskin, 
stuffed with hair. Used by the children. Length of the stick, 13 inches; 
diameter of the knob, about 21 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), Moki 
Reservation, Arizona. 128630. Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson. 

Drumstick. — Painted with dark colors. A cloth knob, stuffed with hair, is fastened 
to one end of the stick. Length, 15 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), 
Moki Reservation, Arizona. 68919. Collected by Col. James Stevenson. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 171 

Drumstick. — Painted red. A buckskin knob, stuffed with hair and painted red and 
black, is tied to one end of the stick. Length, 141 inches. Moki Indians (Sho- 
shouean stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona. 68923. Collected by Col. James 
Stevenson. 

Drumstick. — Ornamented and painted. A knob, made of buckskin stuffed with hair, 
is tied to the end of the stick. Length, 121 inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean 
stock), Moki Reservation, Arizona. 68922. Collected by Col. James Stevenson. 

Drumstick. — A knob covered with buckskin is tied to the end of the stick. Length, 
18 inches. Moki Indians (Shosbonean stock), Moki Reservation, Arize na, 1883. 
68918. Collected by Col. James Stevenson. 

Case X. 

Hat. — Made of spruce-pine root, finely woven, and ornamented with shells, beads, 
and painted drawings. Diameter, 15^ inches. Aleuts, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. 
11378. Collected by Vincent Colyer. 
The resemblance of tbese hats to those of the Chinese is remarkable. 

Hunter's hat. — Made of spruce-pine roots, finely woven with cord. Painted blue, with 
red and blue drawings on the crown. Ornamented with sbells, beads, and two 
plumes of walrus hair. Diameter, 16 inches. Eskimo of Kadiak Island, Alaska. 
74720. Collected by William J. Fischer. 

Head ornament for men. — Fine, dark network, ornamented with small pieces of haliotis 
shell. Indians of Pitt River (Palaihnibau stock), Round Valley department, 
California. 21378. Collected by Stepben Powers. 

Head ornament. — Made of many small pieces of quill, painted red, and placed per- 
pendicularly. At equal intervals there are pieces of quill with a portion of the 
feather on. The straps to fasten it to the head are of buckskin. Length of 
the quill, 21 inches. Indians of McCloud River (Copehan stock), California, 
1875. 19276. Collected by Livingston Stone. 

Head ornament for men. — Fine, dark network, ornamented on one side with feathers 
of very bright colors. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa Valley Reserva- 
tion, California, 1874. 21333. Collected by Stephen Powers. 

Curl. — Madeof hairs from the tail of ahorse. Ornament for men. Length, 21 inches. 
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152872. Collected by James Mooney. 

Shirt ornaments. — Small perfumed bag of yellow cloth, with pendants of lynx and 
deer tails sewed to an embroidery of beads. It is worn on the shoulders, breasts, 
or backs of men's and children's shirts. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa 
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152874. Collected by James Mooney. 

Pin for arranging the hair. — Of wood, with a head in imitation of the "mescal" cac- 
tus, which the Kiowas eat, and is used to make the part in the hair. Length, 
8 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 
1891. 152937. Collected by James Mooney. 

Magic ornament for the head. — Made of strings of beads attached to a button of Ger- 
man silver. "When worn on the head it serves as an amulet, and is probably 
used in the celebration of some secret ceremony. Length, 10 inches. Kiowa 
Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152910. 
Collected by James Mooney. 

Head ornament. — Made of an eagle's feather. The quill of the feather is covered 
with buckskin embroidered with beads, to which is attached an ornament of 
hide embroidered with beads, cut in a circular shape. The men wear this orna- 
ment. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 
1X91. 152871. Collected by James Mooney. 

Feather for the head. — The quill is covered with buckskin embroidered with beads, 
to which is attached a silver button and a string of blue beads. The men wear 
this ornament. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian 
Territory, 1891. 152870. Collected by .James Mooney. 



172 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Garter. — Made of a ribbon, embroidered with beads, half an inch wide, with little 
pendants of ribbon. The men wear it jnst below the knee. Kiowa Indians 
(Kiowan stocky, Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152866. Collected 
by James Mooney. 

Earrings. — Beads of real "wampum," with silver ornaments and brass chains. The 
men Wear them. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian 
Territory, 1891. 152875. Collected by James Mooney. 

Warrior's helmet. — Made of a long baud of elk hide, ornamented with figures painted 
red and black, two eagle's feathers placed on the front. The straps for securing 
the helmet on the head are of elk-skin cord. Width of the sash, 6f inches. 
Klamath Indians, (Lutuamian stock), Klamath Reservation, Oregon, 1876. 
24095. Collected by L. S. Dyer. 

Head ornament. — Made of buckskin, ornamented with woodpeckers' feathers aud 
white hair cut from above the feet of the deer. The straps for securing the 
ornament on the head are of buckskin. The men use this ornament in the dances. 
Length, 24 inches; width, 16 inches. Natano Indians (Athapascan stock), Hupa 
Valley Reservation, California, 1885. 77192. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, 
U. S. A. 

Head ornament. — Made of a wide elk-skin sash, painted red and blue, with many 
feathers placed on the front. The strings which serve to fasten the ornament to 
the head are of cotton. The young men wear this ornament in the dances. Width 
of the sash, 7^ inches. Kenuck Indians (Athapascan stock) Hupa Valley Reser- 
vation, California, 1885. 77191. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 

Brush for the head. — Made of porcupine skin. Length, 5k inches. Piute Indians 
(Shoshonean stock), Nevada. 19052. Collected by Stephen Powers. 

Brash for the head. — Made of liber. The handle is of buckskin. Length, 6 inches; 
width, 3k inches. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), California, 1885. 77195. 
Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 

Brush for the head. — Made of a pine cone. Length, 5 inches. Tarahumara Indians, 
Chihuahua, Mexico, 1885. 126652. Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer. 

Louse killer. — Made of four spatulate wooden strips joined together at the end. 
Length, 5 inches; width, ^ inch. Zufii Indians, New Mexico. 41900. Collected 
by James Stevenson. 

Brush for the head. — Made of soapwort roots. The fibers are secured with packthread 
and wax. Length, 5f inches. Ute Indians (Shoshonean stock), Owen River, 
California. 19718. Collected by Stephen Powers. 

Brush for the head. — Made of vegetable fibers. Length, 15 inches. Ute Indians 
(Shoshonean stock), Utah. 12019. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. 

Belt. — Made of hide, ornamented with deer teeth. The lower edge contains the 
incisors of some 230 deer, placed above each other in two rows strongly sewed 
to the hide. The belt is fastened to the waist by cords of very strong hide. 
Length, 34 inches ; width, 2f inches. Eskimo of Fort Alexander, Alaska. 76703. 
Collected by J. W. Johnson. 

Necklace. — Made of hide, ornamented with deer teeth. The lower border contains 
the incisors of 44 deer, placed above each other, and they are strongly sewed to 
the hide. Ten walrus teeth hang at the ends of the same number of strings of 
white and blue beads. At one end of the necklace there is a hide cord with a 
large blue bead, which serves to insert it in a loop at the other end, in order to 
secure it and fasten it to the neck. Length, 17^ inches; width, 1J inches. 
Eskimo of Fort Alexander, Alaska, 1886. 127647. Collected by J. W. Johnson. 

Belt. — Made of hide, ornamented with transverse fringes of white and blue beads. 
Length, 31 inches; width. If inches. Eskimo of Fort Alexander, Alaska, 1886. 
127646. Collected by J. W. Johnson. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 173 

Woman's belt. — Made of hide, ornamented with deer teeth. The lower part contains 
the incisors of 51 deer, placed above each other, and strongly sewed to the hide. 
Length, 26 inches; width, 1£ inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Alaska. 
48690. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Bow for the hair. — Made of a rod curved in the shape of a bow. Used by the Moki 
maidens. Length, 7f inches; width, 7f inches. Moki Indians (Shoshouean 
stock), Arizona, 1876. 22539. Collected by O. D. Wheeler. 

The Moki maidens use this characteristic ornament in dressing their hair, 
inserted in the hair, and placed in such a way that it presents the appearance of 
two large ears or wings on both sides of the head. 

Ornament for the head. — Made of a strip of wood bent in the shape of a bow. Used 
by the Moki maidens. Length, 1LV inches; width, 11 inches. Moki Indians 
(Shoshonean stock), Arizona, 1876. 41916. Collected by O. D. Wheeler. 

Ornament for the head. — Made of a strip of wood bent in the shape of a bow. Used 
by the Moki maidens. Length, 9 inches; width, 12| inches, Moki Indians 
(Shoshonean stock), Arizona, 1876. 22541. Collected by O. D. Wheeler. 

Curler. — Rod bent in the shape of a yoke. Used by the Moki women. Length, 5J 
inches; width, 3| inches. Moki Indians (Shoshonean stock), New Mexico. 9546. 
Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer. 

Ornament for the head. — Two flat rectangles of wood, with the borders painted 
black. Used by the women to bind the hair above the ears. Length, 4i inches; 
width, 2f inches. Zuiii Indians (Zufiian stock), New Mexico. 69406. Collected 
byMaj. J. W. Powell. 

Toilet bag. — Made of hide, embroidered with beads, with a fringe of twisted buck- 
skin cords. Length, 9 inches; width, 4 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), 
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152889 (a). Collected by James 
Mooney. 

These bags serve to hold paint, mirrors, combs, "mescal," feathers, jewels, 
savings, etc. 

Fire bag. — Made of hide, with bead embroidery. On the side it has a hand embroid- 
ered in red beads on a background of blue beads. Length, 4| inches; width, 4 J 
inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowa stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 
1891. 152890. Collected by James Mooney. 

The "fire bags" are worn suspended from the waist. They contain the Hint, 
steel, and tinder for striking fire. 

Woman's belt. — Wide hide band ornamented with stamped figures, beads, and but- 
tons of German silver, on a background of red ribbon. Brass buckle. Length, 
40| inches; width, 21 inches. Kiow T a Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reserva- 
tion, Indian Territory, 1891. 152867. Collected by James Mooney. 

Maiden's belt. — Made of tanned hide, ornamented with large buttons of German 
silver. The cases for the knife and awl and the bag for perfumes, etc., are 
attached to the belt. Length, 29 inches; width, 2 inches. Kiowa Indians 
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152869. Collected 
by James Mooney. 

Brooch. — Itconsistsof two buckskin loops embroidered with beads, united by a cord, 
having buttons of German silver in the center. It is used for fastening the 
blanket to the body. Diameter, 2 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), 
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152881 (b). Collected by James 
Mooney. 

Perfumery bag for maiden. — Made of beaded hide, ornamented with metal hoops. 
Used for holding aromatic plants. It is worn suspended from the belt. Lrngf h, 
ok inches; width, 3£ inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reserva- 
tion, Indian Territory, 1891. 152886. Collected by James Mooney. 

Maiden's necklace. — Buckskin thong, with beads. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), 
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152864. Collected by James Mooney. 



174 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Necklace. — Made of white glass beads (imitation of the old " wampum"), with beads 
and pieces of hide at intervals. A ribbon embroidered with beads hangs from 
either end. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Terri- 
tory, 1891. 152863. Collected by James Mooney. 

Head ornament for men. — It consists of a circular piece of hide, with a button of Ger- 
man silver in the center, surrounded by an embroidery of beads, and pendants 
of ribbons of bright colors. Diameter, If inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan 
stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152873 (c). Collected by 
James Mooney. 

Head ornamen tfor men. — It consists of four strings of beads, fastened by a silver button 
to a small piece of sea-otter skin. These ornaments are sometimes consecrated, 
and a religious meaning is given to them. Length, 13 inches. Kiowa Indians 
(Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152873 (b). Col- 
lected by James Mooney, 

Head ornament for men. — Ring of white beads, from which hang a small piece of sea- 
otter skin, a silver button, and many ribbons and blue beads. Length, 13 inches. 
Kiowa Indians (Ki<?rran stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152873 (a). Collected by James Mooney. 

Necklace and war whistle. — Necklace of beads, from which hang three united feathers 
and a war whistle made of the bone of an eagle's wing. The whistles made of 
eagles' bones are the war trumpets of the Kiowas. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), 
Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152862. Collected by James Mooney. 

Man's necklace. — It consists of a hide cord with beads, small pieces of lead, brass, 
and iron, to which are attached an iron ring and a cloth bag with perfumes. 
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152865. Collected by James Mooney. 

Ornament for blankets. — It consists of four circular pieces of hide embroidered with 
beads, joined together by four little strips of the same material, ornamented in 
the same manner. Length, 61 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa 
Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152835. Collected by James Mooney. 

These ornaments are used for decorating the front borders of the blankets. 
The beadwork displays great skill. 

Ornament for blankets. — Made of four circular pieces of buckskin, embroidered with 
beads, joined together by four little strips of the same material, ornamented in 
the same manner. It is sewed to the border all around the blanket. Length, 
28 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Terri- 
tory, 1891. 152888. Collected by James Mooney. 

Strips for garters. — Of buckskin, with embroidery of beads. Length, 26 inches; 
width 3^ inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian 
Territory, 1891. 152834 (c). Collected by James Mooney. 

These strips are sewed, as an ornament, to the men's garters. This is a 
remarkable specimen of beadwork. 

Ornament for blankets. — Made of four circular pieces of buckskin, joined together 
by strips of the same material. The whole ornament is decorated with beads, 
bells, and ribbons. Length, 33 inches. Cheyenne Indians (Algonkian stock), 
Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152813. Collected 
by James Mooney. 

Bracelets (3). — Very primitive specimen. Made of two tw T isted copper wires. T'lingit 
Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. 153197-8-9. Collected by Lieut. 
George T. Emmons, U. S. N. 

Bracelets (3). — Native manufacture. Made of twisted brass wire. T'lingit Indians 
(Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. 153200 (a). Collected by Lieut. George T. 
Emmons, U. S. N. 

Bracelet. — Made of a flat, plain strip of brass, native manufacture. T'lingit 
Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. 153200 (b). Collected by Lieut. George 
T. Emmons, U. S. N. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 175 

Bracelet. — Native manufacture. Made of strips of brass, with chiseled ornaments. 
T'lingit Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. 153200(c). Collected by 
Lieut. George T. Emmons, U. S. N. 

Bracelet. — Native manufacture. Made of thick copper wire, without ornaments. 
T'lingit Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. 153196. Collected by Lieut. 
George T. Emmons, U. S. N. 

Bracelets (2). — Native manufacture. Made of a strong strip of copper. T'lingit 
Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska, 1891. Collected by Lieut. George T. Emmons, 
U. S. N. 

Bracelet. — Made of a silver coin, forged with the hammer. Ornamented with 
engraved totemic drawings. Without clasp. Width, 1^ inch. Haida Indians 
(Skittagetau stock), British Columbia. 20251. Collected by James G. Swan. 
The Haida Indians are the most practiced silversmiths of the northwest coast. 

Bracelet. — Made of a silver coin, forged with a hammer. Without ornaments and 
without clasp. Width, f 6 inch. T'lingit Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska. 
19515. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Bracelet. — Made of a silver coin, and ornamented with the totemic drawing of the 
bear. Haida Indians (Skittagetau stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British 
Columbia. 20251. Collected by James G. Swan. 

The Haida Indians are the best sculptors and the most expert silversmiths 
of the coast. 

Napkin ring. — Made of silver, with the head and wings of the American eagle engraved 
on it. Diameter, \l inches; width, If inches. Haida Indians (Skittagetau 
stock), British Columbia. 20257. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Bracelet. — Made of a silver coin, forged with the hammer. Ornamented with 
engraved totemic drawings. Fastened arouud the wrist with a clasp. Width, 
If inches. T'lingit Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska. 19532. Collected by 
James G. Swan. 

The silver bracelets have replaced those of iron, copper, bone, and shell, which 
the Indians of the northwest coast formerly used. 

Bracelet. — Made of a silver coin; ornamented with the totemic drawings of the 
bear. Haida Indians (Skittagetau stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British 
Columbia. 20251. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Bracelet. — Made of copper with incrusted shells. Width, f inch. T'lingit Indians 
(Koluschan stock), Fort Wrangel, Alaska. 19529. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Bracelet. — Made of a silver coin, forged with the hammer. Ornamented with totemic 
engravings. Secured around the wrist by a clasp. Width, J inch. T'lingit 
Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska. 19541. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Bracelet. — Made of a silver coin, forged with the hammer. Ornamented with totemic 
engravings. Secured around the wrist by a clasp. 21603. Collected by Dr. J. 
B.White, U.S.A. 

Smoking set. — It is composed of four pieces : Pipe with a long wooden stem, engraved 
and painted, and a catlinite bowl; a buckskin tobacco bag, ma<;nilicently orna- 
mented with embroidery of beads and with buckskin fringes dyed yellow; a 
buckskin bag, containing the Hint and a piece of tindery and a pricker (for 
cleaning the pipe), which is placed in a case embroidered with beads, and which, 
together with the tinder bag, is tied to a belt. Sioux Indians, Dakota. 8181, 
131327-8. Collected by J. P. Kimball and Mrs. A. C. Jackson. 

Gloves. — Made of buckskin, stuffed aud lined with cloth, and ornamented with 
embroidery of beads. Length, 10| inches; width, 5 inches. Sioux Indians, 
Devils Lake Reservation, Dakota. 23741. Collected by Paul Beckwith. 

Tobacco bag. — Made of buckskin and ornamented with bead embroidery. Length, 
7f inches; width, 3J inches. Yankton Indians (Siouan stock), Yankton Reser- 
vation, Dakota. 8393. Collected by F. W. McGuire. 



176 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Bag. — Made of buckskin, ornamented with bead embroidery and buckskin fringes. 
Length, 16 inches; width, 6+ inches. Sioux Indians, Devils Lake Reservation, 
Dakota. 23747. Collected by Paul Beckwith. 

Purse. — Made of buckskin, ornamented with bead embroidery and tin rings. Length, 
3$ inches; width, 3£ inches. Sioux Indians. 113348. Collected by Mrs. A. C. 
Jackson. 

Ornament for the ankle. — Made of the skin of the American skunk, tanned, and orna- 
mented on the inside with sacred red painting. Used by the medicine men. 
Length, 40 inches; width, 4 inches. Ojibwa Indiaus (Algonkian stock), White 
Earth Reservation, Minnesota, 1891. 153026. Collected by Dr. W. J. Hoffman. 

Magic purse for maidens. — A weasel skin. Ojibwa Indians (Algonkian stock), White 
Earth Reservation, Minnesota, 1891. 153047. Collected by Dr. W. J. Hoffman. 

Armlet. — Made of hide. It is worn just above the elbow. Used only by the medi- 
cine men. Length, 36 inches; width, 2+ inches. Ojibwa Indians (Algonkian 
stock), White Earth Reservation, Minnesota, 1891. 153027 (b). Collected by Dr. 
W. J. Hoffman. 

Armlet. — A strip of red flannel; it is worn just above the elbow. Used only by the 
medicinemen. Length, 54 inches ; width, 2£ inches. Ojibwa Indians (Algonkian 
stock), White Earth Reservation, Minnesota, 1891. 153027(a). Collected by 
Dr. W. J. Hoffman. 

Purse. — Embroidered with brass; made of red flannel. The front and back of the 
purse are ornamented with bead embroidery, forming beautiful figures. The 
sides are trimmed with bright blue and green ribbons. On the edges are sewed 
bands of beads, from which hang small tassels of twisted yarn. Length, 16 
inches; width, 11+ inches. Chippewa Indians (Algonkian stock), White River 
Reservation, Minnesota. 129889. Collected by Lieut. H. M. Creel, U. S. A. 

This purse belonged to Wild Goose, a Chippewa chief. The Chippewas are 
celebrated for their skill in bead embroidery. 

Case XL 

Fishing line. — Made of the stem of the Alga marina gigantea. The stem is about 
■', inch thick, and greatly resembles a grapevine stem. It is very tender, and 
breaks easily when dry, but when soaked in water it increases greatly in 
volume and becomes extremely tough. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), 
Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, 1883. 88869. Collected by James 
G. Swan. 

The Alga marina gigantea grows in tbe water at the depth of 3 to 30 fathoms. 
(A fathom is equal to 6 feet.) Near the root it is about J inch in diameter, and 
is very strong. As it grows it expands and grows hollow from about half of its 
height. At the end it has a large, hollow bulb, from which issue long, narrow 
leaves. The Indians cut this plant with a knife made in the shape of a V, at the 
end in which the cutting edge is fixed. This implement is placed over the plant, 
and is allowed to slide to the bottom. By drawing hard on the cord which 
holds it the plant is cut near the root. The hard part of the stem is the only 
part that is us d for fishing lines. Bottles for holding oil are made of the bulb. 

Lasso. — Made of light and chestnut buffalo hair. Thickness, about £ inch. Coman- 
che Indians (Shoshonean stock), Fort Cobb, Indian Territory. 6922 (b). Col- 
lected by Dr. Jdward Palmer. 

Lasso. — Made of braided buffalo hair. Thickness, about i inch. Comanche Indians 
(Shoshonean stock), Fort Cobb, Indian Territory. 6922 (a). Collected by Dr. 
Edward Palmer. 

Lasso. — Four strips of hide plaited in a round forni. Articles for trading transac- 
tions. Indians of Round Valley Reservation, California, 1889. 131150. Col- 
lected by A. J. Purcell. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 177 

Aivl, — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. Ornamented with several bands of parallel lines 
engraved around it. It has a ball carved on the end of the handle. Length, 
9£ inches; width, § inch. Eskimo of Paimut, Alaska. 38378. Collected by 
E. W. Nelson. 

Awl. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. The handle is ornamented with two sets of 
engraved circles, between which there is a figure resembling an X. On the end 
of the handle there are two balls, one above the other. Length, 6i inches; 
diameter, f inch. Eskimo of Cape Vancouver, Alaska. 37751. Collected by 
E. W. Nelson. 

Awl. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. The handle is ornamented with engraved figures of 
a shape resembling a diamond, and with many circles and crosses. The head of a 
hsh is carved on the end of the handle. Length, 7 inches; diameter, f inch. 
Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Alaska. 24151. Collected by Lucien M. Turner. 

Awl. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. Ornamented with lines engraved from the top to 
The bottom, extending to within 3 inches of the point. Length, 9 inches ; width, 
| inch. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. 33257. Collected by E, W. Nelson. 

Awl. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. The end of the handle represents a fish, near 
which it has a set of parallel lines.engraved around it, and many short vertical 
lines, and among them many signs or figures of the form of an X. Length, 8+ 
inches; width, 4 inch. Eskimo of Paimut, Alaska. 37988. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson . 

Aid, — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. The handle is ornamented with four sets of 
parallel lines engraved around it and diagonals over them and other short per- 
pendicular lines at the point. The end of the handle has the shape of the tail 
of a fish. Length, 8 inches; diameter, i inch. Eskimo of St, Michaels Island, 
Alaska. 24449. Collected by Lucien M. Turner. 

Awl. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. The handle is ornamented with a series of parallel 
lines engraved around it. An ivory chain hangs from the end of the handle* A 
part of the last link of the chain is carved in the form of the tail of a fish. 
Length, 9 inches; diameter, f inch. Eskimo of Lower Kuskoquwim, Alaska. 
36631. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Aivl. — The point is of iron, the handle is of walrus-tusk ivory, carved in the form of 
a fish. Tufts of hair are fixed in some holes bored in the back of the fish. 
Length of the handle, 2| inches ; length of the blade, 3£ inches. Eskimo of Cape 
Vancouver, Alaska. 37304. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Awl. — The point is of iron. The handle is of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with 
three sets of engraved borders. On the end of the handle are two ornaments, 
placed one above the other; the first is of the shape of the spindle, and the sec- 
mid of that of a ball, ornamented with a great number of dots. Length of the 
handle, 34- inches; length of the blade, 3| inches. Eskimo of Chalitmut, Alaska. 
37621. Collected by E. \V. Nelson. 

Awl. — The blade is of iron. The handle is of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with 
engraved lines, borders, and dots. A chain curved out of ivory hangs from the 
end of the handle of the awl. Length of the handle, 2+ inches ; length of the 
point, 1+ inches. Eskimo of Chalitmut, Alaska. 37752. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson. 

Awl. — The point is of iron. The handle is of walrus-tusk ivory, carved to represent 
a fish, ornamented with engraved borders, dots, and lines. Length of the handle, 
3f inches ; length of the point, 3i inches. Eskimo of Nulokhtologomute, Alaska. 
38385. Collected by E. VV. Nelson. 

stone hammer. — The head is round; the handle a sapling, covered with hide. The 
head has a hole bored in it, in which the handle is inserted. It is used for 
pounding meat, breaking bones, driving tent pins, etc. Length, 13 to 15A inches. 
Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 
152996. Collected by James Mooney. 

H. Ex. 100 12 



178 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Pestle. — Used for pounding meat which has heeu dried in the sun until it is in a con. 
dition to he pulverized. This pestle is placed in a hide case. Length, 5£ inches. 
Kiowa Indians ( Kiowan stock ), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891- 
153004. Collected by James Mooney. 

Hammer. — The head is of wood; the handle is of hide. It is used for break- 
ing hones, pounding wild cherries, etc. Length of the head, 5 inches; length 
of the handle, 5| inches. Cheyenne Indians (Algonkian stock), Cheyenne and 
Arapahoe Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152812. Collected by James 
Mooney. 

Barbed harpoon and sheath. — The shaft is of wood, and is joined to the foreshaft, 
which is of bone, by a fastening of cord of sinew. The dart is inserted in the 
bone, and has two barbs cut at the point. The sheath is composed of two exca- 
vated pieces of wood, fastened together by a cord of sinew. Length of the har- 
poon, 13 inches; length of the sheath, 4£ inches. Eskimo of Ugashik, Alaska, 
1885. 127763. Collected by William J. Fisher. 

Spear points (4) and sheath. — The shafts are of wood. The blades are of iron, inserted 
in the handle, and secured by whalebone fastenings. The' sheath is of hide. 
Length, from 15 to 18 inches. Eskimo of Port Clarence, Alaska. 46078. Col- 
lected by Dr. W. H. Dall. 

It is used for killing whales, walrus, etc., after they have been wounded and 
caught, and also as a dagger. 

Dagger and sheath. — The handle is of wood, with a hilt made of a piece of stag horn, 
which is fastened to the handle with a ligature of hide and sinew. The blade 
is of copper, and is inserted in the hilt and secured by a rivet. The sheath is 
composed of two hollow pieces of wood, fastened strongly together by a 
sewing of seal skin. Length of the dagger, 10^ inches; length of the sheath, 
7£ inches. Eskimo of Nunivak Island, Alaska. 16356. Collected by Dr. W. H. 
Dall. 

Dagger and sheath. — The upper part of the handle is of wood, the lower is of stag 
horn. The blade is of iron and is secured by a rivet. The sheath is composed 
of two pieces of excavated wood, strongly fastened together by a hide sewing. 
Length of the handle, 9f inches; length of the blade, 2f inches. Eskimo of 
Nunivak Island, Alaska. 16360. Collected by Dr. W. H. Dall. 

Spectacles. — Made of spruce pine painted red, and the ends rubbed with graphite. 
The eyepieces are separate and are oval and concave, and have horizontal slits 
to look through. Ornamented with white and red beads. Length, 7£ inches; 
width, 2 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Alaska. 24339. Collected by 
L. M. Turner. 

The natives use these " goggles" to guard against the blindness produced by 
the snow and against the ophthalmia caused by the reflection of the sun on the 
mist which rises from the snow during thaws. 

Spectacles. — Made of light wood. They are of a very convex shape, and have no 
visor. The holes for the eyes are very large, and are probably arranged for 
placing in them dark-colored lenses. Length, 5+ inches; width, 2 inches. 
Eskimo of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. 63269. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Spectacles. — Made of light wood, without a visor. They have a cavity for the nose 
toward the top and toward the bottom, in order that the apparatus may be used 
indiscriminately on either side. A simple horizontal cut serves for both eyes ; 
they have no fastening. Length, 5J inches; width, \\ inches. Eskimo of Nor- 
ton Bay, Alaska. 44329. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Spectacles. — A broad visor characterizes this apparatus. The orifices for sight were 
at first separate, but the wood having split, the two halves are joined together 
by little pegs. The spectacles are of a graceful shape, which permits their being 
well adjusted to the nose and the cheeks. Length, 6 inches; width, 2J inches. 
Eskimo of Sledge Island, Alaska. 45075. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 179 

Sj)ectacles. — Made of damaged wood, covered with a double strip of canvas, to which 
are glued little pieces of glass placed in such a way that they come in front of 
the eyeholes in the wood. Length, 8 inches; width, 3 inches. Eskimo of 
Diomede Island, Alaska. 63626. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Spectacles. — Made of wood; a sphere, without a visor. The eyeholes are cut in the 
exact shape of the eye. A rough, nose-shaped bridge is glued to the outside, 
and there is a slight cavity on the inside for the nose. Length, 6£ inches; width, 
2 inches. Eskimo of Sabotuisky, Alaska. 48996. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Spectacles. — Made of spruce pine. This apparatus is characterized by a narrow visor, 
an elliptical hole for the two eyes, and a cavity for the nose. Secured by hide 
strips. Crude specimen. Length, 6^ inches; width, H inches. Eskimo of the 
Lower Yukon, Alaska. 38704. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Sheathes for knives (2). — One is of tanned leather; the other of rawhide. The men 
use them. Length, 19^ inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reserva- 
tion, Indian Territory, 1891. 152977. Collected by James Mooney. 

Cases for knives. — Made of tanned leather ornamented with brass-headed tacks. The 
men use them. Length, 10, 13, and 16 iuches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), 
Kiowa Reservatioh, Indian Territory, 1891. 152891. Collected by James Mooney. 

Needlecase. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. A small chain made of the same material 
hangs from the end. Length, 9 inches. Eskimo of Cape Darby, Alaska. 44173. 
Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Needlecase. — It consists of a copper tube, through which passes a strip of hide in 
which the needles are stuck. A small chain made of ivory hangs from the end. 
Length, 16 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Norton Sound, Alaska. 24467. 
Collected by L. M. Turner. 

Needlecase. — It consists of a tube of walrus-tusk ivory, through which passes a strip 
of hide in which the needles are stuck. Two ivory pendants hang from each end 
of the strip of hide. Length, 16 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Norton 
Sound, Alaska. 24493. Collected by L. M. Turner. 

Thimble and needles. — The thimble is of walrus skin, and is used on the thumb. The 
needles are of ivory, and have eyes made in the same way as the needles among 
civilized nations. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 89395. Collected by Lieut. 
P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 

Needlecases (2). — Made of tubes of walrus-tusk ivory, through which pass folded 
strips of hide iu which the needles are stuck. The tubes have ornaments of 
blue beads. Length, 8 inches; diameter, § inch. Eskimo of Mackenzie River, 
British America. 2088. Collected by R. McEarlane. 

Needlecase. — Made of a tube of carved ivory, through which passes a strip of hide 
in which the needles are stock. From each end of the strip of hide hang two 
knife-shaped pieces of ivory, which are used for creasing the soles of the boots. 
Length, 12 inches. Eskimo of St. Michaels Island, Norton Sound, Alaska. 
24494. Collected by L. M. Turner. 

Trinket box. — A small oval box, carved out of wood. The hinges and the fastening 
are of rawhide. Length, 4 inches; width, 1£ inches. Eskimo of Cape Nome, 
Alaska.' 45348. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Trinket box. — Carved out of wood and ornamented with inlays of ivory. Length, 
■11 inches; width, 2 inches. Eskimo of Nuuivak Island, Alaska. 43878. Col- 
lected by E. W. Nelson. 

Trinket box. — Made of wood. The box and the lid are carved in the shape of a 
walrus. There are ornaments of incrusted blue beads on the lid. Length, 7 
inches; width, 2.1 inches. Eskimo of St. Lawrence Islaud, Alaska. 63267. 
Collected hy E. W. Nelson. 

Trinket box. — Carved in wood in the shape of a hu: lan head. Ornamented with 
white glass and ivory beads. The upper part is painted red and the lower 
black. Diameter, 3 inches. Eskimo of Kushunuk, Alaska. 36280. Collected 
bv E. W. Nelson. 



180 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 






Trinket box. — The top ami bottom are carved out of wood. The sides are of birch 
bark. Length, 3 inches; width, 1J inches. Eskimo of Chalimut, Alaska. 36279. 
Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Box for keeping spear and harpoon points. — The entire box is made of a single piece 
of wood, carved in the shape of a boat. Length, 9f inches; width, 2^ inches. 
Eskimo of Nnnivak Island, Alaska. 58253. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Box. — Made of a single piece of wood, carved in the shape of a walrus. It is used 
for keeping harpoon points. Length, 9£ inches; width, 2^ inches. Eskimo of 
Cape Nome, Alaska. 44458. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Case for fancy work. — Made of a single piece of wood, painted red, and ornamented 
with engravings. Grooved lid. Length, 1\ inches; width, If inches. Eskimo 
of Cape Nome, Alaska. 45514. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Rabbit clubs. — They consist of a curved branch or a flat strip of wood, worked from 
a branch, resembling the boomerang, and are used for killing rabbits and other 
game. The rough sort consists in a branch naturally curved, and there are all 
grades from this to the flat painted club with a worked hand grip. Moki and 
ZuBi Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. 69202-446-508-525, 41980, and 84258. 
Collected by James Stevenson and Victor Mindeleff. 

Slings (5). — They consist of a piece of tanned hide folded equally, and having for 
cords strips of leather. They are used for killing small game. Indians of Cal- 
ifornia and New Mexico. 

Slings (4). — Of the same kind as the preceding. Eskimo of St. Lawrence Island, 
Alaska. 63256-515 and 46016-17. Collected by E. W. Nelson and Dr. W. H. 
Dall. 

Bird bolus. — Composed of 4 oval pieces of wood, attached to short strips of hide 
joined together at the ends. They are used for hunting waterfowl. The balls 
are thrown at the flock of birds when they fly up, and some of them are struck 
and knocked down by the implement. Eskimo of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. 
63259. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Bird bolas. — They consist of eight pieces of ivory carved in the shape of the heads 
of various animals. The balls are attached to each other by long strips of hide. 
This implement is used for hunting waterfowl, throwing them at the flock of 
birds when they fly up, so that some of them are struck and knocked down. 
Eskimo of Point Hope. 63815. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Bird bolas. — They consist of four pieces of wood carved in the shape of an egg, 
attached to a bunch of quills by long cords of sinew. They are used for hunt- 
ing waterfowl.. The balls are thrown at the flock of birds as they take flight, 
and some of them are entangled and brought to the ground. Eskimo of St. 
Lawrence Island, Alaska. 63258. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Bird bolas. — They consist of four pieces of bone of about the size of a hen's egg, 
attached to four braids of cord made of sinew. They are used for hunting water- 
fowl. The apparatus is thrown at the flock of birds as they take flight, and 
some of them are entangled and brought to the ground. Eskimo of St. Law- 
rence Island, Alaska. 63262. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Bird bolas. — They consist of lour walrus teeth, attached to each other by long cords. 
They are used for hunting water hens. The projectile is hurled at the flock of 
birds as they take flight, and some of them fall to the ground entangled by the 
apparatus. Eskimo of Shaktolik, Alaska, 38404. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Club for killing sea otters. — Carved in the form of the animal itself. Haida Indians 
(Skittagetan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, 88828. Col- 
lected by James G. Swan. 

Club for killing seals. — Carved in the shape of a walrus. Haida Indians (Skittagetan 
stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 88824. Collected by James 
G. Swan. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 181 

Club for killing seals. — Carved in the shape of a walrus. Haida Indians (Skittage- 
tan stock), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 88980. Collected by 
James G. Swan. 

Block. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. It is used for handling the cords of the sails 
of the boats. Length, 1+ inches; width, $ iuch. Eskimo of Sledge Island, 
Alaska. 44753. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Block. — Made of very bright walrus-tusk ivory. It is used for handling the cords 
of the sails of the boats. Length, If inches; width, |- inch. Eskimo of St. 
Lawrence Island, Alaska. 63370. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Detacher, or disentangle)-. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. It is used for facilitating the 
handling of cords of the harpoon. Length, If inches; width, f inch. Eskimo 
of Kushuuuk, Alaska. 37053. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Disentangler. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. It is used for facilitating the handling 
of the cords of the harpoon. Length, If inches; width, f inch. Eskimo of 
Sabotnisky, Alaska. 49009. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Disentangler. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. One end is carved in the shape of the 
head of a bear. It is used for facilitating the management of the cords of tht 
harpoon. Length, If inches; width, f inch. Eskimo of Askinuk, Alaska. 37056. 
. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Disentangler. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory. It is used for facilitating the manage- 
ment of the cords of the harpoon when they become tangled or twisted, or when 
it is desired to change the harpoon-head. Length, 2 inches; width, $ inch. 
Eskimo of Chalitmut, Alaska. 38006. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Guide. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory, ornamented with engraved circles. It is used 
for preventing the two cords of the line from becoming entangled. Length, 1-J- 
iuches; width, 4 iuch. Eskimo of Kushuuuk, Alaska. 37087. Collected by E. 
W. Nelson. 

Guide. — Made of walrus-tusk ivory, carved in the form of a bear. It is used for 
preventing the two cords of the line from becoming entangled. Length, 1| 
inches; width, 4 inch. Eskimo of Paimut, Alaska. 37218. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson. 

Seal drag. — Composed of a hide strap, attached to a handle of walrus-tusk ivory, on 
which two seals' heads are carved. It is used for towing the dead seals. 
Length, 8 inches. Eskimo of St. Lawrence Islaud, Alaska. 33663. Collected 
by E. W. Nelson. 

Seal drag. — Composed of hide cord, attached to a handle of walrus-tusk ivory. Just 
at the end thg handle has a hole to pass the strap through. It is used for towing 
the dead seals. Length, 144 inches. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. 89169. 
Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 

Seal drag. — Composed of a hide strap, attached to a handle of walrus-tusk ivory, 
carved in the shape of a seal's head. It is used for towing the dead seals. Length, 
14 inches. Eskimo of Cape Darby, Alaska. 44153. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Seal drag. — Composed of a hide strap, attached to a handle of ivory carved in the 
form of a seal. It is used for towiug the dead seals. Length, 11 inches. Eskimo 
of Cape Nome, Alaska. 44579-80. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Hook fur workbag. — A small piece of walrus-tusk ivory, with ornaments, at intervals 
of about an inch, of live small jpieces of wood set into the ivory with engraved 
circles around them. A small hole in the ivory serves to give passage to the cord 
with which the bag is closed. Length, 54 inches; width, f inch. Eskimo of 
Chalitmut, Alaska. 37616. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Ilaxkiix. — Made of strips of spruce-pine root, dyed vine and tern stalks. These bas- 
kets are a magnificent demonstration of the dexterity in weaving and of the 
artistic skill of the Indians of the northwest coast, of North America. Makah 
Indians ( W'akashan stock), Washington. Collected by Lieut. F. W. Ring,l". S. A. 



182 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Braided baskets. — Not finished; showing the process of braiding; the twigs dyed by 
the Indians and used in the manufacture of basket work. Moki Indians, Ari- 
zona. 128711. Collected by Mrs. M. E. Stevenson. 

Woven, twisted, and braided basket work. — Baskets in a state of elaboration, displaying 
the method of making the three principal kinds of coiled basketry. 

Materials for the manufacture of baskets. — Exhibit of the elaboration of the basket, 
from the raw material to its complete form; the implements used by the basket 
makers; baskets in various stages of elaboration, and coiled baskets. Moki 
Indians (Shoshonean stock), Arizona. Collected by James Stevenson. 

Basket of birch bark. — Fancy embroidery, with dyed quills. Micmac Indians (Algon- 
kian stock), Nova Scotia. Collected by R. B. Hough. 

Basket work — Twined sieves and winnowing trays of the southwest of the United 
States Ute Indians (Shoshonean stock), Utah and Nevada. Collected by Maj. 
J W.Powell. 

Double wallets. — Made of grass, neatly trimmed and festooned with thick braid; 
ornamented with colored wools. Aleut Indians (Eskimauan stock), Aleutian 
Islands, Alaska. Collected by Dr. W. H. Dall. 

Belt-wearer's equipment. — The cotton is stretched on a bed of sand, and is vigorously 
beaten with a flexible rod to card it; it is spun very fine with a spindle, and is 
used for the manufacture of belts, blankets, etc., of superior quality. Moki 
Indians (Shoshonean stock), Arizona. Collected by James Stevenson. 

Apparatus for comminuting cedar bark. — Consisting of a breaking frame, an imple- 
ment for comminuting the bark, and a woman's skirt. 

The giant cedar (Thuja giganteaj grows along the whole Pacific Coast of North 
America, and in southeast Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. 
The development of all the industries among the natives of the countries men- 
tioned is due to the wood and bark of this tree. 

The bark is torn from the tree in pieces, as is done by our tan-bark gatherers, 
with the rib bone of a deer, to which implement is given the name of "bark 
stripper." One side of this implement is used for marking and splitting the 
sections and the other for severing the piece from the trunk. 

The comminuted bark is used for manufacturing stuff's for petticoats and 
other articles. It is prepared by putting a strip of inside bark in the wooden 
frame, No. 127868, and it is broken to pieces with a wooden or bone implement. 
The bark is then softened by rubbing it between the hands. Usually, packages 
or bundles are made of it, and it is sold by weight. It is used for clothes, mat- 
tresses, etc. 

Ornaments for petticoats. — Made of long strips of frayed cedar bark, united by a cord, 
and with a cotton fringe at the bottom. Length, 17 inches. Quinaielt Indians 
(Salishan stock), Quinaielt Agency, Washington Territory, 1887. 127867. Col- 
lected by Charles Willoughby. 

Equipment of iceaver of rush mats. — Consisting of rushes, needles, bark fiber, and 
creasers for flattening the seams. Quinaielt Indians (Salishan stock), Chehalis 
County, Washington Territory, 1887. 127842-52-73. Collected by Charles 
Willoughby. 

Models and photographs.— Showing the processes employed by the Navajo Indians of 
Arizona for tanning skins. 129436. Collected by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U. S. N. 

Tanned buckskin. — Showing the result ot the processes employed for tanning skins 
in the southwest of the United States. Navajo Indians (Athapascan stock), 
New Mexico 9548. Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer. 

Navajo shoemaker's utensils. — Consisting of needles, awls, specimens of sewing and 
of finished shoes, and the published description. (Proceedings of the United 
States National Museum, 1888, p. 131.) Navajo Indians (Athapascan stock), 
Arizona. 128112-16. Collected by A. M. Stephen. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 183 

Gatherers of cactus fruit. — Nippers, hooks, holders, and cutters for gathering the 

fruit of the cactus (chumbo fig). Indians of Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico. 

9971, 22535, and 126577. Collected by James Stevenson and Edward Palmer. 
Hoes of mussel shells. — These primitive agricultural implements were found in the 

hands of a band of Yacqui Indians, at the mouth of the Yacqui River, in Sonora, 

Mexico. 129845. Collected by Edward Palmer. 

Exhibit Outside of the Cases. 

Kiowa Indian woman (figure of a woman). — Algonkian stock. Oklahoma, Indian Ter- 
ritory Modeled by Theodore A. Mills. The dress was collected by James 
Mooney- 

Kiowa Indian warrior (figure of a man). — Algonkian stock. Oklahoma, Indian Terri- 
tory. Modeled by Theodore A. Mills. The dress was collected by James Mooney. 

Sioux Indian woman (female figure). — Siouan stock. Missouri River. Modeled by 
U- S- G. Dunbar. 

Sioux Indian warrior (male figure). — Siouan stock. Missouri River. Modeled by 
Theodore A. Mills. The dress belonged to Red Cloud, a celebrated chief, and was 
collected by Lieut G. A. Warren, U. S. N. 
'Ziuni Indian (male figure). — Zunian stock. New Mexico. The head was modeled from 
life by Clark Mills. The dress was collected by James Stevenson. 

Eskimo man. — Reindeer coat and pants, trimmed with white skins. Seal skin boots 
and bearskin gloves. Eskimo (Eskimauan stock), Prince William's Laud. Col- 
lected by Capt. C. F. Hall. 

Photographs of Indians. — Representing 85 different tribes of the majority of the 
stocks still in existence. This magnificent series of 1,300 photographs is the 
result of the work of many years of collection by the United States Geological 
Survey and Bureau of Ethnology, and supplements, with the aid of the photogra- 
phy, the famous galleries of Indian portraits, painted by George Catlin and 
Stanley. A portion of this collection forms a section in the Northeast Saloon. 
Exhibited by tha Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. 

Lithographs of celebrated Indians. — This series of 130 lithographs is taken from 
MacKenney and Hall's Indian Tribes. These pictures form a section in the large 
saloon. Exhibited by the National Museum. 

Reed wigwam. — These wigwams are constructed by erecting a number of uprights in 
a circle, and inclining them until they meet at the extremities, which are fastened 
together by strong ligatures of bark fiber. Above the uprights are placed many 
horizontal layers of small saplings, which are covered with rushes attached to 
other layers of saplings smaller than the first, and which are tied together by 
cords on the inside. The horizontal layers leave an opening between two 
uprights, which serves as an entrance, and which is closed by a door of elk hide. 
The chimney is constructed in such a way that the wind can not drive back the 
smoke. The fireplace is in the center and the beds are around the sides of the 
wigwam upon an earthen bank. Piute Indians, Nevada. 19027. Collected by 
Stephen Powers. 

Eskimo seal hunter in his skin boat. — The boat (kyak) is built with great care. The 
frame is of wood, over which is stretched a seal skin saturated with oil. There 
is a hollow space in the deck, with a raised border, and in this the hunter seats 
himself, dressed in an inner coat of skins and an outer one made of tha intes- 
tines of the walrus, thoroughly waterproof, and carrying a short paddle. As a 
projectile, he lias a harpoon, with the shafts used in hurling it, cord, and buoy, 
which he keeps fastened to the boat until the moment arrives when he has to 
make use of them. This "kyak" is an extremely unsteady and light boat, but 
the Eskimo is capable of undertaking any navigation whatever when embarked 
in it. Eskimo of St. Michaels, Norton Sound, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 



184 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Canoe of birch bark. — Manned by two Algonkian Indians, occupied in fishing with the 
harpoon. They wear dresses of buckskin, with painted figures imitating 
embroidery. In fishing with the harpoon it is necessary that a fisherman should 
guide the canoe in accordance with the orders.. of the one who handles the har- 
poon. The canoe is made of a large piece of birch bark, attached to a wooden 
frame; the seams and holes are calked with spruce-pine rosin. These canoes 
are very light and of a graceful form. Two men can carry one of them 
on their shoulders for a stretch of many miles, which they do at rapids. 
The canoe exhibited was constructed by the Algonkian Indians of Canada. 

Cradle. — A wooden frame bent in an oval form, having the ends tied with diagonal 
ligatures of bark fiber. A mattress and blanket of pounded bark fiber are 
attached to the frame by a fringe of woven wool. Tne hood for the protection 
of the head of the infant is a willow texture. Mojave Indians (Vuman stock), 
Colorado. 152489. Collected by Geo. A. Allen. 

Cradle. — Frame made of walnut staves, in the shape of a crutch, having the ends 
ornamented with brass-headed nails. The cover is of buckskin, ornamented 
with a great profusion of white and colored beads and with ribbons. Arapahoe 
Indians (Algonkian stock). Collected by Capt. R. H. Pratt. 

Cradle. — Made of willow switches, in the form of a shoe. A light half basket of 
willow switches serves as a parasol to it. Hupa Indians (Athapascan stock), 
California. Collected by Stephen Powers. 

Cradle. — The frame is a piece of wood bent in an oval shape, supported by transverse 
bars. The bottom of the cradle i& composed of twenty-one wooden rods fast- 
ened to the frame between the thick bars by thread made of sinew. The hood 
is of hide covered with calico. The bed articles consist of two mattresses of 
cotton, placed on a thin sheet of tin. The infant is supported by bolsters made 
of woven belts. The cradle has two arches to protect the infant's head and a 
transverse piece of wood to support the feet. Length, 3 feet. Wichita Indians 
(Caddoau stock). 152944. Collected by James Mooney. 

Cradle. — Made in the form of a boat, out of a hollowed cedar trunk. It has a handle 
at one end. The bed is composed of pounded cedar fiber; the counterpane is of 
woven cedar bark. Inside of the cradle there is a wooden model of an infant, 
showing the process for flattening the head with a special apparatus, which is 
also seen in the cradle. Indians of Oregon. 2574. Collected by George Catlin. 

Helmet. — Crowned with a sculptured beaver. The figures painted on both sides 
represent sheets of copper, emblems of fortune and power. Skedan Indians, 
British Columbia. 89035. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Helmet. — Carved in wood in the form of a bear and painted. The teeth and tongue 
are imitated with sheets of copper. It is worn on the head in the dances. 
Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), British Columbia. 89144. Collected by 
James G. Swan. 

Helmet. — Carved in wood in the form of a fish and painted. The lips are of copper. 
This helmet is used in the dances. Haida Indians (Skittagetan stock), British 
Columbia. 89054. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Mask. — Imitating a fabulous marine monster. Made of pieces of wood cut with an 
adze and painted. Used by the actors in the ceremonies called " dances." Maka 
Indians (YVakashan stock), British Columbia. 23949. Collected by James G. 
Swan. 

Wooden figure. — Of cedar, painted. Indians of the northwest coast. Collected by 
James G. Swan. 

Totem post (model). — Carved out of a cedar trunk. The sculptured figures are 
painted in bright colors. Model of the "totem post" which is erected in front 
of the houses of all the chief men of the tribe. Indians of Bella-Bella, British 
Colombia. 74743. Collected by James G. Swan. 






COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 185 

Sculptured 1 of em post (model). — Of cedar, painted. The sculpture of this trunk may 
have been made in commemoration of some entirely mythological event, or, as 
is commonly said in heraldry, to show the genealogy of the family before 
whose dwelling the pillar was erected. Some of these pillars are of great dimen- 
sions, and are beautifully carved, by dint of great labor. Indians of Bella-Bella, 
British Columbia. 74744. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Council home. — The wood which is used for these structures is the giant cedar; they 
are built with great care, by the combined efforts of many laborers ; usually the 
whole village lends its cooperation. The erection of the tirst upright is always 
an occasion for holding great festivities. The front is ornamented with paint- 
ings representing some legendary date and that of the inauguration. Indians 
of British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. 

Snowshoes. — Bent sole, raised at the point; three transverse bars; netting of fine 
thread of twisted sinew; middle portion of thick seal-skin straps, interwoven. 
Length, 59 inches. Eskimo^of the Yukon River, Alaska. 49099. Collected by 
E. W. Nelson. 

Snowshoes.- -Oval and curved wooden sole, with two wooden braces which cross the 
shoe and are rabbeted into the sides, dividing the shoe into three equal parts. 
The network is of fine rawhide. A small strap serves to tie it on. Length, 324 
inches: width, 28 inches. Eskimo of Ungava Bay, Labrador. 90149. Collected 
by Lucien Turner. 

Snowshoes.— Oval and curved wooden sole, strengthened by a toe piece and two 
transverse braces. The network is a texture of fine rawhide. The straps are 
<>f hide, embroidered with painted quills. This kind of snowshoe is used by the 
experienced Canadians. Quebec, Canada. 24788. Collected by G. R. Renfrew. 

Snowshoes. — Curved sole, raised at the point; three transverse braces. Strap of fine 
thread o/ twisted sinew. Network of thick seal-skin straps, interwoven. Length, 
59 inches. Eskimo of the Yukon River, Alaska. 49099. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson. 

Provision basket (djelo). — Warp of pine roots and the weft of split twigs, and joined 
together by twined weaving. The twine work is covered with fine straws of 
bright colors, forming figures. The upper edge of the basket is strengthened by 
a wooden hoop. Height, 3 feet; diameter, 28 inches. Hupa Indians, California, 
1889. 111433. Collected by Jeremiah Curtin. 

After these baskets are made they are filled with hot, wet sand, in order to 
give them a good shape. They are placed against a wall, on a bank of earth, 
in the semi-subterranean houses of the Hupa Indians, and are filled with acorns for 
the winter's provisions. As many as twelve baskets may be seen in one house. 

Coiled basket. — Made of buuches of small twigs joined by coiled sewing. The bot- 
tom is of a single spiral, and the body of the basket is a double coil formed by 
carrying two coils around simultaneously. It is ornamented with small strips 
of black Martynia pod. All the colors of this basket are natural. Made by an 
Apache Indian, of the San Carlos Reservation, Arizona. This is the largest 
'specimen of basket work that this tribe has made and probably the largest in the 
world. Height, 3 feet 6+ inches; depth, 30 inches. San Carlos, Arizona. Col- 
lected by Mrs. Charles Dodge. 

Mexican feather shield (copy in water colors and gilt). — The original is in the castle 
of Ambras, in the Tyrol, where it was discovered, in the year 1891, by Mrs. 
Zelia Nuttall, of Dresden, Germany. 

Mrs. Nuttall made this copy for the Smithsonian Institution, and described it 
in a, writing which she presented to the American Association at Washington, in 
August, 1891. Catalogue number, 153192. United States National Museum. 

Pictograph. — Representing a battle between the Sioux and Arickara Indians; painted 
on cloth by a Sioux Indian. Collected by Mrs. General Hazen. 









EXHIBITS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 



EXHIBIT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. 

MAP OF THE ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES OF NORTH AMERICA. 

This map shows the distribution, according to languages of the North American 
Indians exclusive of Mexico at the time of Christopher Columbus. This map has 
been in preparation by the Bureau of Ethnology for a number of years. The fol- 
lowing is a list of the principal tribes, classified by families according to language 
as displayed on the map: 
Adaizan family (Texas): Adai. 

Algonquian family (in the east of the United States and Canada): Abnaki, Algon- 
quin, Arapaho, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Chippewa, Cree, Delaware, Kickapoo, 
Menominee, Miami, Micmac, Missisaga, Montagnais, .Mohegan, Narragatiset, 
Ojibwa, Ottawa, Pequot, Pottowotomi, Powhatan, Sac and Fox, Shawnee. 
(23.) 
Athapascan family (northwestern Canada) : Kutchin, Slave, Taculli, Hupa, aud the 
various tribes of the Apache, Chippewyan, Dog Ribs, Hares, Nahanies, Navajo. 
(10.) 
Attacapan family (Texas) : Attacapa. 
Beothukan family (Newfoundland): Beothuk. 

Caddoan family (Louisiana): Pawnee, Arikara, Wichita, Keechi, Caddo. (5.) 
Chimakuan family (coast of the State of Washington) : Chimakum, Quile Ute. (2.) 
Chimarikan family (coast of California): Chirnariko, Chimalakwe. (2.) 
Chimmesyan family (coast of British Columbia): Chimsian, Nass. (2.) 
Chinookan family (coast of the State of Washington) : Cathlamet, Chinuk, Clatsop, 

Wasco. (4. ) 
Chitimachan family (Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana) : Chitimacha. 

Chumashan family (coast of California) : Indians of San Buenaventura, Santa Bar- 
bara, and San Luis Obispo, Cal. (3.) 
Coahuiltecan family (Texas) : Comecrudo, Cotoname, Pacaos or Piutos. (3.) 
Copehan family (coast of California) : The Patwin and Wiutu tribes of California. (2.) 
Costanoan family (coast of California) : Costano. 

Eskimo family (on the northeast coast of the ocean): Aluik, Jvimiut, Narsuk, 

Taterat, of Greenland; Itivimiut, etc., of Labrador; Aggomiut, Neguiniut, etc , of 

the central Arctic region ; Chiglit, Ikogmiut, Kuagtuiut, Oglemiut, Unaligmiut, 

etc., of Alaska, and the Atka and Unalaska, of the Aleutian Islands. (14.) 

Esselenian family (coast of California) : Esselen. 

Iroquois family (Atlautic Coast): Cherokee, Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga. 

Seneca, Tuscarora, Wyandot, Iroquois. (9.) 
Kalapooian family (coast of Oregon): Atfalati, Calopooya. Eakmiut, Yoncalla. (4.) 
Karankawan family (Texas) : Karankawa. 
Keresan family (New Mexico): Acoma, Tochiti, Laguna, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Santo 

Domingo, Sia. (7.) 
Kiowan family (Wyoming aud Nebraska ) : Kiowa. 

Kitunahau family (Idaho and British Columbia): Cootenai, Akoklako, Klanoh- 
Klatklam and Tobacco Plains Cootenai. (4.) 

187 



188 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Koluschan family (coast of British Columbia): Auk, Chilcat, Hunah, Kek, Sitka, 

Taku, Yakutat, Tuugas. (8. ) 
Kulanapan family (coast of California): Ballo Kai Pomo, Chawisheh, Erio, Ertissi, 

Kaime, Kai Pomo, Komacko, Kulanapo, Sokoa, Yoktiya Pomo, Yusal. (11.) 
Kusan family (coast of Oregon): Coos Bay tribes, Mulluk, and Nacu? (3.) 
Lutuamian family (coast of California) : Klamath, Modoc. (2.) 
Mariposan family (coast of California) : Chukaimiua, Chunut, Kassovo, Kiawetni, 

Tachi, Tinlinuek, Wichikik, Wiksachi, Yukol. (9. ). 
Mosqueluuuian family (coast of California) : Miwok, Olamentke. (2.) 
Muskhogean family (Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi): Chata (Choctaw), Chicasa, 

Creek or Maskoki proper, Seminole, Yamassi. (5.) 
Natchesan family (Louisiana): Nah'tchi (Natchez) and Taensa. (2.) 
Palaihnillan family (coast of California) : Chumawa, Hant£wa, Ilinawi, etc., of Pit 

River, California. (3.) 
Piinan family (southern Arizona and Mexico): Opata, Pima, Pap ago. (3.) 
Pujunan family (coast of California): Konkau, Kwatcia, Otaki, Pusiina, Wima, 

Yuba. (6.) 
Ouoratean family (coast of California) : Ehuek, Karok, and Pehtsik. (3.) 
Salinan family (coast of California): Iudiaus of San Antonio and San Miguel Mis- 
sions, California, 
Salishan family (Idaho, Oregon, British Columbia): Atnah, Bellacoola, Chehalis, 

Clallam, Cowlitz, Nisqualli, Pent d'Oreilles, Puyallup, Salish, Shooswap, Skagit, 

Skokomish, Snohomish, Spokan, Tillamook, Twana. (16.) 
Sastean family (California) : Saste. 
Shahaptian family (Columbia River, Oregon and Washington) : Clickatat, Chopun- 

nish Umatilla, Walla- Walla. (4.) 
Shoshoneau family (Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, California, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, 

New Mexico, and Texas) : Bannock, Chemehuevi, Comanche, Pai Ute, Shoshoni, 

Uta, Tusayan (Moqui). (7.) 
Siouan family (Canada, Montana, Dakota (North and South), Wyoming, Minnesota, 

Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Indian Territory, Arkansas) : Santees, Sisse- 

tons, Wahpetons, Yanktons, Tetons, Brules, Blackfeet, Ogalallas, Assinaboines, 

Omahas, Poncas, Kaw or Kansas, Osages, Quapaws, Iowas, Otoes, Missouris, Win- 

nebagoes, Mandans. Gros Ventres, Crows, Tuteloes, Biloxi, Catawba, Woccon, 

Sioux, Croro, Hidatsa. (28.) 
SkittagetAn family (British Columbia) : Tribes of Queen Charlottes Islands, etc. (2.) 
Takilman family (Oregon) : Takelma. 
TaBoan family (NewMexico) : Hauo, Isleta, Jemez, Namb6, Picuris, Pojoaque, Sandia, 

San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, Senecii, Taos, Tesuque. (13.) 
Timuquanan family (Florida): Timucua, Moscoso, etc. (extinct) (2.) 
Tonikan family (Mississippi) : Tonika. 
Toukawan family (Texas) : Tonikawa. 
Uchean family (South Carolina) : Yuchi. 

Waiilatpuan family (State of Washington) : Kayus, Molale. (2.) 
Wakashanfamily(coast of British Columbia) : Ahowsaht, Muclaht, and Haeltzuk. (3.) 
Washoan family (California) : Washo. 

Weitspekan family (coast of California) : Mita, Weitspek, Chillula. (3.) 
Wishoskan family (coast of California) : Wishosk, Weeyot, Patawat. (3.) 
Yanan family (coast of California) : Yana or Nozi. 
Yakonan family (coast of Oregon) : Alsea, Yakwina, Kuitc, Siuslaw. (4.) 

Yuma proper, Mojave, Havesupai, Hualapai, Seri. (7). 
Yukian family (coast of California) : Chumaya, Napa, Yuki. (3.) 
Yum an family (southwestern Arizona and Lower California) : Cochiini, Cocopa, 

Cuchan or Yuma proper, Diegnefio, Havasupai, Maricopa, Mohave, Seri, Wai- 

curu, Walapai. (10.) 
Zunian family (New Mexico): Zuni. (1.) Total, 58 families. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 189 

PRECOLUMBIAN MINING AND STONE WORKING IN THE UNITED STATES 

OF AMERICA. 

Collections made by Mr. W. H. Holmes, from seven Large mines and quarries, exhib- 
ited by the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. .J.W.Powell, 

director. 

This collection was presented after the close of this exhibition to the Spanish 
Museo Arqueologico by the Bureau of Ethnology. 

Primitive quartzite quarries (suburbs of Washington, District of Columbia) : The 
aborigines worked this very extensive quarry to procure the rounded quartzite 
pebbles, of which, when chipped into thin, oval pieces, they made various 
implements. The excavations extend over many acres, and the residue from the 
work is considerable. Little was done in the quarry itself, only the formation 
of the rough blanks, which were carried elsewhere to be worked into implements. 
There is therefore not much to be found at the site of the quarry except the 
waste or '•' rejects," from the work of which remains have been found in all 
stages of completion, .so that we have a complete line of forms, from the natural 
pebble with one chip removed to the leaf almost finished, which line is repre- 
sented by many broken blades which were left in the quarry. These are 
exhibited in the lower line. All the leaf-blades which turned out well were carried 
away. The photographs are correctly labeled and may be studied in detail. 

Remains of chipped pebbles, abandoned at the beginning of the work. 

Remains of blades well advanced in working. Two specimens. There is little 
difference between them. 

Blades which turned out well, removed from the quarry, but yet similar. Found 
on the sites of villages near the quarries. 

Various implements made of the quarry blades and found on the sites of villages 
and widely scattered over the country. 

Remains of knives of leaf form abandoned in various stages of completion. 

Blades of quartzite, abandoned on the eve of completion. 

Blades of quartzite, broken on the eve of completion. Section of an ancient 
quarry, with ddbris, C : C : . Stratum of stones, B, B. 
Primitive flint quarries (Ohio): The ancient flint works of Licking County, Ohio, 
are the most noted of the primitive quarries. A very good quality of flint for 
chipping into blades could be obtained from a thick stratum covered by a high 
ridge close to Licking River. The ancient pits and ditches are large and numer- 
ous, and cover a little more than a square mile of territory. The work was in 
nearly the same state as that of other qn arries where similar material was found. 
Little was shaped on the spot, except the rough outline of the blades, the 
residuum from which is found in inexhaustible quantities. The series of speci- 
mens illustrates the whole range of the abandoned forms, and by means of the 
photographs may be learned the nature of the blades which turned out well, 
and the various forms which were made from them. 

Rejects of blades abandoned at the start, and when half finished. 

Rejects of blades abandoned in an advanced stage of completion. 

Well-finished blades found on sites of villages in the vicinity of the quarries. 

Implements differing from the quarry blades, found on sites of villages dispersed 
widely in the State of Ohio and the neighboring States. 
Primitive novaculite quarries (Arkansas): These, so far as is known, are the most 
extensive of all the flint quarries of America. The stone is found in massive 
strata which form the crests of the mountain chains, and these quarries have 
been worked by the quarriers for many mi,les. Many of the pits and trenches 
are very large, measuring more, than 100 feet in length or diameter, and shout 
25 feet in depth. The quantity of broken, loose, and wasted stone abandoned is 
enormous, and thousands of stone hammers and blocks which were used in 
working the quarries are found on these sites. The work of shaping did not 



190 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

extend beyond roughly outlining knives in the form of leaf-blades, pictures of 
which are in the collection of photographs. The blades which had turned out 
well were carried away to be utilized in various ways. 

Photograph No. 1 represents a series of blades, and No. 2 the particular imple- 
ments which were found on the sites of villages and in the neighboring fields. 

Quarry refuse which was abandoned in various stages of manufacture into blades. 

Stone hammers which were used in breaking and extracting the novaculite. 
' Blades made in the quarry, and dressed in the neighboring villages, but not 
different. 

Various quarry implements made of blades found on sites of villages, and of 
which there is a considerable distribution over the country. 
Primitive chert quarries (Indian Territory): These quarries are especially interest- 
ing from the nature of their stone. It is a whitish, massive chert, found in 
strata of many feet in depth, and so homogeneous that very large implements 
can be made from it. The deposits of quarry refuse on the spot indicate that 
here, as elsewhere, the principal articles made were blades, the largest of which 
were 15 or more inches in length. A series of rejects of manufacture is exhib- 
ited in the collection, and the photographs display very fine specimens belong- 
ing to the Bureau of Ethnology. The explanations may be read on the labels 
of the photographs. Stone hammers and articles in the form of a pebble are 
placed in the lower row. 

Rejected articles of medium size, abandoned at the beginning of their manufacture 
into knives of leaf shape. 

Rejected articles, large and small, abandoned at the beginning of their manufacture 
into knives of leaf shape. 

Refuse of the leaf-shaped knives, half finished. 

Refuse of the leaf-shaped knives in an advanced stage of manufacture. 

Refuse of leaf-shaped knives, almost finished. 

Stone hammers which were used in breaking and flaking the chert. 

Quarry residuum, abandoned in various stages of manufacture into blades. 

Refuse of pebbles. 

Stone hammers which were used in flaking the chert. 
Primitive steatite quarry (suburbs of Washington, District of Columbia) : There are 
many steatite quarries from one end to the other of the eastern slopes of the 
Appalachian range of mountains. The pits are not large, seldom more than 25 
feet in diameter, and 6 feet in depth. The rock is soft, but very compact, and 
when it hardens can not be worked without great difficulty. Nos. 1 to 12, frag- 
ments of bowls, partly finished, from the quarry and the adjacent villages. The 
finishing was not done in the quarries. Nos. 13 to 20, implements of quartzite, 
diorite, etc., used for removing and cutting the steatite. The largest specimens 
had handles, and the small chisels were probably fixed on bone handles. 

Quarry and workshop refuse of bowls or pots left unfinished. 

Tools, picks and gouges, which probably had haudles when they were used in 
extracting and cutting the steatite. 
Primitive copper mines (Royal Island, Lake Superior, Michigan) : Implements Nos. 
1 to 11, mauls made of large stones rounded by the water, from the shore of Lake 
Superior. Some are grooved for applying handles, and almost all had probably, 
when they were in use, some variety of handle. The largest weighs 20 pounds. 
They are found in great numbers in and near the ancient pits, thousands of them 
being seen at a glance. They were used for breaking the rock in which the cop- 
per was concealed, and for extracting the masses of native copper. Specimen 
No. 12, native copper and portions of the rock containing it. There is no evidence 
that the copper implements were made at or near the quarries. 

Stone mauls which were used for breaking the rock and extracting the lumps of 
copper. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 191 

Pieces of copper, and rock containing copper. 

Section showing ancient pits and the distribution of lumps of copper. 

Stoue hammers aud mauls found in a ditch 3 feet wide, crossed by an ancient jut 
20 feet in diameter and 10 feet deep. 

Section of an ancient pit containing heads of mauls. 

Exhibit of rubbish from an ancient pit containing heads of stone mauls. 

Quarry of sacred stone for pipes (Minnesota) : The quarry of red stone for pipeo 
is situated in the southwest of Minuesota. In the ancient pits are found many 
stone hammers and mauls, which are an evidence that this work was performed 
in prehistoric times. The quarry has been worked uninterruptedly up to the 
present time, and the Yankton Sioux make a journey of 200 miles every year to 
work in it. The Indians manufacture and sell pipes, and make a considerable 
revenue by selling the rough material to the whites, who manufacture many 
articles of it. The stone slab for pipes is about 12 inches thick, and the work 
on it requires much time and labor. The collection contains a quantity of pieces 
of the red stone for pipes, and specimens of the hammers which were used in the 
prehistoric quarry. 

Fragments found on sites of workshops and dwellings. 

Hammers and mauls which were used in extracting and breaking the pipestone. 

Red quartzite which was used for making hammers, picks, and sharpeners. 

Pipes made of red stone, now in the United States National Museum. All the above 
materials for the study of the ancient quarries were collected by W. H. Holmes. 



VURKISH HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 

The manuscript is illustrated with colored maps and drawings. 

A third of this manuscript treats of the discovery of America and gives a succinct 
sketch of the life and voyages of Christopher Columbus from a Moslem point of 
view. Certain political events give rise to the suppositior that this manuscript 
was written in A. H. 977; that is to say, in 1569-70 A. D. The work was printed in 
Constantinople in 1730. A copy of it exists in the library of the School of Oriental 
Living Languages at Paris and another in the Hodgson collection of the United 
States National Museum, Washington, D. C. Collected at Constantinople in 1891, 
and exhibited by Dr. Cyrus Adler, United States National Museum. 

DRAWINGS. 

I. (F. 17.) The tree " wak wak," with women instead of fruit. Discovered in an 
island of the Bay of Bengal. 
II. (F. 45.) Manati, or sea cow, found in the West Indies. 

III. Manatis, or sea cows, of Darien (F. 55); probably tapirs. 

IV. The "man fish," found in Tobago. (F. 57.) 

V. Birds of the Moluccas, whose flesh is supposed to possess medicinal virtues 
when prepared with spice and cinnamon. 
VI. Duck, black swan, and monster pelican (F. 65 op.), which "swallows three 

babies at one gulp." 
VII. The cochineal cactus. 
VIII. Wild bull and stag of America. (F. 86 op.) 
IX. The city of Potosi and its mountains of silver. 

X. Jaguar, ant-bear, and a rare animal which has a natural seat on its body. 
XL A sloth, resting on the trunk of a tree, and a maritacaca, with its young. 
XII. The cacao (F. 104). " Cures almost all diseases.'' 
XIII. Various trees of the New World. 



192 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

MAPS AND DIAGRAMS. 

P. 6. Diagram of the equator and the poles. 
F. 11. Diagram of the zones. 
F. 34. Map of the Old World. 
F. 35. Map of the New World. 
The maps of the two worlds form a single one. 



EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES INDIAN INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL 
FOR THE EDUCATION OF ADULT INDIANS, CARLISLE, PA., 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ESTABLISHED IN 1879. 

Number of pupils, 812; male, 492; female, 320. Number of tribes represented, 43. 
Total of pupils admitted to date, 2,187. Duration of instruction, five years, or more 
in necessary cases. Voluntary assistance of half a day in th» school, and the other 
half in the workshop. Official expenses, $100,000 a year. Occupations and trades 
taught in the Industrial School : Cooking, sewing, washing, nursing, teaching, bak- 
ing, blacksmithing, carpentry, belt making, shoemaking, wagon making, tinning, 
tailoring, cabinet making, dairy work, gardening, agriculture, printing. Education 
jn all branches of industry, exclusively in the English language. Superintendent, 
R. H. Pratt, captain in the Tenth Regiment of Cavalry of the United States Army. 



EXHIBIT OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. 

MODEL OF THE UNITED STATES SHIP-CF-WAR COLUMBIA, EXHIBITED 
BY THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. 

So named in honor of Christopher Columbus, and built in 1892, to commemorate 
the fourth centenary of the discovery of America. 

The ship is presented in broadside, with its exact proportions and with all its most 
minute details. 

This model was constructed expressly to be exhibited at this exhibition. 

United States Three-Screw Cruiser Columbia. 

Length over all 416 ft. 3 in. 

Greatest beam 58 ft. 2J- in. 

Average draft 23 ft. 

Lanzamiento on the main deck 17 ft. 

Displacement 7. 550 tons. 

Indicated horse power 23,000. 

Maximum velocity 22 knots. 

ARMAMENT. 

Principal battery. — One 8-inch breech-loading rifle, two 6-inch rapid-fire guns, 
eight 4-inch rapid-fire guns. 

Secondary battery. — Twelve 6-pounder rapid-fire guns, four 1-pounder rapid-fire 
guns, four gatling guns, five torpedo tubes. 

ARMOR. 

Protected deck : 

Waist inches . . 4 

Forward and aft do 2i 

REDOUBTS. 

Four 4-inch rapid-fire guns, two 6-pounder rapid-fire guns. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 193 



EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM. 

Skull of a Nisqnally Indian chief, Puget Sound, Washington. The flattening is 

extraordinary. 
Skull of a Peel River Indian, Fort McPherson, Arctic America (J ukkuthkutchin). 

From Mr. R. Kennicott's collection. 
Skull of a Pawnee Indian, near Fort Barker, Kansas. Presented by Dr. B. E. Pryer, 

surgeou, U. S. A. 
Skull of au Arapahoe Indian warrior, from Fort Larned, Kansas. Presented by Dr. 

W.'H. Forwood, assistant surgeon, U. S. A. 
Skull of a Ponka Indiau, from Fort Randall, Dakota. Presented by Dr. A. J. 

Comfort, assistant surgeon, U. S. A. 
Skull of a Piegan Indian, of the Blackfeet Nation. Killed near Fort Shan, Mon- 
tana. Presented by Dr. F. L. Jown, surgeon, U. S. A. 
Skull of a California Indian, from Santa Rosa Island, California. From Rev. 

Stephen Bowers's collection. 
Skull of a Brule" Sioux Indian, from Beaver Creek, Nebraska, 4 miles north of Camp 

Sheridan, Nebraska. Presented by Dr.W. H. Corbusier, assistant surgeon, IT. S. A. 
Skull of a Wahpeton Sioux Indian, from near Fort Sissetou, Dakota. Presented by 

Mr. A. Geeks, hospital steward, U. S. A. 
Skull of a Nez Perce" Indian, from Bear Paw Mountain, Montana. Presented by 

Dr. David S. Snively, assistant surgeon, U. S. A. 
Skull of an Eskimo of Alaska, from the northwestern extremity of St. Lawrence 

Island, Bering Sea. From Mr. E. W. Nelson's collection. 
Skull of an Alaskan Eskimo, from the northwestern extremity of St. Lawrence 

Island, Bering Sea. From Mr. E. W. Nelson's collection. 
In the same case are seen " composite" craneographic photographs, with the 

apparatus for making them, and a collection of craneographic outlines, taken 

with the craneoscope. 

H. Ex. 100 13 



ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS EXHIBITED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF 
ARCHEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
PHILADELPHIA. 



STEWART CULIN, Director of the Museums of Archaeology and Palaeontology of the University of Penn- 
sylvania. 



VALLEY OF THE DELAWARE RIVER. 



Case I. 



The valley of the Delaware River embraces part of the States of Pennsylvania, 
New Jersey, New York, and Delaware; it is rich in remains of its primitive inhab- 
itants. The Cases I to III contain different classes of objects found in this region, 
and Case IV contains a special collection from a limited area. The greater part of 
these objects, except those specially indicated, were found on the surface of the 
earth, and many of them were brought to light by the plowshare. 

Some circumstances excepted, there are no indications of their precise antiquity, 
as they might come from the times of the first contact with European civilization, 
before the abandonment of stone implements, or from a more remote epoch. 



1. Historical map of Pennsylvania, with ( 13. 

the Indian names of the streams, 
towns, roads, sites of forts, battle- 14. 
fields, etc., made by P. W. Sheafer. 
Private publication of the Penn- 15. 
sylvauia Historical Society. Phil- 16. 
adelphia, 1875. 17. 

2. Grooved axe; weight, 13 pounds: 18. 

Scrabbletown, New Jersey. 

3. Grooved axe: Burlington County, 19. 

New Jersey. 

4. Grooved axe : Burliugton County, , 20. 

New Jersey. 

5. Grooved axe: Trenton, New Jersey. 21. 

6. Grooved axe: Burlington, New Jer- 

sey. ' 22. 

7. Grooved axe: Burlington, New Jer- 

sey. 23. 

8. Grooved axe: Wilmington, Delaware. 

9. Grooved axe: Burlington County, 24. 

New Jersey. 

10. Grooved axe: Delaware Valley. 25. 

11. Celt : Burlington County, New Jersey. 

12. Celt: Burlington County, New Jer- 26. 

sey. 
194 



Celt: Burlington County, New Jer- 
sey. 

Celt: Burlington County, New .Jer- 
sey. 

Celt: Gloucester, New Jersey. 

Celt : Delaware, Pennsylvania. 

Celt: Delaware, Pennsylvania. 

Celt : Chalfont, Bucks County, Penn- 
sylvania. 

Gouge : Burlington County, New Jer- 
sey. 

Gouge : Burlington County, New Jer- 
sey. 

Gouge : Burlington County, New Jer- 
sey. 

Gouge: Burlington County, New Jer- 
sey. 

Gouge: Burlington County, New Jer- 
sey. 

Goiige: Burlington County, New Jer- 
sey. 

Spade (?): Doylestown, Bucks 
County, Pennsylvania. 

Spade (?): Doylestown, Bucks 
County, Pennsylvania. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



195 



27. Implement (?): Bristol, Bucks 

County, Pennsylvania. 

28. Wooden mortar; Indian manufacture: 

Burlington County, New Jersey. 

29. Wooden mortar : Burlington County, 

New Jersey. 

30. Mortar: Burlington County, New 

Jersey. 

31. Pestle: Burlington County, New 

Jersey. 



32. Pestle: Pennsylvania. 

33. Pestle : Salem County, New Jersey. 

34. Pestle: Lumberton, New Jersey. 

35. Pestle : Durham, Bucks County, 

Pennsylvania. 

36. Grinding stone: Western Pennsyl- 

vania. 

37. Cup-shaped stone. 



Cask II. 



10. 
11. 
12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 
21, 



21 



Three discoidal stones: Burlington 

County, New Jersey. 
Stone disk: Germantown. Pennsyl- 
vania. 
Three perforated stones: Gloucester 

County, New Jersey. 
Worked stone: Burlington, New 

Jersey. 
Sinker: Camden, New Jersey 
Sinker: Gloucester, New Jersey. 
Sinker: Burlington County, New 

Jersey. 
Sinker: Burlington County, New 

Jersey. 
Sinker: Burlington County, New 

Jersey. 
Drilled stone: Trenton, New Jersey. 
Worked stone (?): New Jersey. 
Worked stone : Doylestown, Bucks 

County, Pennsylvania. 
Worked stone : Burlington County, 

New Jersey. 
Worked stone : Burlington County, 

New Jersey. * 

Ground and polished stone: New 

Jersey. 
Semilunar slate knife: Wilmington, 

Delaware. 
Semilunar slate knife: Burlington 

County, New Jersey, 
Gorget: Burlington County, New 

Jersey. 
Gorget: Burlington County, New 

Jersey. 
Gorget: Ocean Comity, New Jersey. 
Gorget: Trenton, New Jersey. 
Pendants: Burlington Island, New 

Jersey . 
Gorget: Burlington County, New 

Jersey. 

Gorget: Northumberland, Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Gorget : Pennsylvania. 



26. Gorget : Pennsylvania. 

27. Gorget: Burlington County, New 

Jersey. 

28. Fragment of engraved gorget : Mar- 

shall Island, Bucks County, Penn- 
sylvania. 

29. Gorget: Pennsylvania. 

30. Ceremonial object: Burlington 

County, New Jersey. 

31. Ceremonial object: Burlington 

County, New Jersey. 

32. Ceremonial object: Burlington 

County, New Jersey. 

33. Ceremonial object: Burlington 

County, New Jersey. 

34. Ceremonial object: Burlington 

County, New Jersey. 

35. Ceremonial object: Burlington 

County, New Jersey. 

36. Ceremonial object: Burlington 

County, New Jersey. 

37. Ceremonial object: Bridgeport, New 

Jersey. 

38. Ceremonial object: Bridgeport, New 

Jersey. 

39. Ceremonial object (fragment show- 

ing method of drilling) : Trenton, 
New Jersey. 

40. Pipe: Pennsylvania. 

41. Pipe: Burlington County, New Jer- 

sey. 

42. Pipe, catlinite. 

43. Pipe, catlinite. 

44. Pipe : Burlington County, New Jer- 

sey. 

45. Pipe, with double face: Burlington 

County, New Jersey. 

46. Pipe, resembling the preceding, 

found in Allegheny County, Penn- 
sylvania. 

47. Four clay pipestems: Burlington 

County, New Jersey. 



196 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



48. Iron tomahawk: Bucks County, 

Pennsylvania. 

49. Three conical beads of iron and cop- 

per: Burlington County, New Jer- 
sey. 

50. Thirteen fragments of pottery : Bur- 

lington County, New Jersey. 

51. Two hundred and two notched peb- 

bles : Point Pleasant, Bucks 
County, Pennsylvania. 



This series of notched pebbles, or 
" net sinkers," was found buried at 
Point Pleasant, Bucks County, 
Pennsylvania. It has been claimed 
that these simple implements had 
also other uses than that indicated 
by the name of " net sinkers," which 
is very probable, as they are fre- 
quently found in ash pits and in 
other places a great distance from 
the water. 



Case III. 

1. Ten argillite stones, roughly flaked: Trenton, New Jersey. 

2. Argillite stone, roughly flaked: Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. 

3. Eight argillite stones, roughly flaked: Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Penn- 

sylvania. 
These are the objects which have been designated as palaeolithic implements. 

4. Argillite stone, roughly flaked: Trenton, New Jersey. 

5. Five argillite stones, roughly flaked. 

6. Eighteen stones, roughly flaked : Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. 

7. Argillite blade : Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. 

8. One hundred and sixteen argillite blades : Point Pleasant, Bucks County, Penn- 

sylvania. 

These objects were discovered in a cache in an island in the Delaware River, 
Bucks County, Pennsylvania, by Mr. Henry C. Mercer, of Doylestown, Penn- 
sylvania. 

Deposits of objects of the same kind, apparently intended to serve as materials 
for the manufacture of implements, have been discovered in various localities 
east of the Mississippi River. The continuation of The History of Travaile 
in Virginia, by William Strachey, treats of this subject. 

Their maize and, no doubt, their copper, hatchets, horses, wampum, beads, and 
many other of their articles were of great value, owing to the estimation which 
they attached to them. The Indians hid them from each other in the earth or 
the woods, where they kept them whole years, until they needed them. 

9. Flat stone, with worked edges : Found in the cache above mentioned. 

10. Four spearheads : Lumberton, Burlington County, New Jersey. 

11. Eight spearheads: Lumberton, Burlington County, New Jersey. 

12. Thirteen spearheads: Trenton, New Jersey. 

13. Four arrow or spear heads : Trenton, New Jersey. 

14. Nine flaked blades, usually described as knives, but probably "blanks," which 

were made to be wrought into arrowheads, etc. : From a cache containing some 
200. Lumberton, New Jersey. 

15. Flaked stone, probably a "blank:" From a cache which contained some 150 

similar specimens, found in a meadow about 3 miles south of Trenton, New 
Jersey. 
Note. — According to the observations of Mr. William H. Holmes, it was custom- 
ary to dress the stones in the quarry in the manner resembling Nos. 14 and 
15, in order to facilitate their transportation. The form that was wanted was 
afterwards given to these "blanks." 

16. Three flaked stones, resembling the preceding: Mercer County, New Jersey. 

17. Two flaked stones, resembling the preceding : Burlington County, New Jersey. 

18. Flaked implement : Burlington County, New Jersey. 

19. Two spearheads: Burlington County, New Jersey. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 197 

20. Spear: Burlington County, New Jersey. 

21. Two spearheads: Gloucester County, New Jersey 

22. Spearhead: Chester County, Pennsylvania. 

23. Spearhead: Burlington County, New Jersey. 

24. Spearhead: Burlington County, New Jersey. 

25. Spearhead: Sussex, New Jersey. 

26. Sword (?): Cape May County, New Jersey. 

27. Five arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey. 

28. Three arrowheads: Trenton, New Jersey. 

29. Arrowhead: Trenton, New Jersey. 

30. Two arrowheads : Burlington County, New Jersey. 

31. Five arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey. 

32. Four arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey. 

33. Six spearheads: Burlington County, New Jersey. 

34. Four arrowheads: Burlington County, New Jersey. 

35. Four arrowheads : Trenton, New Jersey. 

36. Fifteen arrowheads, Burlington County, New Jersey. 

37. Eleven arrowheads : Trenton, New Jersey. 

38. Five awls : Burlington County, New Jersey. 

39. Five awls: Trenton, New Jersey. 

40. Six scrapers: Trenton, New Jersey. 

41. Scraper : Burlington County, New Jersey. 

42. Scraper: Lumberton, New Jersey. 

43. Three knives ( ? ) : Trenton, New Jersey. 

44. Three blades of argillite : Trenton, New Jersey. 

Case IV. 
Eiegelsville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. 

The objects exhibited in this case were found on the site of the old village inhab- 
ited by Shawnee Indians, near Riegelsville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, which is 
thought to have been given to them by the Delawares (Lenni Lenilpe) in 1680, and 
which was abandoned in 1727-1728. 

The village was called " Pechot-Woalhenk," which means "great hollow in the 
ground," doubtless with reference to the large cave which was within its limits, 
and of which a part still exists. 

19. Ceremonial object. 

20. Ceremonial object. 

21. Ceremonial object. 

22. Ceremonial object. 

23. Ceremonial object. 
21. Iron tomahawk. 

25. Drilled stone. 

26. Glass bead. 

27. Drilled pendant. 

28. Engraved pestle. 

29. Ten pestles. 

30. Two discoid al pieces of argillite. 

31. Two discoidal stones, engraved. 
:!'_'. Pour fragments of argillite. probably 

rejected in working. 
:;:;. Five flaked stones, similar to the pre- 
ceding ones. 



1. 


Grooved axe. 


2. 


Grooved axe. 


3. 


Grooved axe. 


4. 


Grooved axe. 


5. 


Celt. 


6. 


Celt. 


7. 


Celt. 


8. 


Grooved hammer. 


9. 


Grooved hammer. 


10. 


Ten stone balls. 


11. 


Thirteen pestles. 


12. 


Stone en j). 


13. 


Mortar. 


11. 


Pestle. 


15. 


Pestle. 


Hi. 


Pestle. 


17. 


Pestle. 


18. 


Ceremonial object. 



198 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



34. Stone blade. 

35. Six argillite spearheads. 

36. Thirteen argillite spearheads. 

37. Eight argillite spearheads. 

38. Twenty-four argillite spearheads. 

39. Eighty-four argillite arrowheads. 



The distinction between the spears, 
the arrows, and the perforating 
objects frequently can not be made. 

40. Three scrapers. 

41. Two awls. 

42. Fourteen fragments of pottery. 



STATE OF OHIO. 

Case V. 

The objects from Ohio are usually of better workmanship than those of the eastern 
coast of the United States. Many of those found in mounds are worked to great per- 
fection. The greater part of the specimens exhibited in this case are from the col- 
lection of Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, of Philadelphia, by whom they were presented to 
the museum of the university. 

40. Perforated stone disk : Ross County. 

41. Ball with imperfect hole. 

42. Gorget : Ross County. 

43. Gorget. 

44. Gorget. 

45. Gorget. 

46. Gorget. 

47. Gorget. 

48. Gorget. 

49. Gorget. 

50. Gorget. 

51. Gorget. 

52. Gorget. 

53. Of shell Ceremonial, object : Auglaize 
County. 

54. Ceremonial object : Warren County. 

55. Ceremonial object. 

56. Ceremonial object : Auglaize County. 

57. Ceremonial object. 

58. Cross. 

59. Bird' shaped stone. 

60. Bird-shaped stone. 

61. Bird-shaped stone. 

62. Boat-shaped stone. 

63. Boat-shaped stone. 

64. Ornament (?). 

65. Ceremonial object, 

66. Ceremonial object: Ross County. 

67. Worked stone. 

68. Worked stone. 

69. Ceremonial ornament. 

70. Ceremonial object. 

71. Pipe. 

72. Pipe. 

73. Catlinite pipe. 

74. Five rudely llaked blades. 

75. Rudely flaked blade: Allen County. 

76. Flaked stone: Clermont County. 

77. Flaked stone: Warren Count.\ . 






1. 


Grooved axe. 


2. 


Grooved axe. 


3. 


Grooved axe. 


4. 


Grooved axe. 


5. 


Grooved axe. 


6. 


Grooved axe. 


7. 


Grooved axe. 


8. 


Celt. 


9. 


Celt. 


10. 


Celt. 


11. 


Celt. 


12. 


Celt. 


13. 


Celt. 


14. 


Celt. 


15. 


Celt. 


16. 


Celt. 


17. 


Celt of hematite. 


1<. 


Copper celt. 


19. 


Celt, 


20. 


Chisel. 


21. 


Grooved hammer. 


22. 


Pestle. 


23. 


Pestle. 


24. 


Pestle. 


25. 


Pestle. 


I'll. 


Pestle. 


27. 


Pestle. 


28. 


Mortar and pestle. 


29. 


Discoidal stone. 


30. 


Discoidal stone. 


31. 


Discoidal stone. 


32. 


Worked stone. 


33. 


Worked stone. 


34. 


Worked stone. 


35. 


Hematite paint stone. 


36. 


Paint stone of hematite 


37. 


Ring. 


3s 


Perforated stone disk. 


oil 


Perforated stone disk. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



199 



78. Flaked stone. 

79. Flaked implements : Warren County. 

80. Three implements. 

81. Seven flaked implements. 

82. Three spearheads. 

83. Spearhead: Hardin County. 

84. Spearhead : Flint Ridge. 

85. Thirteen spearheads. 

86. Spearhead : Warren County. 

87. Spearhead. 

88. Spearhead: Allen County. 

89. Six spearheads. 

90. Two spearheads : Chillicothe. 



91. Seven spearheads. 

92. Sixteen arrowheads. 

93. Six arrowheads: Blennerh asset 

Island. 

94. Twelve arrowheads. 

95. Awl: Pike County. 

96. Two awls : Warren County. 

97. Three awls. 

98. Semilunar knife. 

99. Thirteen scrapers. 

100. Scraper: Brown County. 

101. Three scrapers. 



FLINT RIDGE, LICKING COUNTY, OHIO. 
Case VI. 

From the chert quarries of Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio, the Indians of the 
adjacent country obtained the materials for their chipped implements. The deposit 
lies between the cities of Newark and Zanesville, and forms a ridge of rock 10 miles 
in length. The ridge displays on all sides the trenches and pits made by the ancient 
quarriers. 

The quality of the stone varies, and is principally of three kinds : Chert, jasper, 
and chalcedony. Specimens of these various stones, in worked condition, have 
been found in the States of Indiana, Kentucky, at the source of the Kanawha 
River, and in the Allegheny River, near the boundary of the State of New York. 
Many objects of this stone have also been found in mounds widely distributed. 

It is thought that the Indians first removed the upper covering of earth, which is, 
in many places, 9 or 10 feet deep, and on reaching the flint made a large fire on the 
rock, in order that the heat might crack it, and they then probably threw water on 
it to expedite the work. 

Large quantities of flakes, broken arrowheads, knives, etc., found in the vicinity 
of Flint Ridge, give reason for the belief that the greater part of the materials 
were worked in the quarry itself; but fragments found at great distances, some- 
times a hundred miles or more from the quarries, indicate that, after diminishing 
the weight of the blocks by chipping them hastily, they carried them away to give 
them suitable form. 

The quarrier, to shape his block, knocked off flakes with a stone hammer, hun- 
dreds of which of different sizes are found scattered over the country. 

Fourteen stone hammers of various sizes. 
Two large masses of flint. 
Twenty-one masses of flint, partly flaked. 

Twenty-three flaked flints worked in the quarry, more or less imperfectly, and 
commonly designated as ''blanks" or leaf-shaped blades. 

5. Nine spearheads. 

6. Twenty-four spearheads or knives. 

7. Five knives. 

8. One hundred and one arrowheads. 

9. Forty-two scrapers. 

10. Eleven awls. 

11. One hundred and thirty-six small flakes. 

12. Flint cores from which knives have been flaked. 

13. Twelve large flakes. 



200 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

IREDELL COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA. 
Case VII. 






1. Grooved stone axe. 

2. Grooved stone axe. 

3. Grooved stone axe. 

4. Grooved stone axe. 

5. Grooved stone axe. 

6. Grooved stone axe. 

7. Grooved stone axe. 

8. Stone pestle. 

9. Discoidal stone. 

10. Discoidal stone. 

11. Stone ball. 

12. Stone ball. 

13. Stone ball. 

14. Stone ball. 



15. Stone ball. 

16. Fragment of steatite pipe. 

17. Steatite pipe. 

18. Steatite pipe. 

19. Seven fragments of pottery. 

20. Nine chipped blades. 

21. Six dressed knives or spearheads. 

22. Three spearheads. 

23. Nine spearheads. 

24. Forty-one spear or arrowheads. 

25. Six roughly flaked stones. 

26. Four knives ( ?). 

27. Arrowheads. 

28. Five awls. 



FLORIDA. 



Case Till. 



1. Twenty roughly worked stones, 19. 

probably rejected in the quarry : 
Marco Pass, southwest coast. 20. 

2. Three worked stones, like the preced- 

ing: St. Johns Island, Hernando 21. 
County. | 22. 

3. Polishing stone : Punta Rassa. 

4. Polishing stone : Punta Rassa. 23. 

5. Celt. 24. 

6. Celt. 

7. Celt : Levy County. 25. 

8. Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 

Marco Pass, southwest coast. 26. 

9. Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 27. 

Marco Pass, southwest coast. 28, 

10. Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 29. 

Marco Pass, southwest coast. 30. 

11. Perforated shell (strombus sp.): j 

Marco Pass, southwest coast. 31, 

12. Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 

Marco Pass, southwest coast. 32, 

13. Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 

Marco Pass, southwest coast. 33, 

14. Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 

Marco Pass, southwest coast. 34. 

15. Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 

Marco Pass, southwest coast. 35. 

16. Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 

Marco Pass, southwest coast. 36, 

17. Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 

Marco Pass, southwest coast. 3' 

18. Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 

Marco Pass, southwest coast. 



Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 
Marco Pass, southwest coast. 

Perforated shell (strombus sp.): 
Marco Pass, southwest coast. 

Dish, worked shell : Punta Rassa. 

Five sinkers, shell : Marco Pass, 
southwest coast. 

Eighteen sinkers, shell : Punta Rassa. 

Five disks, shell : Marco Pass, south- 
west coast. 

Two disks, shell: Goodland Point, 
near Cape Roman. 

Disk, shell: Punta Rassa. 

Spoon, shell: Punta Rassa. 

Two spoons, shell: Alalia Eiver. 

Worked shell : Punta Rassa. 

Worked shell: Marco Pass, south- 
west coast. 

Two fragments of shell rings: Marco 
Pass, southwest coast. 

Two fragments of pottery : Marco 
Pass, southwest coast. 

Six fragments of pottery : South Flor- 
ida. 

Three fragments of pottery : West 
Florida. 

Fragment of pottery : Mound, Tampa 
Bay. 

Seven fragments of pottery. Gulf 
Park, Hernando County. 

Fragment of pottery. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



201 



The articles which follow, from No. 38 to No. 102, inclusive, were found in the shell 
heaps at Punta Rassa, dating from the time of the Spaniards. 

The stone objects aie of Indian manufacture; those of metal are chiefly of Euro- 
pean origin. 

The rough beads of gold are made of native gold dust, probably brought from 
Georgia or North Carolina. 

The large beads are of glass. 

Small shell plummet. 

Ornament of metal, gilded. 

Ornament, copper. 

Ornament, brass. 

Two fragments of copper ornaments. 

Three fragments of metal ornaments. 

Two metal disks. 

Head of a pair of brass compasses. 

Fragment of a Spanish sword hilt, 

with the arms of Leon andCastile. 
Fragment of a sword blade. 
Fragment of iron. 
Iron key. 
Iron axe. 

Four fossil shark teeth. 
Two fragments of glazed pottery. 
Fragment of pottery. 
Fragment of glass. 
Two large gold beads. 
Two oval gold beads. 
Small oval gold bead. 
Oval gold bead. 
Oval gold bead. 
Oval gold bead. 
Long gold bead. 
Gold disk. 
Two gold beads. 
Small gold bead. 
Finger ring. 
Pipe carved in the form of a bird : 

Southwest coast. 
Copper pendant. 
Carved bone in form of a bird. 
Die. 
Silver disk found in a pile of shells; 

Estero Bay. 
Fragment of hammered gold. 
Two gold beads. 
Fragment of pottery: Gulf Park, 

Hernando County. 



38. 


Fragment of a human skull. 


76 


39. 


Human lower jaw. 


77 


40. 


Two fragments of pelvis. 


78 


41. 


Three human bones, femur. 


79. 


42. 


Six silver disks. 


80. 


43. 


Silver ornament in the form of a bird's 


81. 




head. 


82. 


44. 


Silver cross. 


83 


45. 


Silver cross. 


84. 


46. 


String of silver beads. 




47. 


Silver beads. 


85 


48. 


String of shell and glass beads. 


86. 


49. 


String of shell and glass beads. 


87. 


50. 


String of shell and glass beads. 


88. 


51. 


Bead. 


89. 


52. 


Grooved bead. 


90. 


53. 


String of glass beads. 


91. 


54. 


String of glass beads. 


92. 


55. 


String of glass beads. 


93. 


56. 


String of glass beads. 


94. 


57. 


Three strings of small glass beads. 


95. 


58. 


Two strings of small shell and glass 


96. 




beads. 


97. 


59. 


String of glass beads. 


98. 


60. 


String of glass and amber beads. 


99. 


61. 


Two shell beads. 


100. 


62. 


Coral bead. 


101. 


63. 


Brass buttons. 


102. 


64. 


Gilt bead and two metal buttons. 


103. 


65. 


Earrings of blue glass. 


104. 


66. 


Imitation precious stone, blue. 




67. 


Two fragments of cut glass. 


105. 


68. 


Carved ornament of bone in the form 


106. 




of a bird. 


107. 


69. 


Implement of carved bone. 


108. 


70. 


Bone awl. 




71. 


Two carved bone beads. 


109. 


72. 


Fragment of the end of a bone. 


110. 


73. 


Bone arrowhead. 


111. 


74. 


Three bullets. 




75. 


Lead plummet. 





202 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 






PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND 
PALAEONTOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
PHILADELPHIA. 

1. Annual Report of the Curator of the Museum of American Archaeology, Philadel- 

phia, 1891. 

2. Catalogue of the Loan Exhibition. Objects used in the religious ceremonies, and 

charms and implements for divination, 1892. 

3. Addresses Delivered at the Opening Ceremonies of the Exhibition of Objects 

Used in Worship (Philadelphia, 1892). 



COLLECTION OF ABORIGINAL INDIAN SKULLS EXHIBITED BY THE 
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 



STEWART CULIN, Active Member of the Academy. 



The forty-four skulls forming this collection represent thirty-five 
Indian tribes of the United States, found m graves and mounds. 
Many of these tribes are extinct. 

This collection possesses great historic interest. It forms part of the 
celebrated collection of human skulls made by Mr. Samuel George 
Morton, of Philadelphia, and referred to by him in his great work 
Crania Americana. A copy of this work is also exhibited. Some of 
these specimens are engraved in this work. 

The interior capacity of the skulls is given in cubic inches. 

Note. — The skulls are classified according to the language of the 
stock to which they belong, following the system of linguistic classifica- 
tion of the Bureau of Ethnology. 

ALGOXQUIAN STOCK. 

Skull of a Lenape or Delaware Indian: Woman 40 years old. Facial angle, 76°; 

cubic inches, 82. (Crania Americana, pi. 82, p. 159.) 
Skull of Menominee Indian : Woman 40 years old. Facial angle, 76 c ; cubic inches, 87. 
skull of Miami Indian : Woman 40 years old. Facial angle, 79° ; cubic inches, 81. 
Skull of Narragansett Indian : Woman 80 years old. Cubic inches, 84. 
Skull of Ottigamie or Fox Indian of Wisconsin : Man 50 years old. Facial angle, 

82° ; cubic inches, 92. (Crania Americana.) 
Skull of Nantick Indian of Nantucket. , 

Skull of Nantick Indian of Nantucket. 

Skull of an Ottawa warrior: 75 years old. Cubic inches, 89. 
Skull of Indian of the Penobscot tribe of Maine: Man 50 years old. Facial angle, 

76° ; cubic inches, 80. 
Skull of the young Pottawatomie: A warrior 20 years old, who killed Majimik, the 

chief of the Miamis, at the Wabash River, in 1841, and who, in his turn, died at 

the hands of the Miamis. 
Skull of Sac Indian: Woman 10 years old. Cubic inches, 98. 
Shawnee (?) Indian of Ohio: Cubic inches, 87. 

ATHAPASKAX STOCK. 

Skull of Chippewa Indian: Man 30 years old. Facial angle, 73°; cubic inches, 85. 

CHITIMACIIAX STOCK. 

Skull of Chitimacha Indian of Louisiana: Man 50 years old. Facial angle, 71°; 
cubic inches, 75. (Crania Americana, pi. 1!), p. 163.) 

203 



204 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



CADDOAN STOCK. 






Skull of Arickara Indian of the Missouri River: Woman 50 years old. Cubic 

inches, 80. 
Skull of Pawnee Indian of Platte River: Woman 30 years old. Facial angle, 75°; 

cubic inches, 75. (Crania Americana, pi. 38.) 

CHINOOK AX STOCK. 

Skull of Chinook Indian of Oregon : Woman 60 years old. Facial angle, 73° ; cubic 
inches, 82. Natural form. 

CHUMASKAN STOCK. 

Skull of Indian of Santa Barbara, Cal. 

IROQUOIAN STOCK. 

Skull of Cherokee Indian : Woman 20 years old. Facial angle, 74° ; cubic inches, 84. 
Skull of Huron Indian : Woman 40 years old. Cubic inches, 83. Found in a mound 

near Michigan Strait in 1844. 
Skull of Iroquois Indian ( ?) : Exhumed, with many others, near Lake Erie, about 20 

miles east of the Niagara, in, 1824. Facial angle, 74° ; cubic inches, 103. 
Skull of Mohawk Indian : Woman 16 years old. Exhumed near Manheim, N. Y. 
• Cubic inches, 81. 

KITUNAHAX STOCK. 

Skull of the Chief Cootonay (Blackfoot), called the " Bloody Hand": 50 years old 
Facial angle, 75°; cubic inches, 88. Missouri River, 1845. 

MUSKHOGEAN STOCK. 

Skull of Athla-Ficksa, Maskoki, or Creek chief: 50 years old. Facial angle, 72°; 

cubic inches, 97. (Crania Americana, pi. 26, p. 170.) 
Skull of a Seminole warrior of Florida : 50 years old. Facial angle, 72° ; cubic 

inches, 96. (Crania Americana, pi. 22, p. 166.) 
Skull of Yamasi (?) Indian of Florida: Man 50 years old. 

SALISHAN STOCK. 

Skull of Indian of the Klatsoni tribe of Oregon: Man 50 years old. Facial angle, 
70°; cubic inches, 75. Artificially compressed. (Crania Americana, pi. 44, p. 
210). 

Skull of Nass Indian of Fort Simpson, Washington Territory. 

SHOSHONEAN STOCK. 

Skull of Shoshone Indian; Wonir.n 40 years old. Cubic inches, 71'. 

SIOUAN STOCK. 

Skull of Assinaboine Indian of Missouri : Woman 20 years old. Cubic inches, 85. 
Skull of Aubsaroke or Crow Indian: Woman 40 years old. Cubic inches, 95 (1845). 
Skull of Dacota or Sioux Iudian of Wisconsin : Man 20 years old. 
Skull of Mandan Indian of the Upper Missouri : Man 40 years old. Cubic inches, 91. 
Skull of Minnetare or Gros-Ventre Indian of the Missouri : Mau 40 years old. Cubic 

inches, 94. 
Skull of an Otoe warrior of the Upper Missouri : 50 years old. Cubic inches, 83. 
Skull of a Winnebago warrior : Facial angle, 79° ; cubic inches, 92. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 205 

UNIDENTIFIED. 

Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Ohio. 

Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Obio: Man 60 years old. Facial 

angle, 77°. 
Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Ohio: Facial angle, 79°. 
Skull of Indian, found in a tomb at Steubenville, Ohio. 
Skull of Indian, found in a mound about 3 miles from the mouth of Huron River, 

Ohio: Woman GO years old. 
Skull of Indian, found in a mound at C'hillicothe, Ohio : Man 60 years old. 1846. 
Skull of Indian, found in a mound in Butler County, Ohio. 
Skull of Indian, found in an ancient mound in Illinois : Man 70 years old. Cubic 

inches, 80. 
Crania Americaua, or a Comparative View of the Skulls of Various Aboriginal 

Nations of the North and South of America, by Samuel George Morton, M. D. ; 

296 pages, Ho. 72 plates. Philadelphia," 1839. 
Catalogue of the Collection of Human Skulls in the Academy of Natural Sciences 

of Philadelphia, by J. Aitken Meigs, M. D. 112 pages. Philadelphia, 187."). 



AMERICAN MEDALS, PAPER MONEY, AND WORKS ON AMERICAN COINS 
AND PAPER CURRENCY, EXHIBITED BY THE NUMISMATIC AND 
ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA. 



STEWART CULIN, Recording Secretary of the Society. 



Fifty medals of Gen. George Washington. 

Fifty medals of eminent Americans. 

Fourteen medals of the War of the Revolution and the Independence of America. 

Forty American medals, religious, political, and miscellaneous. 

Collection of paper money, 220 specimens (1800 to 1863). 

This paper money was issued by the State and private banks and commercial 

houses, from 1800 to 1863, before the creation of the national banks and the 

currency of the national paper. 
Collection of the fractional currency of the United States. Fifty specimens (1862 

to 1876). 
By act of Congress, in 1862, the issue of paper money of less value than $1 

was authorized, of which a total amount of $368,720,070.51 was issued from 1862 

to 1876, in five series. Of this amount $6,903,462.62 remained in circulation on 

the 30th of June, 1892. 

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY 

OF PHILADELPHIA. 

1. Constitution and By-Laws, 1870. 

2. The Falsification of Antique Coins. By H. K. Harzfeld, 1879. 

3. Presentation of a Silver Medal to Hon. Eli K. Price, president, 1879. 

4. The Remains of an Aboriginal Encampment at Rehoboth, Delaware. By Francis 

Jordan, jr., 1880. 

5. Some Modern Monetary Questions, Viewed by the Light of Antiquity. By Robert 

Noxon Toppan, 1881. 

6. The Books of Chilan Balan. By Daniel G. Brinton. 

7. Act and Bull. 

8. William Penu's Landing in Pennsylvania, 1881. 

9. Old and New Style Fixed Date Calendars. By John R. Baker, 1881. 

10. Proceedings in Celebration of the Twenty -Fifth Anniversary of its Foundation, 

1883. 

11. Constitution and By-Laws, 1883. 

12. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1865. 

13. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1878, 1879. 

14. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1880. 

15. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1881. 

16. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1882. 

17. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1883. 

18. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1884. 

206 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 207 

19. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1885. 

20. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1886. 

21. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1887-88-89. 

22. Report of the proceedings of the society for 1890-91. 

23. A collection of books and pamphlets relating to American coins and paper money 

WORKS OF STEWART CULIN ON THE CHINESE IN THE UNITED 

STATES OF AMERICA. 

I. The Religious Ceremonies of the Chinese in the Eastern Cities of the United 

States. Philadelphia, 1887. 
II. China in America. Study on the social life of the Chinese in the United 
States. Philadelphia, 1887. 

III. The Practice of Medicine by the Chinese in America. Philadelphia, 1887. 

IV. Chinese Drug Stores in America. 1887. 

V. Chinese Games with Dice. Philadelphia, 1889. 
VI. The "I Hing," or Patriotic Rising. Philadelphia, 1890. 
VII. Chinese Secret Societies in the United States. 1890. 
VIII. Customs of the Chinese in America. 1890. 
IX. The Gambling Games of the Chinese in America. Philadelphia, 1891. 



AMERICAN MEDALS, PAPER MONEY, AND BOOKS CONCERNING 
THE CURRENCY AND MANUFACTURE OF AMERICAN MONEY, 
EXHIBITED BY THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCI- 
ETY OF PHILADELPHIA. 



By STEWART CULIN, Recording Secretary of the Society. 



Fifty medals of Gen. George Washington. 

Fifty medals of eminent Americans. 

Fourteen medals of the War of the Revolution and of the Independence of America. 

Forty American medals of religions, corporations, politics, and miscellaneous. 

Collection of the manufacture of paper money, containing 220 specimens (1800 to 
1863). 

This paper money was issued by the State and private banks and commercial 
houses, from 1800 to 1863, before the creation of the national hanks and the 
currency of the national paper. 

Collection of the fractional currency in the United States. Fifty specimens (1862 
to 1876). 

By act of Congress, in 1862, the issue of paper money of less value than $1 
was authorized, of which a total amount of $368,720,079.51 was issued from 
1862 to 1876, in five series. Of this amount $6,903,462.62 remained in circula- 
tion on the 30th of June, 1892. 

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY 

OF PHILADELPHIA. 

1. Constitution, 1870. 

2. The Counterfeiting of the Ancient Dice. By H. K. Harzfeld, 1879. 

3. Presentation of a Silver Medal to Hon. Eli K. Price, president, 1879. 

4. The Ruins of a Primitive Encampment of Rehoboth, Delaware. By Francis J. 

Jordan, 1880. 

5. The Modern Monetary Questions, Viewed in the Light of Antiquity. By Robert 

Noxon Toppan, 1881. 

6. The Books of Chilan Balan. By Daniel G. Brinton. 

7. Proceedings. 

8. William Penn'a Band-Glass in Pennsylvania, 1881. 

9. Ancient and Modern Calendars. By John R. Baker, 1881. 

10. Memorial of the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of its Foundation, 1883 

11. Legal Constitution, 1883. 

12. Account of the labors of the society in the year 1865. 

13. Account of the labors of the society in 1878, 1879. 

14. Account of the labors of the society in 1880. 

15. Account of the labors of tin- society in 1881. 

16. Account of the labors of the society in L882. 

17. Account of the labors of the society in 1*83. 

18. Account of the Labors of the society in 1884. 

B. Ex. 100 14 209 



210 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

19. Account of the labors of the society in 1885. 

20. Account of the labors of the society in 1886. 

21. Account of the labors of the society in 1887-88-89. 

22. Account of the labors of the society in 1890-91. 

23. A collection of books and pamphlets relative to the currency of American paper 

money and of the coined money. 



WORKS OF STEWART CULIN ON THE CHINESE IN THE UNITED 
STATES OF AMERICA. 

I. The Religious Ceremonies of the Chinese in the Western Cities of the United 

States. Philadelphia, 1887. 
II. China in America. Study on the social life of the Chinese in the United 
States. Philadelphia, 1887. 

III. The Practice of Medicine by the Chinese in America. Philadelphia, 1887. 

IV. Chinese Drug Stores in America. 1887. 

V. Chinese Games of Dice. Philadelphia, 1889. 
VI. The "I Hing," or Patriotic Rising. Philadelphia, 1890. 
VII. Secret Chinese Sanctuaries in the United States. 1890. 
VIII. Dresses of the Chinese in America. 1890. 
IX. The Gambling Games of the Chinese in America. Philadelphia, 1891. 



EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES MINT. 



One hundred and twenty-one medals, coined by the mint in honor of the Presidents 
of the United States, including the originals of the medals presented to the 
Indian chiefs by the Presidents; together with the originals of the medals voted 
by resolutions of Congress to officers of the Army and Navy for distinguished 
conduct, and to citizens for eminent services, and the medals coined in commem- 
oration of national events, and the medals of the directors and superintendents 
of the mint. 
The following coins of the American colonies, medals of the United States, and 

paper money of the colonics and of the continental era, are from the United States 

National Museum: 

Sixty-eight coins of the British colonies of Asia and of the time of the Revolution 
of the United States. 

Ninety-seven medals of Gen. George Washington. 

Seventeen medals of eminent Americans. 

Sixty-seven medals of the war of the revolution and of the independence of 
America. 

\a) Paper money of the British colonies of America and of the American States. 

Paper money of Massachusetts: Four notes (1780). 

Paper money of New Jersey: Nineteen notes (1756-1776). 

Paper money of New York: Eight notes (1771-1775-1776). 

Paper money of Delaware: Eight notes (1776). 

Paper money of Pennsylvania: Twenty-five notes (1775-1776). 

Paper money of Pennsylvania: Fifteen notes (1777). 

Paper money of Pennsylvania: Nineteen notes (1760-1773). 

Paper money of Maryland: Twenty-two notes (1775-1776). 

Paper money of Rhode Island: Niueteeu notes (1780-1786). 

Paper money of Maryland: Twelve notes (1767-1770-1774). 

Paper money of North Carolina: Twenty -three notes (1776-1779). 

Taper money of North Carolina: Eight notes (1780). 

Paper money of South Carolina: Twelve notes (1775-1779). 

Paper money issued by resolution of the Continental Congress : Twenty-four notes 

(1775-1776). 
Paper money of Georgia: Fight notes (1776-1777). 
Paper money of Virginia : Nine notes (1775-1781). 
Paper money of Georgia: Twenty-three notes (1776-1777). 
Paper money issued by resolution of the Continental Congress : Twenty-four notes 

(1778-1779). 

211 



212 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID 



EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND 

PRINTING. 

EXAMPLES OF BONDS AND NOTES ISSUED BY THE UNITED STATES. 

(a) Legal value of the notes. 

One dollar. One hundred dollars. 

Two dollars. Five hundred dollars. 

Five dollars. One thousand dollars. 

Teu dollars. Five thousand dollars. 

Twenty dollars. Ten thousand dollars. 
Fifty dollars. 

In 1862 the United States Government began the issue of paper money with pro- 
visional notes, and declared them a legal tender in ]>aymentof all public and private 
debts except customs duties and interest on the national debt. 

(b) Treasury notes of .1890. 

One dollar. Ten dollars. 

Two dollars. Twenty dollars. 

Five dollars. 

The issue of this paper money began in 1890, and it is redeemed in gold or silver 
coin, at the discretion of the Treasurer of the United States. 

(c) National-bank notes. 

Five dollars. Fifty dollars 

Ten dollars. One hundred dollars. 



Twenty dollars. 



(d) National-liank notes. 



Five dollars. Fifty dollars. 

Ten dollars. One hundred dollars. 

Twenty dollars. 

The national banks were authorized to issue paper money by act of Congress in 
1863. The national bauks, before issuing paper money, must deposit in the coffers 
of the United States Treasury a sum equal to the issue. 

(e) Silver certificates, issue of 1878. 

One dollar. Ten dollars. 

Two dollars. Twenty dollars. 

Five dollars. 

The issue of silver certificates began in 1878. This paper money is guaranteed by 
the silver coin deposited in the United States Treasury. 

{J ) Silver certificates, series of 1881. 

One dollar. Twenty dollars. 

Two dollars. Fifty dollars. 

Five dollars. One hundred dollars. 

Ten dollars. One thousand dollars. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 213 

(g) Gold certificates. 

Twenty dollars. One thousand dollars. 

Fifty dollars. Five thousand dollars. 

One hundred dollars. Ten thousand dollars. 
Five hundred dollars. 

The issue of gold certificates hegan in 1863. This paper money is guaranteed by 
the coined gold deposited in the United States Treasury. 

(h) 4 per cent bonds of 1907. 

Fifty dollars. Five thousand dollars. 

One hundred dollars. Ten thousand dollars. 

Five hundred dollars. Twenty thousand dollars. 

One thousand dollars. Fifty thousand dollars. 

The bonds hearing interest at 4 per cent per annum, redeemable July 1, 1907, were 
issued by act of Congress of July 14, 1870. 

(i) 3 per cent bonds of 1882. 

Fifty dollars. One thousand dollars. 

One hundred dollars. Ten thousand dollars. 

Five hundred dollars. 

The bonds bearing interest at 5 per cent, issued from 1865 to 1868, were, by act of 
Congress of July 12, 1882, converted into 3 per cent bonds, which were redeemed 
prior to 1888. 

(j) 44, per cent bonds of 1891. 

Fifty dollars. Five thousand dollars. 

One hundred dollars. Ten thousand dollars. 

Five hundred dollars. Twenty thousand dollars. 

One thousand dollars. Fifty thousand dollars. 

The coupon bonds bearing interest at 4i per cent per annum were issued by act 
of Congress of July 14, 1870, When th«se bonds fell due, in September, 18!>1, they 
were converted into 2 per cent bonds or paid, at the option of the holder. 



EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 
UNITED STATES POSTAGE STAMPS. 

stamps: 1847-1890. Ordinary stamp. 

Stamped-letter envelopes. Special-delivery stamps. 

Envelope for certified and stamped pack- Postal cards. 

ages. Official stamps. 

Wrappers for periodicals. Stamped official envelopes. 

Centennial envelope, 1876. Envelope for official documents. 

Stamps for periodicals and magazines. Stamped envelopes. 



REPORT OF WM. E. CURTIS, ASSISTANT TO COMMISSIONER 
GENERAL, IN CHARGE OF THE HISTORICAL SECTION, 
EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES AT THE COLUMBIAN 
HISTORICAL EXPOSITION, MADRID, SPAIN, 1892. 



Washington, D. C, April 5, 1893. 

Sir: I have the honor to hand you herewith my report as your 
assistant in charge of the historical section of the exhibit of the United 
States at the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid, Spain, 
1892-!>3. 

The delay of Congress in authorizing the participation of the United 
States in the Spanish celebration of the Columbian anniversary, and 
in making an appropriation to defray the necessary expense, left no 
time to prepare a historical exhibit suitable to the importance of the 
Exposition and the event it was intended to commemorate. This is 
much to be regretted for many reasons. 

There is in existence much historical material concerning the early 
voyages to and the exploration and settlement of the United States by 
Spanish soldiers, sailors, colonists, and missionaries that has never 
been assembled or described, and which will undoubtedly disappear 
unless some steps are taken to collect and preserve it. Some of it is 
for sale; more could be obtained as permanent loans or gifts if the 
owners were properly approached and adequate assurances could be 
given of its protection and preservation. There is no association in 
existence, so far as I have been able to ascertain, whose motive is the 
collection and preservation of Spanish remains in North America, 
although there is no more interesting or attractive field for the student 
and collector. The Southern and Southwestern States and Territories, 
which were once a portion of the Spanish domain— particularly New 
Mexico, Arizona, and California— still shelter many interesting relics 
of Spanish occupation, and could have contributed a large number 
of valuable objects to a. historical collection at Madrid had there 
been time and means to secure them for the United States exhibit. 
Such collections are brought together much more easily by public 
authority, and upon some similar occasion, when the attention of those 
interested can be concentrated, than by the slow and patient search of 
the curators of our museums; and so favorable an opportunity for 
gathering the relics of the Spanish epoch in the history of the United 
States may never again occur. 

L'l.i 



216 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Fortunately, however, as chief of the Latin- American department 
of the Chicago Columbian Exposition, I had for two years been engaged 
in collecting material for a historic exhibit there, with the inspiring 
sympathy and cooperation of the late James G. Blaine, then Secretary 
of State. The subject had for him more than ordinary interest, and he 
gave me much valuable advice and assistance. 

The funds to meet the expense were furnished from the allotment of 
the Department of State of the appropriation made by Congress for 
the board of management and control of ihe United States Govern- 
ment exhibit at Chicago, and the work was done under the direction 
and subject to the approval of that body. Additional funds were fur- 
nished by the board of directors of the World's Columbian Exposition. 
They provided the means for Mr. Fredeiick A. Ober, one of my assist- 
ants, to follow the course of Columbus among the Bahama and the 
West India Islands and visit all the scenes with which the great 
discoverer was identified in America, and also for the survey and inves- 
tigation by the same gentleman of the ruins of the first three towns 
established in the New World, where many relics of value and interest 
were obtained. 

This collection, so far as it was completed or could be made avail- 
able, was hastily packed and shipped to Madrid, where it added some- 
thing to the importance of the United States exhibit and received 
considerable attention, particularly from historical students and those 
engaged in scientific study. 

It is a singular fact that, although the Exposition at Madrid was 
intended to be exclusively historical, and to commemorate the discov- 
ery of America by Christopher Columbus by a nation whose greatest 
glory is in his achievments, both the man and the event were practi- 
cally ignored by Spain, and all the other nations participating, with the 
exception of the United States. The building was crowded with a 
magnificent and remarkable display of articles illustrating the art, the 
industry, the piety, the martial conquests, and the luxury of the reign of 
Ferdinand and Isabella, the golden age of Spain. The archives of the 
Government, the museums and libraries, the cathedrals, churches, and 
monasteries, the public and private palaces of the Peninsula were 
stripped of their treasures to form an exhibition that was never sur- 
passed in the extent and value of its historical features; but the only 
articles contributed by Spain that related directly or indirectly to 
( 'hristopher Columbus weie the following: 

(1) An autograph letter from Juan Colona, the notarial secretary 
of Ferdinand and Isabella, to Friar Boil, the priest who accompanied 
Columbus upon his second voyage. Exhibited by the Royal Academy 
of History. 

(2) A certified copy, made in 1545, of the will of Diego Colon, the 
sou of the discoverer, dated September 8, 1523, with a codicil dated 
May, 1520. Exhibited by Don Ignacio de Alcazar Castaueda. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 217 

(3) A copy of the letter written to tlie Catholic sovereigns by Colum- 
bus after his wreck on the coast of Jamaica in 1503. Exhibited by the 
Queen Regent. 

(4) The original of a memorial addressed by Don Luis Colon, the 
grandson of the discoverer, to the Licenciado Prado, treasurer of their 
majesties, demanding the rights to which he was entitled under the 
contract made with the Catholic sovereigns by his grandfather. Exhib- 
ited by the Queen Regent. 

There were also several medals struck in Spain and elsewhere from 
time to time commemorating the discovery of America. 

In the Papal exhibit was a facsimile of an autographic letter from 
Alexander VI, Pontiff, dated at Rome, May 3, 1403, congratulating 
Ferdinand and Isabella upon the triumphant return of Columbus and 
invoking for them the divine blessing. 

There was also a facsimile of the famous Bull of Demarcation by 
which the same Pope, upon the same date, divided the world between 
the Spaniards and the Portuguese. 

Also a facsimile of a communication from Pope Alexander VI, dated 
June 25, 1403, to Friar Bernardo Boil, the first missionary to the New 
World, who accomparied Columbus on his second voyage. 

Also a facsimile of a letter from Pope Julius II, dated at Rome, April 
10, 1507, commending Bartholeinew, the brother, and Diego, the son, of 
Christopher Columbus, to King Ferdinand, then an exile in Naples or 
Sicily. 

The Government of Santo Domingo exhibited a facsimile of a cross 
set up by Columbus in 1403 at Santo Cerro in token of his first victory 
over the Indians, and a number of photographs of that island, which 
was the scene of the first civilized settlement in the New World: and 
the Government of Guatemala exhibited two manuscripts which are 
claimed to be genuine autograph letters of Columbus, but which are 
only clever copies of the originals, to Nicolo Oderigo and the directors 
of the Bank of St. George, preserved in the municipal palace at Genoa. 

Spain is rich in precious manuscripts. In the archives of the Indies, 
and the Colombina Library at Seville; in the collection of the Duke of 
Veragua, the Duke of Alva, and the Royal Historical Society at 
Madrid are the most valuable and interesting historical documents in 
the world, while scattered through the Kingdom are private collections 
relating to the discovery and the conquest of America that are both 
unique and extensive. But for some reason none of them were exposed 
at the Columbian Historical Exposition, and it was noticeable that 
during all the festivities that attended t lie celebration of the anniver- 
sary the descendants of Columbus were conspicuous by their absence. 

It was, therefore, as opportune as it was appropriate that a consid- 
erable portion of the space allotted to the United States should be occu- 
pied by objects illustrating the life and achievements of Christopher 
Columbus, and it was not unnatural that they should attract more than 
ordinary attention. 



218 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

The collection was necessarily incomplete and nn symmetrical. It con- 
tained only suck articles as had been made ready in July, 1892, for an 
Exposition that was to open in May, 1893 ; but it was sufficient to con- 
vey an adequate idea of the broad plan of which it was a part, and to 
indicate the purpose it was designed to accomplish. It was installed 
under my direction in two large and well lighted rooms on the main 
floor at the right of the main entrance to the Bibliotheca National, the 
handsome and permanent- building occupied by the Exposition. The 
rooms opened upon the principal patio of the building, which was beau- 
tifully embellished by plants and flowers. 

Her Majesty the Queen Regent graciously asked a private view of 
the exhibit before the public opening of the Exposition, and made sev- 
eral appropriate suggestions as to its rearrangement, which were 
adopted. 

The Iconografia Colombina, as it was designated in the official cata- 
logue, was divided into four parts, as follows : 

I. The portraits of Columbus and his descendants, and the monu- 
ments erected in his honor. 

II. Places identified with the life history of Columbus. 

III. Pictures illustrative of the manner in which America received 
its name. 

IV. Remains of Spanish occupation in the United States. 

THE PORTRAITS OF COLUMBUS. 

The portraits of Columbus, which were 77 in number, included the 
originals or copies of all that had been painted or published of any his- 
torical interest or artistic value up to the 1st of January, 1892. It was 
the first time any attempt had been made to assemble the various types 
and ideals, although partial and incomplete collections exist in several 
of the European and American libraries and galleries. In securing 
these pictures I received valuable assistance from Lieut. W. McCarty 
Little, United States Navy; Frank H. Mason, United States consul- 
general at Frankfort-on-the-Maiu; Henry Vignaud, secretary of lega- 
tion, Paris; Remsen Whitehouse, secretary of legation, Rome; Col. P. 
J). Grant, United States minister, Vienna; B. F. Stevens, United States 
dispatch agent, London; Mr. Howell, the librarian of the British 
Museum; Hayden Edwards, United States consul-general, Berlin; 
Cav. Guiseppi Baldi, and James Fletcher, United States consul, Genoa; 
Nestor Pome de Leon and Benjamin Betts, New York; Edward M. 
Barton, Worcester, Mass.; Prof. Halsey C. Ives, St. Louis, and from 
James W. Ellsworth, of Chicago, who generously furnished the funds 
to purchase the Lotto portrait, which was too valuable to be paid for 
from the slender appropriation allowed for the work. I am also under 
obligations to the Eastman Company, of Rochester, N. Y., for the 
excellence of the mechanical enlargements that were made at their 
establishment. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 219 

None of the portraits were collected or exhibited as works of art. 
They were presented solely for their historical interest, and to furnish 
a complete exhibit of the varied conceptions which artists in all coun- 
tries, for four hundred years, have had of the appearance of the genius 
who discovered America. Nor were any of the portraits offered as 
authentic. It was distinctly stated in the catalogue of the collection 
that there was no evidence that the features of Columbus were ever 
painted or engraved by anyone during his life, and that the date of 
the earliest picture that pretended to represent him was six years later 
than his death. The most reliable authorities (and the subject has 
been under discussion for two centuries) agree in this opinion, and 
although the whole world was carefully searched in making this col- 
lection, the investigation only continued the belief that all are apoc- 
ryphal. His portrait has been painted, like that of the Madonna and 
those of the saints, by many famous artists, each dependent upon the 
verbal descriptions given of the man by contemporaneous writers, and 
each conveying to the canvas his own conception of what the great 
seaman's face must have been; but it may not be said that any of the 
portraits are genuine, and it is believed that all of them are more or 
less fanciful. 

Five contemporaneous writers, who knew him, sympathized with him, 
and were intimately associated with his career, have left us descriptions 
of his features and his person. 

His son, Fernando, says: 

TheAiliiiir.il was a well -mad e man, of a height above the medium, with a long 
face, and cheekbones somewhat prominent; neither too fat nor too lean. He had 
an aquiline nose, light-colored eyes, and a ruddy complexion. In his youth he had 
been fair, and his hair was of a light color, but after he was 30 years old it turned 
white. In eatin ; and drinking he was an example of sobriety, as well as simple and 
modest about his person. 

Gonzales Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdez witnessed the triumph of 
the discoverer at Barcelona, was present at several of his receptions, 
and at his interviews with the Queen. ''Columbus," he writes, "was a 
man of honest parentage and sober life. He had a noble bearing, good 
looks, and a. height above the medium, which was well carried. He 
had sharp eyes, and the other parts of his visage were well propor- 
tioned. His hair was a bright red, his complexion Hushed and marked 
with freckles. His language was easy, prudent, showing a great genius, 
and he was gracious in manner." 

Andres Bernaldez, who was known as "the good curate of Los 
I'alacios,* 1 and at whose house at Grenada Columbus made his home 
for months at a time, wrote the Historia de los Keyes Catolicos, and 
gave a description of the person of the admiral: "Columbus," he 
said, "was a man of fine stature, strong of limb, with an elongated 
visage, fresh and ruddy of complexion, marked with freckles. He had 
a noble bearing, was dignified of speech, and bore a, kindly manner." 

Peter Martyr, or Petrus Martyris Anglerius, afterward secretary to 
Charles V, described the admiral in similar terms. 



220 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Fray Bartholome <le Las Casas was also an intimate friend of Colum- 
bus. From him, also, we know that Columbus had red hair and freckles, 
keen gray eyes and aquiline nose, a large mouth and a sad expression 
of countenance, which was the result of much mental suffering. From 
him we know, too, that he was unusually reticent, but spoke with great 

fervor and fluency when so inclined. He 
describes him, too, as a lover of justice, 
but quick in anger when there was reason 
for it. 

These verbal portraits do not coincide 
with many of the pictures which bear the 
name of Columbus, and most of them were 
doubtless painted without a knowledge 
of what had been written of his ap- 
pearance. The only portrait which is 
positively known to have been drawn 
during the life of the discoverer was a 
caricature, the sketch of La Cosa, the pilot. 




THE LA COSA. 



No. 1. THE LA COSA VIGNETTE. 



Juan tie la Cosa was the pilot of Columbus, aud made the first chart of the West 
Iudies. It was drawn upon an oxhide, and is iuscrihed : " Juan de la Cosa la Fijo 
en el Puerto de St. Maria en ano de 
1500." At the top, in the center, is 
a rude vignette, drawn with an 
ordinary pen aud an awkward hand, 
representing St. Christopher bear- 
ing the Christ child across a stream, 
and meant to bo symbolical of Co- 
lumbus carrying Christianity to 
the New World. It was one of the 
legends of the day that La Cosa 
intended to give St. Christopher 
the features of Columbus. Baron 
von Humboldt, who had heard ot 
the chart, found it in Paris, in 1832, 
in the library of Herr Walcknaer, 
from whom it was purchased by the 
Spanish Government, and it now 
hangs in the Naval Museum at 
Madrid 

The several pictures which are 
intended to represent the real or 
the ideal Columbus may be grouped 
into four classes, as follows: 

(1) Those of the Giovio type — 

either copies of the portrait which hung in the gallery of the archbishop of Como. 
or drawn from verbal descriptions given of the Admiral by his contemporaries, upon 
which that was undoubtedly based. 

(2) The De Bry type, representing Columbus as a Dutchman. 

(3) The portraits with beards and costumes of the century subsequent to his 
death. 

(4) The fanciful pictures without preteuse to authenticity. 




THE CAPRIOLO. 

See page 222. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Curtis. 



Plate 




The Giovio. 



MBIAJK 1 MADKLD. 



I 




! 

! 

He -wa- bes. He v 

L 

- . 

- 

I - 

Italian 

- - 
- 

madiao 

.... 

- - -ires 

were wi<> • imfemSUt 

_ 

■ ! 

_ 

in support 

I 

! 

jed. 

- 

■ 

Med some Terr bad 
wood 

2 

: 

. ^ved 

- 
■ 

ueandM- 
Deserved and I 




. 



222 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 




THE COGOLETO. 
See page 224 



No. 3. THE CAPRIOLO PORTRAIT (page 220). 

1 his was engraved from the Giovian portrait, by Aliprando Capriolo, for the Ritratti 
dedi Cento Capitani lllustri, published at Rome in 1596, and was reproduced by 
Carderera and Navarette in their celebrated Avorks on Columbus, as well as by many 

authors who accepted it as genuine. It closely re- 
sembles the engravings in Giovio's Elogia, but is con- 
sidered a more accurate and artistic piece of work. 

No. 4. THE CRISPIN DE PAZ PORTRAIT (platen;. 

The portrait that hung in the luxurious palace of the 
archbishop of Nocera on the banks of Lake Como was 
engraved for another work, Effegies Regnum et Prin- 
cipium, Cologne. 1598, by Crispin de Paz, or Crispin de 
Passe, as the name is sometimes given, and as a w r ork 
of art is considered to surpass both the woodcut in the 
Elogia of Giovio, and that of Capriolo. But the artist 
added a hood to the Franciscan frock, placed an octant 
in the hand, and hung a chain around the neck of 
Columbus. The appearance of the latter is explained 
by Carderera, on the ground that contemporary 
writers said ho constantly wore over his monkish habit 

a chain of gold that was given him by Guacanagari, the cacique of Hispaniola. 
A copy of the Giovian portrait, with the face reversed as it "would appear i in a 

mirror, was engraved for Peter von Opmeer's Opus Chronographicum, 1611. 

No. 5. THE FLORENTINE PORTRAIT (page 221). 

While a portrait that hangs in the Uffizi Gallery, at Florence, is claimed by some 
writers to have been the original Giovio, there seems to be indisputable evidence 
that it is a copy of that work, 
painted about the middle of the 
sixteenth century by Christofano 
dell Altissimo, at the order of 
Cosmo di Medici. It is painted 
on a panel of wood, and is con- 
sidered an admirable work of art. 

When Thomas Jefferson was min- 
ister to France, in 1781, he engaged 
an artist to copy " what was consid- 
ered by the most competent critics 
to be the best authenticated like- 
ness of Columbus." The Altissimo 
picture w T as selected, and the copy 
hung in Mr. Jefferson's library at 
Monticello until the settlement ot 
his estate. It then passed into 
the hands of Mr. Israel Thorndike, 
who presented it to the Massachu- 
setts Historical Society, Boston, 
November 26, 1835. Mr. Jefferson 
wrote of this portrait as follows: 

"The Columbus was taken for me from the original, which is in the gallery of 
Florence. I say from the original, because that it is well known that in collections 
of any note — and that of Florence is the first in the world — no copy is ever admitted, 
and an original existing in Genoa would be readily obtained for a royal collection 
in Florence. Vasari names this portrait, but does not say by whom it is made." 




THE NAVARETTE. 

See page 226. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Curtis. 



plate !l 



nsri 




Chriftophorus aentat miem Genua clara. Cbhtmbus 
(\umzne per -ad/us tpto ne/Sio \ primus: vz alrum 
^efecnc{ietis-pcbgpis,SoLem T^er^ur^ne cadenrem 
l5tnecto cur/u, noslro hacW7iusabJini *fundo 

Aurora Jeeejci, V-t'e/peria praru-urarhiippa : 
-■l uJenJu hzrtL ult/xriuru ec maunz reknjuens . 



The Crispin de Paz. 






COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



223 




No. 6. THE YANEZ PORTRAIT (page 221). 

In 1763 the Spanish Government purchased from Senor N. Yanez, of Grenada, four 
portraits — those of Columbus, Lope, Cortez, and Quevedo — all claiming to be genuine. 
The portrait of Columbus was placed in the National Library, and was recognized 
by all critics as bearing a close 
resemblance to that by Altissimo, 
at Florence. Artists who gave it 
close study were satisfied that it 
had been tampered with, and ob- 
tained permission to make au 
examination. On the upper mar- 
gin of the canvas were the words 
"Christof Columbus novi orbis 
inventor." When subjected to a 
chemical test tbis inscription 
disappeared, and another was 
found beneath it which read, 
"Columb Lygur novi orbis rep- 
tor." Further investigation de- 
monstrated that the original had 
been repainted, and by some in- 
ferior artist ; and upon the further 
application of chemicals the flow- 
ing robe with a heavy fur collar, 
"more befitting a Muscovite thau 
a mariner," as the investigators 
said, vanished, leaving a simple 
garb such as Columbus usually 
wore, a closely fitting tunic and 
a mantle folded across the breast. 
The lines of the face were also changed and' a new expression was disclosed. 

Carderera believes this to be a copy of the Giovio portrait, also painted in Italy, 
perhaps that made by order of Cosmo di Medici, in 1552, or that made for the Princess 

Hippolyte. It is of the same size as 
the Altissimo portrait at Florence, 
and is painted upon poplar wood, 
which was not used in Spain, al- 
though common in Italy. The style 
is that of the Florentine school of 
the middle of the sixteenth century, 
and the horizontal plaiting of the 
toga was in fashion at that date. 
Its age is about the same as that of 
the Altissimo picture, and the por- 
traits of Cortez, Lope, and Quevedo, 
which were found with it, are 
painted on poplar panels of the same 
size, with the same materials, and 
evidently by the same hand. De 
Conches pronounces it the most 
ancient portrait of Columbus that 
exists, and Senor h'ios y Kins, a good 
Spanish authority, maintains with 
considerable circumstantial evi- 
dence that the Yancz is the long-lost and much-desired original of the Giovian col- 
lection. Senor Mont o jo, of Madrid, insists that it formerly belonged to the Council 
of the Indies at Seville, and was probably painted by an artist named Ibauez. 



THE CANCELLIERA. 
See page 226. 




THE BELVEDERE. 

See |>:iy- 227. 



224 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADKID. 




THE CEVASCO. 
See pnge 227. 



A copy of this portrait, by M. Hernandez, was secured hy Gen. Lucius Fairchild 
when minister to Spain, and presented to the Historical Society of Wisconsin. 

It hangs in the capitol at Madison. There is also a 
copy in the collection of Dr. E. M. Hale, at Chicago. 

No. 7. THE MARINE PORTRAIT. ORIGINAL IN THE 
MARINE MUSEUM, MADRID (plate m). 

This is one of the most widely known and generally 
accepted portraits of Columhus, and has heen used 
more than any other to illustrate biographies and 
volumes of history. It is given a conspicuous place in 
the Marine Museum at Madrid, and has been asserted 
to be a genuine portrait, painted in 1504 or 1505, at 
Seville, upon the return of Columbus from his fourth 
aud last voyage, and shortly before his death. There 
is no testimony to sustain this claim, but there is 
very good evidence that it was painted during the 
present century, at the order of the ministry of marine, 
and that the artist used the Capriolo engraving as his 
model, taking the liberty to add age and signs of anxiety to the face of the Admiral. 
A good copy was presented to Colby University, Maine, by the Honorable Han- 
nibal Hamlin, while minister to Spain. It resembles the Caprioli very closely, 
except that the face is turned to the right instead of the left. 

No. 8. THE RINCON PORTRAIT (plate IV). 

A portrait of Columbus which hangs in the private library 

of the Queen of Spa n in the palace at Madrid is said to have 

been painted by Antonio del Kincon, upon the return of Colum- 
bus from his second voyage, although in the long list of the 

works of this famous artist there is no mention of this picture. 

Rincon was the founder of the Spanish school of portrait 

painting. He was made painter in ordinary to the court of 

Ferdinand and Isabella, who decorated him with the Order of 

Santiago in 1500. He was born at Guadalajara in 1416, and 

was therefore contemporary with Columbus. At the time of 

the latter's return from his first voyage, Rincon was engaged, under the orders of 

Cardinal Ximenes, in decorating the University of Alcala, and had every opportunity 

to paint his portrait had he desired to do so. He 
doubtlesa witnessed the triumphal reception of 
Columbus, and Sir William Stirling Maxwell, in his 
Annals of the Artists of Spain, says "he mingled 
with the great navigator in the courtly throngs of the 
presence chamber of Isabella.'' 




THE BOSSI. 
See page 227. 




No. 9. THE COGOLETO PORTRAIT (page 222). 

Cogoleto is a small town 15 miles from Genoa, which 
claims the honor of being the birthplace of Columbus. 
An old house on one of the principal streets bears a 
tablet to commemorate the fact, and visitors are shown 
the room in which the eyes that discovered America 
first opened to the light of day. The portrait, which 
bears no date or signature, hangs in the towu hall. 
Its history can be traced back three centuries, and it, 
too, is asserted to be the original of the Giovian collection. The portrait bears a 
similar inscription to that of Dr. di Orchi at Como: " Christoforus Columbus novi 
orbis repertor,'' but the artist is unknown. 



THE ARAMBURC. 

See page 22". 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid— Curtis. 



Plate III 




The Marine Portrait. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. -Curtis. 



Plate IV. 




The Rincon. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid —Curtis. 



Plate VI. 




The Lorenzo Lotto Portrait. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



225 





THE FOCILLON. 

See page 229. 



No. 10. THE ORCHI PORTRAIT (plate v). 

There is in possession of Dr. Alessand.ro di Orchi, of Como, Italy, a portrait bearing 
the inscription: "Columbus Lygur Novo Orbis Raptor," which is believed by many 
competent critics to be the original of the Giovian collection. According to Dr. di 
Orchi. the villa of Paolo Giovio was sold in 1600 to his 
nephew, Francisco Giovio, and thirteen years later the 
art collection was divided among the sons of the pur- 
chaser. Most of the pictures remained in the possession 
of the heirs of the eldest brother of the family, including 
the portrait of* Columbus, and this was passed down, 
from father to sou, until the last of the male line, Paolo 
Giovio, dying in 1849 without direct descendants, the 
picture of Columbus was inherited by his sister, Antouia 

GLovio, the wife of Dr. 
Alessandro di Orchi, its 
present owner. It has a 
striking resemblance to 
that in the museum in 
Florence. It bears no 
signature, but has been 
attributed to both Sebas- 
tian del Piombo and Bartolombo Suardo. Piombo 
could not have painted Columbus from life, as he was 
ouly 21 years old when the latter died, and at the date 
of the alleged visit of the great navigator to Rome he 
was 12 years of age and still living at Venice, where 
he was born in 1485. He removed to Rome a few years 
later, became a pupil of Michael Angelo, and was a 
rival of Rafael. He might have painted the Giovian 
portrait, for the Archbishop employed the best artists to contribute to his collection; 
but if so it was a copy or made from verbal descriptions. Bartolombo Suardo, or 
Suarai, also called Bramantino, was 
contemporary with Columbus, al- 
though a younger man, and reached 
his greatest fame in 1620. He was 
working at Rome in 1513 when the 
archbishop of Nocera was living. Dr. 
Fossati, who has given the subject con- 
siderable study, suggests that the por- 
trait was painted in Rome, after an 
original sketch obtained from Barthol- 
omew Columbus, who visited that city 
to intercede with the I 'ope. in 1505. Or 
it may have been painted at the order 
of Giovio, who was frequently asso- 
ciated with Ferdinand, the son of 
Christopher Columbus, while he was 
in Rome in 1512. 

No. 11. THE LORENZO LOTTO POR- 

TU.\TT (plate vi). 



THE LEFORT. 
See page 229. 




THE ZEAKINQ. 
S. e pan.- 229. 



This ] port rait, which is recognized by 
experts to be as nearly authentic as any 
that exists, is believed to have been painted for DomenicoMalipiero, a Venetian senator 

and historian, at the instance of his correspondent . Angelo Trevisan ( Tri vigiano |, 
secretary to the ambassador sent to Spain by the Venetians in 1501, and who was in 
H. Ex. 100 15 



226 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 




THE HULL. 
See page 229 




constant communication with Columbus at that time. Malipiero's manuscripts, and 

presumably this picture, passed into the possession of Senator Francesco Longo. 

The Gradenigos were the heirs of Longo, and it was from them that tbe Caviliera 
Luigi Rossi, a steward of the Duchess of Parma, purchased 
tbe portait. Shortly before Rossi's death the picture was 
sold to a Signor Gondolfi, who had it restored and repaired, 
the badly damaged head and cap of an Indian at the right 
being cut out, and the canvas made square instead of oblong. 
From Gondolfi it passed to Signor Antonio della Rovere, from 
whom it was bought by Capt. Frank H. Mason, United States 
consul-general at Frankfort, for Mr. James W. Ellsworth, of 
Chicago. The signature 
and date read, " Lawrens 
Lotto f. 1512.'' Lotto was 
a painter scarcely second 
to Titian. He was born 

about 1480, and reached the summit of his fame 

about 1522. The chart which is represented in the 

portrait is very nearly like the Ruysch map pub- 
lished in the Rome edition of Ptolemy of 1508. This 

portrait was selected as the model for the face of 

Columbus upon the World's Columbian Exposition 

souvenir coin, and was awarded a silver medal at 

the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid as 

being the most authentic likeness of the discoverer. 

No. 12. THE NAVARETTE PICTURE (page 222). 

M. Navarette, in his Relations des Quatre Voyages 
de Christopher Colomb, Paris, 1828, uses as a frontis- 
piece a beautiful engraving of the admiral, evidently 

copied from the portrait of Columbus in the ministry of marine at Madrid. It 
resembles the Capriolo, however, and wears the same costume, but the face is turned 
to the right instead of the left. The engraving lias an inscription, which in English 
reads "Drawn on stone from an original and contem- 
porary portrait belonging to His Catholic Majesty, by 
Pedro Columbus, Duke of Veragua, a great-grandson of 
the illustrious navigator." 

No. 13. THE CANCELLIERA PORTRAIT (page 223). 

The family of Fidele Colombo, which sprang from the 
brother of Dominco, father of Christopher Columbus, 
owned what was known as the Castillo di Cuccaro, an 
ancient castle near the village of Cuccaro, in the Mont- 
serrat, Italy. In the hall of this castle was an alleged 
portrait of Columbus, which is said to have been painted 
by Antonio del Rincon, a famous Spanish artist contem- 
porary with Columbus, and to have been brought to 
Italy from Spain by Baltazar Columbus, second cousin of 
the discoverer, who in the reign of Philip II contested 
in the courts with other relatives for the rights, titles, 
and dignities of Christopher Columbus. This portrait 
was accepted as genuine by Napione, and was used by 
him to illustrate his Della Patria di Colombo (Florence, 1805), and by Francisco 
Cancelliera in his Notizie di Vristof'ero Colombo (Rome, 1809). It is signed by Jean 
Patrini, and Avas engraved by Joseph Callandi. Patrini was a painter of the Milanese 
school and left many works of distinction. This portrait was given by the last 



THE RINCK. 
See page 230. 




THE GREOORI. 
See page 230. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



227 



descendent of Fidele Colombo, about forty years ago, to Count Rosely <le Lorgues, 
of Boulevard San Germain, Rue Chanel, No. 16, Paris, the author of the well-known 
eulogistic life of Columbus. 

No. 14. THE BELVEDERE PORTRAIT (page 223). 

In 1579, according to written evidence, Ferdinand I of Austria bad a copy painted 
of the portrait owned by Archbishop Giovio. In 1610 it passed into the possession 
of the Archduke Ferdinand, his son, Count of Tyrol, who was also a nephew of 
Charles V of Spain. For many years it hung in the castle of Ambras, near Inspruck, 
in the Tyrol, but in 1805 it was returned to Vienna, where it now appears in one 
of the several magnificent collections of the Austrian capital. It is a miniature 
in oil, painted upon a small panel of wood. De Conches says it is very old, as 
old as the Altissimo at Florence, and was done by an accomplished artist, but 
it bears no signature. It was engraved for Frank'l's German poem, " Cristo- 
foro Colombo" (Stuttgart, 1836). 

No. 15. THE ROHRBECK PORTRAIT. 

A young artist named Carl Rohr- 
beck, of Milwaukee, has produced a 
very excellent full-length portrait of 
Columbus in oil, from photographs of 
other and more famous representa- 
tions of the discoverer. 

No. 16. THE CEVASCO PORTRAIT. 

A portrait was presented to the city 
of Genoa some years ago by Commen- 
dador Cevasco, that bears signs of an- 
tiquity and resembles the accepted 
likeuess of the discoverer, but the art- 
ist is unknown. It hangs in the royal 
palace. (Seepage 224). 

No. 17. THE BOSSI PORTRAIT (page 224). 

TheBossi portrait of Columbus as a 
boy was first published in 1596, as an 
engraved medallion to illustrate a 

biography of Columbus. It has no claim to genuineness, but was used by Bossi 
in La Vera Patria e la Vita di C. Columbo. The same face appears beside that of 
Vespucci in a frescoed frieze in the municipal palace at Genoa. 

No. 18. THE ARAMBURU PICTURE (page 224). 

A work of art, but a pure fancy, is the head of Columbus painted by Ricardo 
Aramburu in 1892. It is owned by Don Francisco de Paula Dominguez of Seville, 
and has been published widelv in the illustrated papers of Spain. 

An ancient portrait in oil, on a small panel, very similar to the Yanez in the 
National Library of Spain, hung for many years in the palace of the Marquis de Mal- 
pica at Madrid. It lacks the sadness of the Yanez face and has more hair, but it is 
of the same dimensions, and de Conches prononuces it a, copy. The inscription ou 
the background is the same. Carderera says : 

"Although the painting is almost three hundred years old, it is unfortunately but a 
copy, somewhat shorter, of the portrait placed in the series of illustrious men in the 
gallery of Florence, and, like that of other different persons, scattered through the 
city, was copied, with slight alterations either in the costume orin the age, and of the 
same size, during the third part of the sixteenth century and the beginning of the 




THE MELLADO. 
See page 231. 



228 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 




seventeenth, from those contained in the famous museum founded hy Paulus Giovius in 

his country seat at Como, precisely on the spot where Pliny, the younger, had his villa." 

According to Carderera the Giovian portrait was also copied for Don Pedro de 

Toledo, Fifth Marquis of Villa- 
franca, in 1601. It has the same 
features as the Capriolo. 

In a German translation of 
Washington Irving's Life of Co- 
lumbus appears a quaintrepresen- 
tation of the admiral in chains. 

No. 19. THE ROUEN PORTRAIT. 

In the museum at Rouen, France, 
there used to he two alleged pic- 
tures of Columbus, side by side, 
but as unlike as it is possible for 
two portraits of the same person 
to be, and the contrast was very 
amusing. In one the hair is gray 
and thin, and the flesh is pallid, 
almost livid. It is a modern can- 
vas, presented to the city in 1851 
by Paul Le Carpentier, who 
painted it in 1835 from the Rincon 
in the Queen's library at Madrid, 
and inscribed it, " Columbus Ly- 
gur novi orbio Repertor." A note 
on the back says: "This portrait 
was copied in wax in 1835 from the 
original portrait of Sebastian del 
Piombo, which formed apart of the 

collection of the Escurial. and which is attributed by some to Antonio del Rincon."' 
The other portrait was a sharp and vigorous piece of work, with black hair, black 

eyes, considerable color, and expressive features. It 

points a finger to a sphere resting upon a table with 

some books. It is attributed both to Velasquez and to 

Ribera, and figures in the catalogue as the work of the 

first-named artist. Within recent years the catalogue 

has been corrected, so that the picture no longer pre- 
tends to be a portrait of Columbus, but as a "Portrait 

of a man disserting on a globe.'' 

No. 20. THE STUPPI PORTRAIT. 

Undoubtedly a copy in oil of the Capriolo by G. 
Stuppi, engraved for Iconographia di Uomini Sommi 
nelle Scienze e nelle Arti Italiane, Napoli, 1854. 

No. 21. THE FONTAINE PORTRAIT. 

Painted by J. M. Fontaine, and engraved by P. 
Columbo, Duke de Veragua. Published by Danlos. 
Evidently a copy of the ministry of marine portrait, 
with a more cheerful expression. 

No. 22. THE FARMER PORTRAIT. 

The portrait which has been longest in America hangs in the New York State 
library, in the capitol at Albany. It was presented to the State in 1784 by Mrs. 
Maria Farmer, a granddaughter of Jacob Leister, governor of the province of New 



THE HAVANA. 

See page 231. 




THE YOUTH OF COLUMBUS. 

From an old print. ( Page 231. ) 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



229 




TALLEYRAND PORTRAIT. 
See page 232. 



York in 1689, and is said to have been painted in 1592, the centennial of the dis- 
covery, by some Spanish artist. It bears the inscription " A no 1592, yE. 23," which 
is supposed to mean that the artist represents Columbus at the age of 23. 

The inscription on the frame reads : " Columbus. The gift of Maria Farmer to the 
senate of New York. I'M.'' The entry inthe Senate journal lor l hut year (p. 57) reads : 

•' A letter from Mrs. Maria Farmer, directed 
to his honor the president, offering to the ac- 
ceptance of the senate an ancient portrait of the 
celebrated discoverer of America, Christopher 
Columbus, taken from an original painting, 
anno 1592. and which has been in her family for 
upward of one hundred and fifty years, was read. 

"Resolved, That this senate do accept with 
grateful acknowledgments the ancient and 
valuable portrait offered by Mrs. Maria Farmer. 

"Ordered, That the acceptance thereof be 
signified by the president in a letter to that 
lady with the thanks of the Senate." 

When the capitol was removed from New 
York in 1797 this picture was left behind, and 
remained in New York until 1827. In that year 
the clerk of the senate was directed to remove 
the portrait from New York and place it in the 
senate chamber. After considerable search it 
was found in the garret of the city hall and 

taken to Albany. In 1850 it was found to be somewhat damaged by heat, as it had 
been placed over the fireplace, and was sent to New York for restoration and refraining. 

Xo. 23. THE FOCILLOX ETCHLXG (page 225). 

An etching has been made by F. Focillon, of Paris, after the painting in possession of 
Dr. diOrchi, of Como, and the portrait that hangs in the Naval Museum, Madrid. Itis 
owned and exhibited by W. H. Lowdermilk and V. G. Fischer, of Washington. U. S. A. 

Xo. 24. THE LEFOKT ETCHING (page 225). 

This is an artist's proof of an etching by M. Henri Lefort, from the portrait in the 
Marine Museum, Madrid. M. Henri Lefort, the author 
of this copy, was born in Paris, 1852. He was a pupil 
of Flameng and Courtry, and is now president of the 
French Society of Etchers. 

No. 25. THE ZEARIXG BAS-RELIEF (page 225). 

The Zearing portrait is purely fanciful, and was made 
by II. II. Zearing, of Chicago, in 1890, altera close study 
of other portraits. The original is a bronze cast in low 
relief. 

No. 26. PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS. AUTHOR UNKNOWN. 

A dignified but rather youthful representation of 
Columbus appears in several of his biographies and 
numerous works of biography and history; but there 
is no knowledge of its origin or authorship, and it is 
probably the work of some engraver. 




»-=rrfrKTT3ir>- 



BRADLKY PORTRAIT. 
See page Z34. 



X... 27. THE HULL PORTRAIT (page 226). 

Mi>> Esther Hull, of Danbury, Conn., has a portrait of Columbus which is of evi- 
dent antiquity, but there is no knowledge of its age or origin. It represents < lolum- 
bus of middle age. with a dove resting upon his shoulder, and there is a companion 



230 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 




THE COSTA. 
See page 234. 



piece, by the same artist, of Americus Vespucci. All the owner knows of their his- 
tory is that many years ago they were left for storage with Mr. William J aggers, of 
New York, with several other paintings. In 1850 the owner wrote Mr. Jaggers, from 
a Western State, that he had met with reverses and desired to sell his collection. 
The two portraits were purchased by the father of Miss Hull, who brought them to 
Danbury. At the left-hand upper corner of each canvas is an inscription. On one 
is "Amerigo Vespucci," on the other "Cristoforo Colombo," 
which indicates that the artist was an Italian, but no signa- 
ture can be traced. The canvas has been very frequently 
repaired by a delicate and skillful hand. 

No. 28. THE RINCK PORTRAIT (page 226). 

This portrait has a curious history. The owner is an 
old gentleman who lives on Clinton place, New York. 
Many years ago he was a dealer in second-hand articles 
in New Orleans, and purchased the picture at auction. 
It had belonged to an old Spanish family then, and is 
said to have been brought by them from Cuba. He claims 
that it is an original, painted when Columbus was an old 
man, and taken to San Domingo by one of his descendants. 
One corner is cut off, which Mr. Rinck believes was for 

the purpose of identification. It was brought before the Congress of Americanists 

at Luxembourg in 1877 and discussed at length. 

No. 29. THE SAVAGE EM GRAVING. 

An old engraving, which is claimed to represent Columbus, engraved by D. Edwin, 
from a painting by E. Savage, published in the city of Philadelphia, by the painter, 
in 1800. The inscription is as follows: 

"The Landing of Christopher Columbus. On the morning of Oct. 12, 1492, 
Columbus (Richly Dress'd) with a drawn Sword in his hand 
First set his foot on the New World, which he had Dis- 
covered. The Portrait of Columbus is copied from the 
original Picture in the Collection of the Grand Duke of 
Tuscany at Florence." 

Savage was a resident of Worcester County. Mass., and 
his will, on file in the probate court of that county, shows 
that he painted and engraved many porti'aits of distin- 
guished men. There are two portraits of Washington by 
him, one owned by Harvard College, and the other by the 
Adams family at Quincy. The engraver, Edwin, was an 
artist of considerable note in his day. 

No. 30. THE GREGORI PORTRAIT (page 226). 

In the University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Ind., is a 
collection of pictures representing scenes in the life of 
Columbus, painted by Luigi Gregori, an Italian artist, as 
the gift of Father Sorin, a venerable member of the fac- 
ulty. One of them represents Columbus in the costume of 

a Spanish courtier. The face is modeled after the accepted likeness, but it is a recent 
work, and offers no greater claim to attention than artistic merit. 




MoN'TANl's PORTRAIT. 
See p;iye 23. r j. 



No. 31. AN UNIDENTIFIED CARICATURE. 



A curious freak of the imagination of some unknown artist is foundin a preposterous 
picture that has been before the public for many years, labeled "A portrait of Chris- 
topher Columbus." It bears no resemblance to any other representation of him. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid — Curns. 



Plate VI 




The Versailles 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



231 



The Spanish scientific review, entitled El Cosmos, in the editions for April 18 and 
25, 1891, gives a description of an unpublished portrait of Columbus recently dis- 
covered. The picture, according to the statement in the publication, is painted in 
oil, belongs to a good school, is well preserved, and experts fix the date of its origin 
at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It measures 48 by 40 centimeters, and 
reproduces the head of Christopher Columbus, with these words disposed in the 
following order: Columbus Orbis Lygvy+Xov 
Reptor. It represents a man past 60 years of age, 
with a high forehead and scanty white hair, pro- 
nounced cheek bones, aquiline nose, and an unusually 
prominent forehead. It bears a general resemblance 
to the Florentine and Giovian types. 

No. 32. THE MELLADO PICTURE (page 227). 

A purely fanciful portrait of Columbus appears in 
I>. P. Mellado's translation into Spanish of Feuimore 
Cooper's Columbus, published at Madrid in 1852. 

No. 33. THE BRYAX ENGRAVING. 

What is claimed to be a portrait of Columbus in his 
youth is owned by William A. Bryan, Sandy Hill, 
N. Y., but the author is unknown. 

Ko. 34. THE HAVANA PORTRAIT (page 228). 




PABMIGIANO PORTRAIT. 
See page 235. 



A portrait of Columbus, which hangs in the "con- 
sistorial hall" (council chamber) of the captain-gen- 
eral's palace at Havana, was presented to the municipality by one of the Dukes of 
Veragua, a descendant of Columbus, nearly two hundred years ago. The features 
differ from all other likenesses, and the admiral is given a small mustache and goatee. 
The garb is that of a Familiar of the Holy Inquisition. Its origin is unknown. 

No. 35. WOODCUT FROM THE GOODRICH LIFE OF COLUMBUS. 

A man by the name of Aaron Goodrich, of St. Paul, Minn., some years ago wrote a 
book entitled, A History of the Character and Achievements of the so-.called Chris- 
topher Columbus, which was intended as a " protest 
against the further propagation of a falsehood in the 
name of history,'' and "to place in its true light the 
character of a man the merits of whose connection 
with the history of America has been magnified." 
This curious volume contains a picture of Columbus 
with a sword in one hand and a flag in the other, 
which was intended to be a portrait. 

No. 36. THE IIERXANDO PORTRAIT. 
A modern piece of work of much merit artistically, 
but bearing no resemblance to the traditional fea- 
tures of Columbus. It is owned by Don Mariano 
Hernando, of Madrid. 

No. 37. THE YOUTH OF COLUMBUS.— FROM AN" OLD 
PRINT (page228). 

No. 38. THE VERSAILLES PORTRAIT (plate vii). 
There were two portraits of Columbus in t he great 
galleries at Versailles, France. One was presented by the Count de Montesquieu 
many years ago. It bears no signature, but Feuillet de Couches, the famous French 
savant, who spent a great deal of time in the investigation of its origin, believes that 
it was painted by a student of "Jean of Bruges," Jan Van Eyck, for with its heavy 
Flemish face it possesses all the characteristics of his school; and it is known that 




MORO PORTRAIT. 
See pagt- 235. 



232 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



his students were scattered widely over Spain and Portugal. One of the legends 
attached to this work is that it was painted while Columbus was at the court of 
Portugal, and De Conches observes that it is entirely probable that Columbus might 
have sat to a Flemish painter there. It is on a small wooden panel, and is of ancient 
appearance. J. D. C. Gavard has reproduced it in his Galeries Historique,and it has 
been beautifully engraved by Paolo Mercuri, the famous Roman artist. De Conches 
also believes that this portrait is the original of theDe Bry (No. 46), which the latter 
refers to as haviug been stolen from the council of the Indies. It has been reproduced 
thirteen times with variations, by De Bry, 1595 ; J. Boissard, 1650 ; Isaac Bullart, 1682 ; 
D. Pauli Freheri, 1688 ; A. Azett, 1690; EtienneDesroches, 1723; Bodonia, 1781 ; Luigi 
Bosse, 1818; Geruano Scotto, 1821; J. D. C. Gavard, 1844; P. Mercuri, 1844; Augelos 
Sanguieneti, 1850; Edouard Cat, 1862. 

The second Versailles portrait, which is said to have disappeared during the 
Franco-Prussian war, was very ancient also, and plainly of Dutch origin. It was 
painted on a small panel of wood, 12 by 14 centimeters in size. It was not on 
exhibition, but was retained in a private room. There was an anchor on the frame, 

and on the right side of the figure an inscription of 
eight lines in ancient Dutch, which read, " Cristoff 
deColombGroots Admiral Vost Zee onder Fernand," 
that is, "Christopher Columbus, Grand Admiral of 
the Eastern Seas, under Ferdinand." The head was 
completely bald, and the costume a great coat, or 
vitchouva, worn by sailors in the beginning of the 
sixteenth century. Its antiquity was evident, not 
only because of the materials used, but because 
of the costume and the style of letters and or- 
thography of the inscription, which were not in 
vogue later than 1650. 

No. 39. PORTRAIT OWNED BY THE DUKE OF 
TALLEYRAND (page 229). 

One of the most artistic of all the alleged portraits 
of Columbus has hung for more than a century in 
the chateau of Valencay, department of Indre, 
France, and belongs to the Due de Valencay de 
Talleyrand de Legan. It belonged to Prince Talley- 
rand, and is an ancient work. It is claimed that it was painted by Sebastian del 
Piombo, and it bears his signature. Piombo lived from 1485 to 1547, and was an 
artist of great fame. His family name was Luciano. His usual signature was 
Sebastian Venetus faciebat. The picture bears the following inscription: "Haec est 
effigies Liguri Miranda Columbi antipodum primus rate qui penetravit in orbem. 
Sebastianus Venetus facit." 

The National Gallery at London has a Resurrection of Lazarus, bearing the same 
signature as this portrait. 

In the National Library, Paris, is a copy of the Talleyrand portrait, of which the 
engraver is unknown. 




CLADERA PORTRAIT. 
See page 236. 



No. 40. THE JULIENNE PORTRAIT. 

A modern fancy, painted in 1891 by M. Julienne, a celebrated artist of Madrid. 
It does not claim to be anything more than an ideal. 



No. 41. THE LOUIS PHILIPPE PORTRAIT. 

In 1837 King Louis Philippe, of France, presented to the chapter of the cathedral at 
Seville an alleged portrait of Columbus, which has since been hanging in the library 
founded by Fernando Columbus in that city. It is generally regarded as an excel- 
lent work of art, although the posture and drawing have sometimes been criticised. 
There is no signature, and the artist is unknown. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Curtis. 



Plate VIII. 




Oe Bry. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Curtis. 



Plate IX. 




The Venetian Mosaic. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



233 



No. 42. THE HERMITAGE PICTURE. 

There hangs in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg, in that magnificent collection of 
art and archaeology which Catherine the Great erected as her own mouument, a 
portrait (Catalogue No. 852) of a man, by Ferdinand Bal, a Flemish artist of the 
seventeenth century, who was a pupil of Rembrandt. It is an excellent work of art, 
and was purchased by Count Bandoni, of Paris, in 1780. In his catalogue it appeared 
as a portrait of Columbus, but in modern catalogues it appears as the Philosopher. 

In a biography of Columbus, published about two hundred years ago, in the German 

language, appears a rude picture of a man with a battle-ax in one hand and a shield 

in the other, standing on the deck of a vessel. Behind him are bags of gold and at 

his left a seaman's chest. It is claimed to be an "authentic likeness of the great 

discoverer." 

No. 43. FACSIMILE OF THE DE BRY PICTURE (plate vm). 

In the preface to his famous work, Grand et Petit Voyages, published at Frankfort, 
1595, familiarly known as De Bry's Voyages, the author says: 

"Theodore De Bry sends help to the reader. In a former number of the History 
of America, containing not only a written account of wonderful and extraordinary 
matters relating to the recently discovered New 
World, but also pictorial representations, by means of 
drawings, of many scenes, it was stated that the dis- 
covery had been made by the persevering industry of 
Christopher Columbus, contrary to the expectation of 
all those whom he had consulted on the subject. As 
Columbus was a man of intelligence, and endowed 
with great genius and spirit, the King and Queen of 
Castile, before his departure, directed his portrait to 
be painted by a skillful artist, that they might have 
a memorial of him in case he should not return from 
his expedition. Of this portrait I have had the good 
fortune to obtain a copy, since finishing the fourth 
book of this work, through a friend, who had received 
it from the artist himself; and it has been my desire, 
kind reader, to share this pleasure with you. for which 
purpose I have caused it to be engraved in a reduced 
form on copper by my son, with as much care as 
possible, and now offer it for your inspection in this 

book. And, in truth, the portrait of one possessing such excellence deserves to be 
seen by all good men, for he was upright and courteous, pure and noble minded, 
and an earnest friend of peace and justice." 

At anotherplace De Bry observes that the original of his portrait was painted from 
life by order of King Ferdinand, and was stolen from a salon of the council of the 
Indies and taken to the Netherlands. The engraving appears in all the many 
editions of De Bry's Voyages, and has been widely copied. It shows Columbus with 
a Dutch countenance, and in the earliest prints two warts appeared on his right 
cheek, but they were afterwards erased. Do Conches, as stated above, insists that 
the picture in the Versailles Gallery (No. 27) was the original from which the De 
Bry was engraved, with a more elaborate costume and the hair dressed after the 
fashion of the time. 

No.44. Ill I . VENETIAN Mosaic (plate ix). 

A mosaic portrait of Columbus was presented by the city of Venice to the city of 
Genoa as a peace offering to her ancient enemy when the latter joined the sisterhood 
of States which now constitutes the Kingdom of Italy. It is inclosed in a beautiful 
frame of ebony, inlaid with ivory, and is considered a remarkable work of art, 
although it makes no claim to genuineness and is of modern workmanship. The 
Giovio, Capriolo, and other accepted portraits of Columbus were used as models. 
The portrait hangs in the municipal palace at Genoa. 




THE BAINBRIDGE. 
See page 237. 



234 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



No. 45. THE BRADLEY PORTRAIT (page 229). 

Mr. William Harrison Bradley, of Chicago, the United States consul at Nice, has a 
portrait of Cohunbus, which he purchased iu the winter of 1891 from the heirs of an 
aristocratic French surgeon and courtier named Imhert-Dolonnes, who figured con- 
spicuously at the court of Louis XVI. The portrait is of the De Bry type, and 
resembles very closely the Talleyrand canvas. During the general panic and flight 
which followed the inauguration of the revolution, Imbert-Dolonnes fled with the 
multitude of Royalists to seek safety out of Paris. For some time he remained 
secluded at Avignon, but, hearing that many of the King's paintings and household 
effects were to be sold at auction, he ventured to return and save from the wreck this 
portrait of Columbus and copies of two Titiaus, which are now in the Louvre. The 
story has come down through the family that Imbert-Dolonnes himself set a very 
high estimate on the portrait, and that it was a particular favorite of Marie Antoi- 
nette. The canvas is cased in an old frame. Its general tone is somewhat somber, 
and the " school " is unmistakably Flemish. 

The navigator is represented in a dark-green or green-black coat, and his headdress 
is of the same hue. The background is filled in Avith a very warm and reddish 

brown. Across the top of the canvas is painted 
the legend in simple Latin, "Christoph. Co- 
lombo, Ligur. Orbem Alteram Excogitavit et 
primus Visit, an. 1492." At the side of the 
picture appears the line from Virgil, "Etmihi 
facti fama sat est." 

How the portrait came into the royal family 
of France no one knows, but it is claimed to 
be the original of the De Bry. 

In Freberus is a sour-faced De Bry, with the 
head turned to the right, by Rosapina. The 
inscription is "Christopher Columbus, India- 
rum Primus Inventor." 

No. 46. THE COSTA PORTRAIT (page 230). 

A type of the De Bry or Versailles appears in 
Cento Ritratti de Illustri Italiani, Milano, 1825, 
Germo Costa, Del Germo Scotto. 




COLUMBUS IN CHAIN?. 
From an old Print. (See page 237. ) 



No. 47. THE BERWICK- ALB A PICTURE (plate x). 

There are two portraits bearing the name of 
the family of Berwick-Alba, which at one time 
held the titles and dignities descending from Columbus. One of them is a painting 
and the other an engraving. They are generally alike, representing Columbus 
arrayed in highly colored silks and embroideries — a costume he never wore, and 
which was unsuitable to his rank and circumstances. In the painting he is repre- 
sented as seated in a gorgeous chair, while iu the engraving he is represented as 
standing, and there are some additional variations in the background. The 
engraving was executed with considerable spirit and vigor by the distinguished 
artist, D. Rafael Esteve, from a drawing made by the painter* Galiano, and bears 
this inscription: "El quadro original fu6 pintado en America por Von Loo" (the 
original was painted in America by Von Loo). No such artist is known in the annals 
of American art, but there was a painter of that name in Holland a century or more 
ago. The late Mr. James Lenox, the founder of the Lenox Library at New York^ 
thought well of the picture, and a copy hangs in his collection. 

No. 48. THE JOMARD PORTRAIT (plate XI). 

The Jomard portrait is so called in honor of a distinguished scholar and critic, M. 
Jomard, for many years librarian of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, who dis- 
covered it in a gallery at Vicenza, Italy, in 1841. "I saw it by chance," says M. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Curtis. 



Plate X. 




The Berwick-Alba. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Curtis. 



Plate XI. 




•"<*y £5r| 




The Jomard. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 235 

Jomard (in Bulletin tie la Societe de Geographic, Troisiemd Serie, Tome III, 1843), 
"though I was attracted by the ancient appearance of the painting, by its beauty, 
and by the noble character of the whole figure. Drawing nearer to the 

painting, what was my surprise when I saw in gold letters of the style of the time, 
on the right angle, these two words, 'Christopher Columbus.' It will easily be be- 
lieved that I lost no time in collecting all information apt to enlighten me as to its 
origin. Thanks to the kindness of the noble and learned Count Orti Manava, Podes- 
tat of Verona, I was soon in possession of all facts. It will be easily understood why 
such a treasure remained so long unknown. The family owning it kept it carefully, 
although unaware of its importance ; the last member bequeathed it to his native city, 
and at, his death it was placed in the public gallery." 

M. Jomard does not assert that it was painted from life, but believes it to be the 
work of Titian or one of his students, perhaps Domenico Campagnola, between 1530 
and 1540, and gives an extended argument to sustain this opinion. It is a superior 
piece of art, and it has been frequently copied to illustrate modern works on Colum- 
bus and American history; but the costume is that of a courtier of the eighteenth 
century, and the beard as shown was never worn 
in that way until more than eighty years after the ,. -- 

death of both Columbus aud Titian. 

No. 49. THE MONTANUS ENGRAVING (page 230). 

This portrait first appeared in Nieuwe en Onbe- 
keude Weereld, by Montanus, in 1671, aud was 
copied in Ogilby's America. Also in the 1728 edi- 
tion of Herrera. It is supposed to have been 
painted in Nuremberg in 1061. 

No. 50. THE PARMIGIANO PORTRAIT (page 231). 

There hangs in the Royal Museo Borbonaico, 
at Naples, an alleged portrait of Columbus, which 
has more artistic merit than most of the others 
claiming to present his features, and was selected 
byPrescotttoillustratehis Ferdinand and Isabella. 
It was formerly claimed to be genuine, but the best 

authorities now declare that it is not a portrait of see P a ge 237. 

Columbus at all, but of one Gilberto di Sassuolo, 

an Italian statesman and scholar who lived in Naples' from 1502 to 1570. There is no 
doubt that it was painted by Francesco Mazziolo, who took the name of Parmigiauo 
in honor of his native city, Parma. He was born in 1503, so that he was but 3 years 
old at the death of Columbus, and he died in 1510. He was a student of Rafael, and 
produced many great works, including a portrait of Americus Vespucci, which was 
also fanciful. Both the so-called Columbus and the Vespucci portraits were executed 
at Parma in 1527, at the order of Cardinal Alexander Farnese, and remained as decora- 
tions of his palace for many years. The King of Naples succeeded to the Farnese 
estates, and removed the painting to the Royal Museum some years later. The por- 
trait of Columbus is a rare example of art, but it does not bear the slightest resem- 
blance to the features of the Admiral as described by his contemporaries; nor is the 
garb such as was worn in Spain at the time he lived. Beautiful copies of both the 
Columbus and Americus portraits, by Antonio Scardino, were presented to the An- 
tiquarian Society of Worcester, Mass., in 1853, by Mr. Ira M. Barton. 

No. 51. THE ANTONIO MORO PORTRAIT (page 231). 

Another beautiful work of art, whose artistic authenticity is fully established, is 
the portrait of Columbus purchased by Mr. Charles F. (iunther, of Chicago. It was 
painted by Sir Anthony Moore, an artist of English origin, known in Spam as Sir 
Antonio Moro, and in Flanders as Chevalier Antonius Moor vou Dashhorst, who was 




THE BORGHESE. 



236 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



born in 1519, and died in 1581. Wornuin regards him as "in every respect the Lest 
portrait painter of his time," and says that.he represented in perfection the school of 
Flemish art at the time of Rubens and Rembrandt. Waagen, also an acknowledged 
authority, places him in the first rank among the masters of his epoch. He visited 
Madrid in 1552, at the request of Charles V, to paint the portraits of the royal family. 
The Madrid gallery contains some excellent examples from his brush, especially that 
of Queen Mary of England. He remained there until the time of Philip II, when 
for some slight offense, said to have been heretical utterances, he was denounced 
to the Inquisition. He escaped from Spain, however, and spent the rest of his life 
in Flanders. This portrait was painted about 1570, from a miniature of Columbus 
said to have been in the possession of the royal family at Madrid, at the order 
of Margaret of Parma, regent of the Netherlands under Philip II. Margaret was 
the natural daughter of Charles V of Spain and Margaret von Gest, a lady of his 
court, and was in turn the wife of Alessandro di Medici, Duke of Florence, and 
Octavio Farnese, Duke of Parma. She was the mother of Alessandro Farnese, the 

famous cardinal, for whom the 
Parmigiano portrait of Columbus, 
now at Naples, was painted. The 
Moro portrait was removed to Spain 
when the Spanish court abandoned 
the Netherlands, and it is said to 
have hung in the cabin of one of the 
vessels of the Spanish Armada 
during the famous sea fight of 1588. 
The vessel which carried it went to 
pieces on the Cornish coast of Eng- 
land, and the owner of the adjoining 
estate kept the picture as his share 
of the wreckage. From that date 
to the middle of the present century 
it remained in the possession of the 
same family, when it was purchased 
by William Cribb, of Covent Gar- 
den, London. His descendants sold 
it to Mr. Charles F. Gunther, of Chi- 
cago. The portrait was engraved 
in 1850, and was used by Irving to 
illustrate his Life of Columbus. It is painted upon a panel of wood, about 3 feet by 2 
in size, and bears in faint letters the inscription "Ch. Colombo." The frame in which 
it is inclosed is a marvelous piece of carving and appears to be as old as the painting. 

No. 52. THE CLADERA PORTRAIT (page 232). 

In the building known as the Lonja, at Seville, which was formerly the royal 
exchange, are kept the archives of the council of the Indies— a committee of 
churchmen and politicians, who had charge of the spiritual and temporal welfare of 
the New World for two centuries. Hanging over the principal entrance is a por- 
trait of Columbus, representing him in ruff and armor, with a full young face, like a 
courtier of 30 years, and a mustache and imperial. This portrait was used as the 
model for the tablet that conceals the burial place of the alleged remains of Colum- 
bus in Havana. It was also used by Don Cristobal Cladera as a frontispiece to his 
Historical Investigations concerning tbe Discoveries of the Spaniards on the Ocean 
in the Fifteenth and the Principal Part of the Sixteenth Centuries, published at 
Madrid, in 1794. The signature of the engraving is " Bart Vasque la Grabo, 1791." 
The picture has been copied many times; but it is supposed to be an original of 
Luis Columbus, or some other member of the family, instead of the discoverer. 




COLUMBUS AND HIS SONS. 
See page 237. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Curtis. 



Plate XII. 










imnrrmlti 



The Briera. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Curtis. 



Plate XIII. 




The Herrera. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



237 



No. 53. THE BRIERA PORTRAIT (plate XII). 

A portrait by Simeon Briera, and engraved by Antonio Carnercero in 1764, is evi- 
dently a copy of that just described, except that a globe has been introduced. 

No. 54. THE BAIXBRIDGE PORTRAIT (page 233). 

An interesting old picture is owned by Mr. R. Somers Hayes, No. 39 West Thirty- 
eighth street, New York City. It is said to have been painted by oneCortez, a pupil 
of the famous Velasquez. It resembles the Cladera portrait, and is painted on a 
cedar panel. It belonged to an old Valencia family. Bernard Henry, who was consul 
of the United States at Gibraltar in 1801, married into the family, and obtained the 
picture by inheritance. He presented it to Commodore Bainbridge, of the United 
States Navy, from whom it was inherited by his grandson, Mr. Hayes. 

No. 55. THE MUNOZ PORTRAIT. 

In his celebrated Historia del Nuevo Mundo (Madrid, 1793), in wbich were pre- 
sented for the first time many important documents from the archives of Spain 
that relate to the discovery, Dr. Juan B. Munoz presents a portrait of Columbus, 
with a beard, armor, and ruff of the seventeenth 
century, which, like many others, bears no resem- 
blance to the traditional or printed descriptions of 
his person. It was painted by Mariano Maella, 
probably a hundred years after the death of Colum- 
bus, and is considered simply a fancy. The original 
is in the collection of the present Duke of Veragua, 
the descendant of Columbus, and a copy hangs in 
the archives of the Indies at Seville. Another copy 
was presented to the Philadelphia Academy of 
Arts by R. W. Meade in 1818, but disappeared some 
years later, and can not be traced. Delaplaine used 
it as the frontispiece of his Gallery of Distinguished 
Americans, published in Philadelphia in 1814. 

No. 56. THE HERRERA ENGRAVING (plate xm). 

One of the standard works on early American 
history is Herrera's Historia General de los Hechos, 
published at Madrid in 1601, and familiarly known 
as Herrera's Decades. In the later editions appears 

a portrait of Columbus, which resembles in many respects that which Munoz adopted 
some years after, except that the face is turned in the opposite direction. It was 
accepted and copied by William Cullen Bryant and Sidney Howard Gay as a 
frontispiece to their History of America, but it does not recall the appearance of 
Columbus as described by his son and other associates. It was also used to illus- 
trate Grove's Life of Cardinal Wolsey, London, 1742. 

No. 57. COLUMBUS IN CHAINS (page 234). 
No. 58. THE BORGHESE PICTURE (page 235). 
A portrait in the Borghese Gallery, at Rome, which is catalogued as one of Colum- 
bus, and is said to have been painted in 1519, is believed by critics to be a portrayal 
of the Saviour's face by souk; early but unknown artist. According to Carderera it 
was painted for Prince Alobraudine, and for a century adorned his magnificent 
palace. 

No. 59. COLUMBUS AND niS SONS (page 236). 

Mr. William Cunningham, of London, England, has kindly loaned a vigorous por- 
trait of Columbus and his sons, which formerly belonged to Edward Home, of Bevis 
Mount, near Southampton, and was sold by him to William Thompson, consul of 
the United States at the latter city for many years. Its origin and age are unknown, 
but it was engraved and published as early as 1794. 




THE FLAMENG. 
See page 238. 



238 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 




No. 60. THE FLAMEKli PORTRAIT (page 237). 

A picture painted by Leopold Flaineng, a French artist, for the Marquis de Belloy, 
and purely fanciful. The collection, of which this is an example, is owned by Paul Duc- 
roque, Paris. The entire collection were used as illustrations for Belloy's Columbus. 

No. 61. THE MENGS PORTRAIT 

An alleged portrait of Columbus, in oil, on can- 
vas of small size, hangs in the public library at 
Concord, Mass., but it bears no resemblance to 
the traditional appearance of Columbus, and is 
unlike any other representation of him. It was 
presented to the library, in 1873, by Mr. A. P. 
Chamberlaine, of Concord, and is a copy, by 
Raphael Mengs, of an alleged Spanish portrait 
said to be by Titian. It was formerly in the col 
lection of Letitia Bonaparte, Napoleon's mother — 
"Madame Mere" — at Rome, and was purchased 
by Mr. Chamberlaine after her death. There is 
a legend that Mengs, the artist, left a record 
somewhere that he made a copy of a portrait of 
Columbus, by Titian, with but a single change 
the mengs. in it — the substitution of an admiral's cloak for 

the armor which Titian had painted; but this 
record has never been found, nor is there any evidence that Titian and Columbus 
ever met, or that the former ever painted a portrait of the great admiral. 

No. 62. THE GIACOMO ZATTA PICTURE. 

Feuilett De Conches, the French critic, describes a portrait of Columbus by Giacomo 
Zatta, or Latta, as "with the hair in disorder, the nose in air, the neck stretched, 
the shirt collar down, and dressed in the costume of 1792." Nothing is known 
about the artist or where the original can be found. 

No. 63. THE PILOTT PICTURE. 

A picture of Columbus on the deck of his vessel, by 
Piloty, is in the gallery of Count von Krack, Munich. 

THE PTOLEMY WOODCUT. 

In the Venetian edition of the Cosmographia of 
Claudius Ptolemy, published in 1548, appears a cu- 
rious picture that is claimed to represent Columbus, 
but the same picturo had previously appeared in 
other publications over the title of ' 'An Astronomer." 

No. 64. THE THEVET ENGRAVING 



Andre Thevet, in his Portraits et Vies des Hommes 
Illustres, which was first published in Paris in 1584, 
gives us a Columbus of a solemn type that looks 
more like an astrologer of the middle ages than the piloty. 

a seaman. It is a rude woodcut and has been 

frequently copied. It appears in N. D. Clerck's Tooneal der Beroemder Hertogen, 
published at Delft in 1617; in North's edition of Plutarch's Lives, published at Cam- 
bridge in 1676; in Isaac Bullart's Academie des Sciences et des Arts, published at 
Brussels in 1682, and in several other works of later date. Clerck says that Thevet 
obtained the portrait in Lisbon, and that it was painted by a Dutch artist while 
Columbus was living there. Thevet went to America with the Marquis de Villegag- 




COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



239 



non in 1555, when the latter attempted to establish a French colony near the month 

of the Rio <le Janeiro, and returned the year following with Bois-le-Comte, seems to 

have sailed northward, and Thevet speaks of Canada and Newfoundland as if he had 

been there himself. 

No. 65. THE PHILOPONO WOODCUT. 

Honorio Philopono, a monk of the Order of St. Benedict, published a book in 1621 
based upon the narratives of the priests and monks who accompanied Columbus and 
later explorers. The book had the following title : " Voy- 
age to the New World of the Western Indies, given now to 
the press, made by the Most Reverend Father Dom Buell, 
of Catalonia, abbot of Monserrate, and apostolic legate a 
latere of the Holy See for the whole America, or New 
World, and patriarch of the same, and his associates or 
brethren of the same Order of St. Benedict, sent by His 
Holiness the Pope, Alexander VI, in 1492, to preach the 
Gospel of Christ to the barbarous people of those regions, 
written upon the notes and statements of several authors, 
and illustrated with engravings." 



COLUMBUS IN CONVERSATION WITH AMERICUS VES- 
PUCCI. 




THE THEVET. 
See page 238. 



While at Seville in 1505, Columbus saw a good deal of 
Americus Vespucci. They had become acquainted while 

the Admiral was fitting out his ships for his second voyage, the contract for furnish- 
ing the supplies having been awarded to a merchant named Beradi, by whom Vespucci 
was employed, and the latter had active charge of the business. In the meantime 
Vespucci had himself made two voyages to the Indies, cruising along a good deal of 

the northern coast of South America, and 
down the east coast as far as Bahia, Brazil, 
where the Portuguese had established a 
trading post. It was at the conclusion of 
his second voyage, in September, 1504, that 
Americus had written the account of his 
discoveries, which, three years later, caused 
his name to be given to the New World; but 
there is no reason to believe that he antici- 
pated or even hoped that his fame would be 
so closely linked to the western hemisphere. 
Nor is there evidence of the slightest rivalry 
or jealousy between the two voyagers. On 
the contrary, Columbus sent a letter to his 
son, on the 5th of February, 1505, by Ameri- 
cus, of whom he wrote : 

"Within two days I have talked with 
Americus Vespucci, who will bear this to 
you, and who is summoned to court on mat- 
ters of navigation. He has always mani- 
fested a disposition to be friendly to me. 
Fortune has not always favored him, and in this he is not different from many others. 
His ventures have not always been as successful as he would wish. He left me full 
of the kindliest purposes toward me, and will do anything for me which is in his 
power. I hardly knew what to tell him would be helpful in him to do for me, because 
Idid not know what purpose there was in calling him to court. Find out what he can 
do, and lie will do it; only let it be so managed that he will not be suspected of ren- 
denngmeaid. I have told him all that it is possible to tell him as to my own affairs, 
including what I have done and what recompense 1 have had. Show this letter to 
the Adelantado, so that he may advise how Vespucci can be made serviceable to us." 




PHILOPONO PORTRAIT. 



240 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Shortly after this date Americus was appointed as a sort of general agent of the 
Spanish Government, at a salary of 30,000 maravedi, abont $2,000 a year, to superin- 
tend the fitting out of expeditions to the Indies and the north coast of South America. 

No. 67. THE LAWSON PICTURE. 

Mr. Robert Lawson, of Baltimore, Md v has a portrait of Columbus which he 
bought at an auction iu 1851-52, where a number of other old paintings of a similar 
type were sold. Its age and author are unknown. 



No. 



THE NOVAK PICTURE. 



An old portrait of Columbus owned by Mr. Ernest Novak, of New York City, which 
belonged to the collection of a certain antiquarian in Seville, and at his death passed 

into other hands. The canvas is very old, and 
an attempt to bring out the colors only made 
the picture worse. 

No. 69. THE ERSKINE PICTURE. 

An old portrait of Columbus, by Gentile Bel- 
lini (1421-1507), owned by Mr. Charles Erskine, 
of Roxbury, Mass. It is said to have been 
brought from England by Governor Benning 
Wentworth, of New Hampshire. 

In addition to the portraits of Colum- 
bus there was an interesting' collection 
of portraits of his descendants, so far 
as they could beobtained. The pictures 
of the earlier members of his family, 
his brothers, Bartholomew and Diego, 
and Diego and Ferdinand, his sons, and 
that of Beatriz Enriquez de Arana, the 
mother of Fernando Columbus, with 
whom he lived while at Cordova, were 
without doubt purely fanciful, but the 
authenticity of those of the later members of the Colon family was well 
established. 

There were a number of facsimiles of autographs of Columbus, 
notably of the letters written by him to Nicolo Oderigo, the Genoese 
ambassador to Spain at the time of his return from his first voyage, 
and to the Bank of St. George. Here, too, were photographs of votive 
offerings which Columbus is said to have placed at the shrine of the 
Holy Virgin at Siena, Italy, upon his return from his first voyage, 
in obedience to a vow made by him during a terrible storm at sea. 




K 



i 



g B tiD^u(iii> aiicniitti 



:■«:-:■ 



•-X- 



No. 06. 
PORTRAIT FROM DE BRY'S VOYAGES. 

See No. 43. 



THE MONUMENTS OF COLUMBUS. 



Associated with the portraits of Columbus were a series of models, 
photographs, and engravings of the monuments and statues that have 
been erected in his honor in various parts of the world, seventy-two in 
number, and the collection is believed to have been complete. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID 



241 



It is a common error of historical writers to lament that art has done 
so little to commemorate the event that stands most conspicuous among 
the achievements of men. Although it is true that no monument of 
appropriate proportions lias ever been erected 
in honor of Columbus, like the stately shaft 
that bears testimony t< > the greatness of Wash- 
ington in the city of his name, or the statue of 
Liberty at the sea gates of our metropolis, it 
is nevertheless a fact that the effigy of " the 
Admiral of the Indies" has been painted and 
carved oftener, perhaps, than any other ex- 
cept the Saviour of mankind, and that the 
world is reminded of its obligations to him by 
more monumentstlianhave been reared to the 
honor of any other hero of history. There are 
no less than twenty-nine statues and monu- 
ments to Columbus in America alone, and the 
revival of interest in his career because of 
the four hundredth anniversary of the dis- 
covery will result in the erection of several 
more. There are six monuments to Colum- 
bus in Spain and seven in Italy, but the other 
nations of Europe have thus far neglected to 
pay such tribute to his memory, because, per- 
haps, they had no association with his career. 




THE BALTIMORE MONUMENT. 




MONUMENT IN HALTIMOBE. 
Erected by Italian residents. 



The first monument to Columbus is that 
which is said to have been placed by King 
Ferdinand over his grave in the church of 
the Carthusian friars at Seville, but the 
stone has disappeared, if it ever existed, 
of which there is much doubt. 

No. 70. THE BALTIMORE MONUMENT. 
The first erected in America still stands in the 
grounds of the Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum, 
within the city limits of Baltimore. It is a plain 
shaft about 30 feet high, resting upon a turf- 
covered mound, and surrounded by a group of 
stately cedars. It bears the inscription, " Sacred 
to the Memory of Chris. Columbus, October 
XII, MDCCVIIIC;" and was erected by General 
d'Aiuaiuor, a French soldier of fortune, who came 
to the United States with Count deGrasse to serve 
in the Revolutionary army. Alter the surrender 
of Yorktown betook up his residence in the then 
suburbs of Baltimore, where he lived until IT'.'T. 
The monument Mas dedicated on the three hun- 
dredth anniversary of the discovery of America. 



No. 71. MODEL OF A STATUE ERECTED BY THE ITALIAN CITIZENS OK BALTIMOKE. 
One hundred years later the Italian residents of Baltimore erected another mon- 
ument in honor of the great discoverer. It stands in Druid Hill Park, and was paid 
for by puhlic subscription. The sculptor was Achille Canessa, of Genoa. The mon- 
ument was unveiled on the 12th of October, L892. 
H. Ex. 100 16 



242 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



No. 72. MARBLE GROUP AT THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. 

When the main portion of the Capitol at Washington was completed, in 1846, a 
seinicolossal group in marble was placed upon the southern buttress of the eastern 
portico at the right of the main entrance. It was carved in Italy, by Signor Persico, 
and cost $24,000; the first piece of statuary that was ever 
purchased by the Government of the United States. An 
armor-clad figure of the discoverer stands in a dramatic 
posture, holding aloft in the right hand a small globe on 
which is carved the word "America." A nude Indian girl 
crouches, awe-stricken, at his side. 

A bill has been introduced in the Congress of the United 
States and has passed the Senate, appropriating $75,000 for 
the erection of a monument at the western entrance to the 
Capitol grounds at the head of Pennsylvania avenue, where 
a "peace monument" now stands. It is also proposed to 
erect a "triumphal arch" in honor of Columbus at the crest 
of the hill at the eud of Sixteenth street. 




MARBLE GEOCP. 

On Capitol steps, Washington. 



No. 73. THE STEBBINS STATUE. 

In 1867, a fine statue of Columbus was erected in Central 

Park, Hew York, by Mrs. Marshall O. Roberts, as a gift to 

that city. It was designed and executed in Rome, by Miss Emma Stebbins, sister of 

the Honorable Henry G. Stebbins, who also designed the fountain at the terrace in 

the park. The statue is 7 feet high, and the base 31 inches. It represents Columbus 




COLI'MIUS POINTING OUT THE I.IciHT. 



The face is copied 



in the garb of a sailor with a mantle thrown over his shoulder, 
from the accepted portraits of the Giovian type. 

No. 74. COLUMBUS POINTING OUT THE LIGHT. 
Mr. Napoleon Saxony, the well-known photographer of New York, has a beautiful 
group by D. Anvers, of Naples, representing Columbus on the deck of his caraval, 
pointing out the light he is said to have seen on the night before the discovery of land 
to Pedro Gutierez, a gentleman of the king's bedchamber, who accompanied him on 
the voyage. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



243 




STATUE AT ST. LOUIS. 



No. 75. THE ST. LOTUS STATUE. 

In 1886 a statue of Columbus was inaugurated at St. Louis, ihe gift of Mr. Henry 
Shaw, a public-spirited citizen of that place. It consists of the single figure of 
Columbus, in gilt bronze, of heroic size, standing on a somewhat lofty granite 
pedestal, which isenriched by four bronze 
panels, with reliefs portraying prominent 
events in his career. He is represented at 
the moment when, on the evening of the 
11th of October, 1492, he imagined he sa w 
a light in the westward, and is looking 
forward with an expression half anxious, 
half triumphant, to this beacon of an un- 
known world. The face of this statue is 
copied from that at Genoa. The figuie 
was modeled and cast in the Midler 
foundry at Munich. 

No. 76. THE INSPIRATION OF COLUMBUS. 

Some years ago Mr. A. P. Chamberlaine, 

of Concord, Mass , presented to the Acad- 
emy of Fine Arts, Boston, a beautiful 

piece of marble representing the First 

Inspiration of the Boy Columbus. He is 

represented as a youth, in the costume of 

the period, sitting upon the capstan of a 

vessel, with an open book in his hand, and 

his foot carelessly swinging in an iron ring that hangs from a staple in the capstan. 

It is the work of Guilio Monteverde, a young artist of 
Rome, in 1871, and was awarded the first gold medal 
at the National Art Exhibition at Parma that year. A 
duplicate is owned by Prince Giovanelli, of Florence. 
Monteverde is now a senator in the Italian Parliament. 

No. 77. STATUE IN LOUISBUKG SQUARE, BOSTON. 

There is another statue in Boston of Columbus as 
a boy, which stands in Lonisburg Square, and was 
presented to the city in 
1849 by Joseph Iasigi, 
a wealthy resident, of 
Grecian nativity. It 
was carved in Leghorn. 

No. 78. THE SACRA- 
MENTO GROUP. 

INSPIRATION OF THE BOY COLUMBUS. 

A marble group, rep- 
resenting Columbus explaining his theory of a western 
[passage to the Indies to Queen Isabella, was presented 
to the State of California by Mr. D. O. Mills, of New 
York City. It stands in the rotunda of the capitol 
at Sacramento. LarkinG. Mead was the sculptor. It 
was carved in Italy, from a single block of marble, 
and cost #60,000. sacbamento gboup. 

The most conspicuous ornament on the building of 
the Long Island Historical Library, Brooklyn, is a terra-cot t a bust of Columbus, of 
modern but artistic workmanship, by Olin L. Warner, of New York, who took 
for his model the bust at Genoa, but introduced some changes of costume, including 
a headdress. 





244 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



No. 79. the white house bust. 

In the main vestibule of the White House at Washington is a host in marble, but 
its origin ami authorship have been forgotten. 

No. 80. THE PHILADELPHIA MONUMENT. 

After the Centennial Exposition in 1876, the Italian 
residents of Philadelphia purchased a statue of Colum- 
bus there exhibited by one of their countrymen, and 
presented it to the park commissioners, by whom it 
was placed in Fairmount Park. 

No. 81. THE CHICAGO HERALD MONUMENT. 

In 1891 the Chicago Herald sent an expedition to 
Watling Island, and, at or near the point where Colum- 
bus is supposed to have landed, erected a column of 
masonry, which is surmounted by a marble globe bear- 
ing an appropriate inscription: "On this spot Colum- 
bus first set foot on the soil of the New World. Erected 
by the Chicago Herald, June 9, 1891. 

Nos. 82, 83, AND 84. MONUMENT ERECTED BY ITALIAN 
RESIDENTS OF NEW" YORK. 

A beautiful statue of Columbus was erected by the 
Italian residents of New York last summer, and un- 
veiled on the 12th of October, 1892. The design was by 
Gaetano Russo, an Italian sculptor, and the work was 
executed under the direction of a committee appointed 
by the Italian Government at Rome. The figure is 13 feet high, the shaft and pedestal 
62 feet high, which, with the heavy stone foundation, gives the structure a total height 
of 84 feet from the ground. The figure is of marble, including the pedestal. The 
base is about 36 feet square. At the base of the circular marble shaft will be four 




STATUE ON TOP OP MONUMENT, 
NEW YORK CITY. 
Erected by Italian residents. 




M: ^A\^.^ 







BAS-RELIEF ON MONUMENT, NEW YORK CITY. 

Erected by Italian residents. 







J;.M 



BAS-RELIEF ON MONUMENT, NEW YORK CITY. 

Erected by Italian residents. 



1 '-,_-*< 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



245 



figures, one representing a Spaniard, thi second an Italian, the third an American, 
and the fourth a winged genie. The "work was done in Italy and cost $35,000. The 
sculptor gave the design and services free. The money to pay the expense was 
raised by subscription from the Italian citizens of New York. 

No. 85. DESIGN OF MONUMENT TO BE ERECTED BY SPANISH 
CITIZENS IN NEW YORK. 



Not to be outdone by their neighbors of Italian birth, the 
Spanish residents of New York propose to place in Central 
Park a magnificent fountain, from the base of which will rise a 
half globe. Upon its summit will stand 
a colossal figure of Columbus, explain- 
ing a eliart tothetwoPinzon brothers, 
his companions in the first voyage. 
It was designed by Fernando Miranda. 

No. 86. BUST OF COLUMBUS BY FER- 
NANDO MIRANDA. 





MONUMENT IN NEW YORK. 
Erected by Spunish resid^iil*. 



MIRANDA BIST. 



The people of Columbus, Ohio, pro- 
pose to erect a monument to the man in whose honor their 
city was christened, and designs have been asked for from 
prominent artists. 

It is proposed by the citizens of Chicago to erect a monu- 
ment to Columbus on the lake front of that city, and its dedi- 
cation will be a part of the services of the World's Fair. The 
monument will be placed on a quadrangular terrace, at each 
angle of which will be a lamp-post with torches, an 
anchor, and a chain, the links of w r hich are sym- 
bolical of Columbus's days ot captivity. Four 
long steps will be placed on either side, and the 
monument will consist of a pedestal ornamented on 
its principal front with a tablet in the shape of a 
medallion and destined for an inscription. The 
other fronts will contain each a bas-relief repre- 
senting the following subjects: (1) the appearance 
of Columbus at the convent of La Rabida; (2) 
Queen Isabella offering her jewels; (3) the recep- 
tion of Columbus at Barcelona on his return from 
his fourth voyage; and (4) reception by Queen 
Isabella. On the principal front of the base will 
be the prow of a vessel, terminated by a figure, the 
genius of Columbus, holding in each hand a torch 
and showing him the route to take. Above the 
vessel's prow, but back, will We the principal group, 
( lolumbns surrounded by a few of his companions, 
and illustrative oi his pointing to the new land 
promised, and for which he had searched so long. 
On the lateral sides, about the height of t he prow, 
Mini sitting on a small pedestal, Fame is proclaim- 
ing, to the sound of 3 trumpet, the glories of 
Christopher Columbns. The figure on the poste- 
rior side personifies the city of Chicago, support 
ing an escutcheon with this inscription: ••The city of Chicago to Christopher 

Columbus." 

No. 87 THE DEAKE FOUNTAIN AT CHICAGO. 

Mi. John 11. Drake, of Chicago, presented to the people of that city a beautiful 
fountain, with an ice chamber capable oi holding two tons ot ice, and furnishing 
water at ten faucets. The monument is gothic in style, the base being made of 




STATOE ON DRAKE FOUNTAIN. 



246 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



-, ' ..— 




granite from Baveno, Italy. Upon the pedestal in front of the fountain is a bronze 
statue of Columbus 7 feet high, designed by R. H. Park, and cast in the Royal Foundry 
at Rome. The inscription reads, "Ice-water drinking fountain, presented to the city 
of Chicago by John B. Drake, 1892." 

Xo. 88.— THE LIVERPOOL STATUE. 

On the portico of the Exchange building in 
Liverpool, England, stands a statue of Colum- 
bus, which was erected in 1866, and it is tbe 
only monument that was ever erected to Co- 
lumbus in Europe outside of Italy and Spain. 

Xo. 89.— THE NASSAU STATUE. 

A statue of Columbus at Nassau, New Provi- 
dence, in the Bahama Islands, was presented 
to the colony by Sir James Carmichael Smytb, 
governor of the Bahamas from 1829 to 1833. 
It was modeled in London in 1831, by an art- 
ist named Groggon. Tbe monument stands 
directly in front of the Government house, is 
made of metal, and painted white. . The figure 
is 9 feet high, and is placed upon a pedestal 6 
feet high and 5 feet square. On tbe northern 
and seaward side of the pedestal is the in- 
scription, ''Columbus, 1492." It was erected 
in May, 1832. 

Xo. 90. THE CARDENAS STATUE. 



^WZ\ 7n 



TABLET IN CATHEDRAL AT HAVANA. 

There is a statue at Cardenas, Cuba, which 
was erected by the celebrated Cuban authoress, Senora G. Gomez de Avellaneda, 
the wife of a former governor. It was carved by J. Piguer, of Madrid. 

Nos 91 and 92. THE CATHEDRAL TABLET, HAVANA. STATUE IX THE CAPTAIN- 
GENERAL'S PALACE, HAVANA. BUST IN EL TEMPLETE, HAVANA. COLUMBUS 
IN CHAINS, HAVANA. 

In addition to the marble tablet that is embedded in the wall of the cathedral at 
Havana, where the remains of Columbus are supposed to rest, there are three statues 
to the discoverer in that city. One, a full- 
length, heroic figure in marble, stands 
upon a lofty pedestal in the courtyard of 
the palace of the captain- general. The 
second is a marble bust upon a column in 
front of the little chapel, " El Tetnplete," 
which marks the spot where the first mass 
was celebrated on the island of Cuba ; and 
the third is an impressive figure of an old 
man in chains sitting on the deck of a 
vessel, which ornaments the library of 
the Bibliotheca Publica, of the Royal 
Economical Society of the Friends of the 
Country, which has kindly loaned it for 
exhibition in La Rabida. It was modeled 
by Valtmijana, at Barcelona, Spain. 

No. 93. THE MELERO STATUE. 

Mr. Miguel Melero, director of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture at Havana, 
has designed and finished in gypsum a statue, of Columbus that will be cast in bronze 
for the city of Colon, in the State of Matauzas, Cuba. The work is paid for by the 
generosity of a rich sugar planter in Matauzas. 




LUMBUS IN CHAIN? 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



247 



No. 94. THE MELIDA DESIGN FOR A TOMB OF COLUMBUS, HAVANA. 

On February 25, 1891, a royal decree was issued by the Government of Spain, 
through the ministry of colonies, inviting competition between Spanish artists for 
the erection of an appropriate sepulcher in which to preserve the alleged remains 
of Christopher Columbus in the 
cathedral at Havana, and for a 
statue in his honor in the central 
plaza of that city. Fifty thou- 
sand dollars was appropriated 
for the first and $100,000 for the 
others. Several designs were sub- 
mitted to a jury, who awarded 
the first prize to Arthur Melida 
and a premium of $5,000; the 
second prize was given to Don 
Antonio Alsina; and the third 
to Don Francisco Fons The 
sepulcher is now being erected, 
upon the Melida design, at 
Havana. 

The Melida design represents 
a bier covered with a heavily 
embroidered pall, borne upon the 
shoulders of four heralds, in gar- 
ments richly carved to represent 
lace and embroidered work. The 
two front figures bear scepters 
surmounted by images of the 
Madonna and St. James, the pa- 
tron saint of Spain. On the front 

of their garments are represented the arms of Castile and Leon. The rear bearers 

represent Aragon and Navarre 
the former being indicated by 
four red staffs on a gold field, 
and the fourth has gold-linked 
chains on a red field. The 
group is supported on a pedes- 
tal ornamented about its edge 
with a Greet fret. 

No. 95. DESIGN FOR A TOMB OF 
COLUMBUS BY ALSINA. 

The design submitted by An- 
tonio Alsina represents Spain 
and America united by the 
symbol of the Christian faith. 
The sitting statues represent, 
Hope, Cosmography, and Navi- 
gation. The Spanish lion sup- 
ports the shield of the Catholic kings. The statue of Fame, whose wings partly 
appear behind the upper group, is pointing to the name of Columbus inscribed on a 
medallion placed on the rear of the funereal urn. 




MKI.IDA DESK 



)K MONUMENT. 




I III. ALSINA DESIGN. 



248 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



No. 96. DESIGN FOR A TOMB OF COLUMBUS BY FONS. 

The design of Francisco Fons represents a sarcophagus supported hy six pillars, 
three ;it the head and three at the feet. Upon it lies Columbus, represented as in his 
dying bed, with a cross at his head, before which an angel is standing. One hand 
of the angel is resting on his shoulder and the other is pointing upward. At each 
corner of the sarcophagus is a winged figure representing Fame. Below it is a globe 
covered with tropical foliage in relief. About it sit four allegorical figures, and on 
the sides of the base, supporting the pillars, are symbolical figures in high relief. 



^km v 




THE FwX> liKSIUX. 



No. 97. DESIGN FOE MONUMENT TO COLUMBUS AT HAVANA, BT SUSILLO 

(pis. xiv-xvi). 

The design submitted by Don Antonio Susillo was adopted for the monument, and it 

is now being carved. It represents a boat supporting a vessel, which has carved on its 

bow the date 1 192. In it are two figures, one of an Indian and the other of a white 

man, bearing a cross. On one side is a large medallion of Ferdinand and Isabella. The 

globe rests on a truncated pyramidal base, which in turn is supported by a pedestal 

haviug at each of its four angles an allegorical figure and on each of its faces a 

a bronze bas-relief. 

No. 98. THE SAN DOMINGO STATUE. 

The statue of Columbus in the city of San Domingo, which was founded by 
Columbus, in front of the cathedral in which his bones lay for two hundred and 
fifty years, and where it is claimed they still remain, is a heroic statue in bronze. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. -Curtis. 



Plate XIV. 



B ' w 


m 




■ 

WynT'"'^ 

Kir-. . -V 


^•^5B 




___ j"^^^" -;•<"■-.»: 




The Susillo Design. 



Bas-relief on Susillo Design. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Curtis. 



Plate XV. 




Base of Susillo Monument. 




Base of Susillo Monument 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid —Curt 




Plate XVI. 







»4& ?wS?\*a! 



^Hl >i «rT^ ■ *-^ ••*-• *•** 



^%J 









V*T^£?-« U^kYV?® 



V^4 , 







^ •Br-. 









Bas-reliefs on Susillo Monument. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 249 

It stands in the center of the plaza opposite the Government palace. It was cast in 
France, hy order of the Dominican Government, about 1880. It represents Colum- 
bus in heroic size, pointing to the westward. At the base is a life-size figure of an 
Indian girl, representing Anacaona, the unfortunate wife of the no less unfortunate 
cacique of Cibao, tracing an inscription which reads: "Yllustre y Esclarecido 
Varon, Don Cristoval Colon.*' 

No. 99. THE ISABELLA MONUMENT. 

Some enterprising and patriotic citizens of Boston have raised funds for the erec- 
tion, on the site of Isabella, the first civilized settlement in the New World, of a 
statue to commemorate the event and the man. It is to be a bronze figure of Colum- 
bus, designed by the sculptor Buyens, of Ghent, and will be cast at Chicopee, Mass. 
It will stand on a massive pedestal of Cape Anne Granite. There are two bas-reliefs, 
representing the Genius of Christianity and the Genius of Civilization. The former 
is a female figure, representing the Mother Church fostering a little Indian child and 
pointing to a suspended cross in the distance, the emblem of man's salvation. The 
second bas-relief is an ideal figure of the Goddess Ceres drawn in a chariot by 
prancing horses; her arms are filled with gifts and flowers, and Columbus at the 
heads of the horses is pointing the way for her to follow. A third tablet carries an 
inscription in Latin, from the pen of M. Schroeder, as follows : 

ANNO. CLAUDENTE. SAECULTTM. XV 

EX. QUO. COLONI. CHRISTTANI. COLUMBO. DUCE 

HIC. POST. OPPIDUM. CONSTITUTUM 

PRIMUM. IN. MUNDO. NOVO. TEMPLUM 

CHRISTO. DEO. DICARUNT 

CIVES. BOSTONIAE. SUB. AUSPICE 

EPHEMERIS. BOSTONIENSIS 

GUI. A. SACRO. CORDE. EST. NOMEN 

NE. REI. TANTAE. MEMORIA. UNQUAM. DELABATUR 

HAEC. MARMORI. COMMEXDAVIT 

A. D. MDCCCLXXXXII. 

No. 100. MONUMENT IN THE CITY OF MEXICO. 

The capital of Mexico has long had, in one of its public thoroughfares, a truly 
artistic monument to the great discoverer. It was executed by Cordier, a French 
sculptor, and was the gift to the city of one of her sons, Senor Don Antonio Escandon, 
by name. The subbase of this monument is a large platform of basalt, surrounded 
by a balustrade of iron, from which spring five lanterns. From the platform rises 
a square mass of red marble ornamented with basso-relievos. One of these repre- 
sents the arms of Columbus, surrounded with garlands of laurel ; another portrays 
the rebuilding of the monastery of Santa Maria de la Rabida; the third represents 
the discovery of the island of San Salvador, while the fourth reproduces a fragment 
of a letter from Columbus to Raefael Sanchez, beneath which is placed the dedica- 
tion of the monument by the patriotic gentleman to whose munificence the city is 
indebted for the memorial. Surrounding the pedestal, four life-size figures, in 
bronze, stand above the basso-relievos, representing, respectively, Padre Marchena, 
guardian of the monastery of Santa de la Rabida; Padre Fra 1 >iego I >eza, confessor of 
King Ferdinand, to the encouragement and support of which two men the hardy 
adventurer owed the royal favor; Fra Pedro de Gante and Fra Bartolome de las 
Casas, the two missionaries who most earnestly gave their protection and services 
to the Indian natives of the soil. Surmounting the whole is the dignified effigy of 
Columbus, in the act of drawing aside the veil which hides the New World. In 
both conception and treatment this monument is conceded to rank with the besl of 
its class, even in the ( > 1 < 1 World. 



250 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



No. 101. THE PILAR STATUE, MEXICO. 

A statue of Columbus, designed by Pilar, was erected in the Paseao de la Reforma r 
City of Mexico, October, 1892. 

No. 102. THE STATUE AT COLOX. 

In the Colombian seaport which was christened Colon, in honor of the famous 
discoverer, but to which modern commerce has given the less distinguished and less 
appropriate name of Aspinwall, stands a bronze group of Columbus, by Vicente 
Vela, an Italian sculptor, the gift to that place of Eugenie, late unfortunate Empress 
of the French. It represents its subject clothed in the semimonkish garb which he 

sometimes wore, with his right hand touching, as 
if to protect, the half-clad Indian woman by his side,, 
and is a pleasing and artistic monument. 

Xo. 10U. THE FOUNTAIN AT COLON. 

A fountain at Colon is also dedicated to Columbus,, 
and in one side of the column is a bas-relief in marble 
representing the landiug at Guanahani. 

No. 104. THE STATUE AT LIMA, PERU. 

The statue of Columbus at Lima, Pern, was erected 
in 1850, by Salvatore Rovelli, an Italian, at the ex- 
pense of the Republic, and it was dedicated with great 
ceremony. It is a handsome group, representing 
Columbus in the costume of a courtier of the six- 
teenth century, raising an Indian girl from the 
grouud. The pedestal is of marble, bearing the in- 
scription "A Cristoval Colon" upon one face, and 
upon the other three faces handsome urns intended for 
tropical plants, and the bust is handsomely carved 
with geographical and astronomical designs. 




No. 105. THE VALPARAISO STATUE. 



PILAR STATUE. 



At Valparaiso, Chile, is a marble statue of the dis- 
coverer, of heroic size. It stands at an angle of two 
streets and in front of one of the handsomest houses of the city. The figure is of 
bronze and the pedestal of marble. On the several faces of the latter are appro- 
priate inscriptions and representations of nautical implements. In the figure Colum- 
bus stands in an advancing attitude, holding a cross in his right hand. 

No. 106. BUST AT SANTIAGO, CHILE. 

The bust of Columbus at Santiago, Chile, is of marble, and represents a face of the 
De Bry type, with a Dutch cap and garments. 

No. 107. THE GENOA MONUMENT (plates xvn and XVIII). 

That which is admitted to be the finest existing monument to Columbus stands 
near the railway station in Genoa, the city of hie birth. The Genoese monument 
was erected in 1862. It was first ordered from the sculptor Bartolini, who shortly 
after died. Freccia then took it up, but had only just finished a rough model; 
however, it was finished by Franzone and Svanascini, of Carra. It consists of a 
huge quadrangular pediment, at the angles of which are seated allegorical figures of 
Religion, Geography, Strength, and Wisdom. Resting on this pediment is a large 
cylindrical pedestal decorated with ships' prows, upon which stands a collossal 
statue of Columbus, with his left hand resting upon an anchor. At his feet, in a 



Cofumbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Curtis. 



Plate XVII. 




Genoa Monument. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.- Curt 



Plate XVII 





fcf~ ■ ■ '- ,,m ^0t^> l ^' ^-^ v fl H^-^ j0>^ 

Ml*, fl 





^iii' 1 



r"/ • 5 ^ 



Bas-reliefs on Genoa Monument. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Curtis. 



Plate XIX. 




Custodia Bust. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



251 



half sitting, half kneeling posture, is an allegorical figure of America in the act of 
adorning a cross or crucifix which she holds in her right hand. The four bas-reliefs 
on the sides of the pediment represent the most important events in the life of 
Columbus: (1) Columbus before 
the Council of Salamanca : (2) Co- 
lumbus taking formal possession 
of the New World; (3) his flatter- 
ing reception on his return by the 
Spanish sovereigns, and (4) Colum- 
bus in chains. 

No. 109. "THE CUSTODIA," 
GENOA (plate xix). 

The bust of Columbus which 
surmounts the hollow shaft called 
the "Custodia," at Genoa, in 
which the manuscripts and auto- 
graphs of Columbus are preserved, 
was carved by Peschiera in 1826. 
but it has been repudiated by 
de Conchas, a learned critic, who 
claims that it is the head of a 
Roman emperor, by a deaf mute 
named Castilli. 

No. 110. STATUE IN RED PALACE, 
GENOA. 

The statue of Columbus in the 

Red Palace, Genoa, represents him 

standing upon the deck of the ship 

pointing out land to his incredulous sailors, while behind him stands a padre with 
a cross. The pedestal is ornamented with prows of caravels, 
and on each side of it is a mythological figure representing 
Discovery and Industry. 

No. 111. BUST IN RED PALACE, GENOA. 

The bust of Columbus, which stands in the Red Palace 
at Genoa, was carved from the Capriola portrait, which was 
submitted to the committee in charge by the Duke of 
Veragua, a descendant of Columbus, who was invited to 
recommend a model. 

No. 112. STATUE IN COLLEGE AT GENOA. 

In 1892 the students of the Christopher Columbus College 
at Genoa demonstrated their patriotism by raising a large 
fund, which was expended in the erection of a statute to 

BCST IN CIRCOI.O FILO- 1 

logico i. stenogra- Columbus in the patio of that institution. It represents 
fico, oenoa. the discoverer in a sitting posture. 




STATUE IN BED PALACE, GENOA. 




NO. 113. PORCELAIN COPY OF BUST IN GENOA. 

In the Philological Circle at Genoa is a beautiful piece of marble with a strong 
face very much like; the traditional types of Columbus, but around the neck is a. 
chain, to which is attached a medal bearing an unknown face. 



252 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 




No. 1U. THE GENIUS OF COLUMBUS. 

A beautiful figure in marble, representing tbe Genius of Columbus, stands in the 
Royal Palace at Genoa. It represents a young man with a genie with wings, 
surrounded by nautical implements. 

No. 115. BUST AT ROME. 

There is a bust of Columbus in the Capitoline 
Museum, Rome, but its origin and artist are 
unkuown. There is a copy in maidde in the 
rooms of the Historical Society at New York. 

No. 116. THE COGOLETO MONUMENT. 

At the town of Cogoleto, which claims to 
have been the birthplace of Columbus, is a 
heroic bust of the Giovian type upon a pedestal 
of granite, bearing an appropriate inscription. 
The pedestal also bears nautical designs, and 
upon one side is a griffin in marble. 

No. 117. THE BARCELONA MONUMENT (pi. xx). 

The monument to Columbus at Barcelona was 
unveiled, in the presence of Queen Christina and 
the ministers of state, on the 2d day of May, 
1888. It cost $200,000. 
genius of columbus. It is 240 feet high, and 

an hydraulic elevator 
carries visitors to the top. It was cast in eight pieces at 
Barcelona. The plan comprises an extensive landing stage 
at the harbor in front of the city, flanked on either side by 
the prow of a vessel, one representing the Pinta, and the 
other the Nina, with a magnificent balustrade, adorned by 

statues of famous explor- 
ers of various nations. 
Behind this stretches 
an ample paved square, 
shaded on its sides and 
rear by rows of orna- 
mental trees, and from 
this in turn rises a lofty 

and elaborately decorated column, surmounted by 
the colossal figure of Columbus, holding in his left 
hand a marine chart, and pointing with his right 
to the newly discovered land. The base and 
accessory figures — one group of which represents 
the provinces of Leon, Castile, Arragon and Cata- 
lonia, the other portraying the patrons and friends 
of the intrepid Admiral— are of stone; the eight 
colossal liousguardhig its base, and themain shaft, 
itself, are of iron; while the four graceful figures 
of Fame and Renown, the panels, with their elabo- 
rate reliefs, and the other decorative devices which 
enrich the monument, and the crowning effigy of 
of Columbus— which is a little over 18 feet in 
height, and weighs some 30 tons— are all bronze, cast from the cannons contributed 
for the purpose by the Spanish Government. This monument was the work of several 
artists, theprincipal figures being the conception of Rafael Atche, a Catalan sculptor, 
and the cost of defraying it was borne partly by the city and partly by voluntary 
subscription from various municipalities, corporations, and private individuals. 





BUST IN CAPITOLINE MUSEUM, 
ROME. 



JNUMENT AT COGOLETO. 



Columoian Historical Exposition a; Madrid; — Curtis. 



PLATE XX. 




&&1 




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Hal 



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a 1 






fet 






^sf-**; 



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^pagtawii KPi wn --•afijfe.y, 



■am • -v.--; 



Barcelona Monument. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Curtis. 



Plate XXI. 




TfP 





"1 w *i 
is wy 

iW 1 ****** 




ZfSks^nirtCiC^ 




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■ 




La Rabida Monument. 



Madrid Monument. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



253 



In the courtyard of the Lonja at Seville, the building which was formerly the 
Royal Exchange hut is now used to shelter the archives of the Council of the 
Indies, is an ancient and rather ordinary statue of Colunihus in marble, erected 
nearly a hundred years ago. 

No. US. THE OARTUJA STATUE, SEVILLE, SPAIN. 

After Colunihus returned from his last voyage to the New World, he found shelter 
in the old monastery of the Carthusian Monks at Seville, and there he remained for 
two years. After his death, at Valladolid, his remains were 
removed to the chapel of this monastery and lay for nearly 
half a century, when they were removed to Santo Domingo. 
The monastery is now occupied as a porcelain factory, hut the 
chapel has been left intact and is still used for worship. Before 
the main entrance, under the shelter of some beautiful trees, 
is a statue of Columbus, by some unknown artist, that was 
erected many years ago. 



No.119. SALAMANCA (SPAIN") MONUMENT. 




SALAMANCA MOXCMEXT. 



At Valcuebo, a country farm once belonging to the Domini- 
cans of Salamanca, Columbus was entertained by Diego de 

Deza — prior of the great Dominican convent of San Esteban and professor of theology 
at Salamanca, — while the Junta of Spanish ecclestiastics considered his plans. The 
country people have a tradition that on the crest of a small hill near the house, now 
called "Toes de Colon," Columbus passed long hours conferring with his visitors 
or reading in solitude. The present owner, Don Martin de Solis, has erected a 

monument to his memory on this hill, consisting of 
a stone pyramid surmounted by a globe and sur- 
rounded by an ordinary iron fence. 

No. 120. THE MONUMENT AT GRANADA, STAIN. 

A monument in honor of Columbus and Isabella was 
dedicated at Granada on the 2d of November, 1892. 
It is of highly polished black and white marble, and 
represents Isabella seated in a large gothic chair with 
a geographical chart on her lap. Before her stands 
Columbus explaining his theories. The sculptor was 
Mariano Bellinure. 

No. 121. THE BEER STATUE. 

After an investigation of the different portraits 
of Columbus the Lotto was adopted by Frederic Beer 
as a model for his statue of Columbus. It has been 
reproduced in bronze by Cottin. Colunihus is repre- 
sented on his ship, thoughtful, almost anxious, having 
on his face the absolute certainty of his calculations, 
but also the troublous inquietude of a solution that 
is fleeing from him. At his feet lie an anchor and 
a map of the world, around him are the signs of 

a revolt that will soon break out; but the serenity of the strong does not abandon 

him, and alone against all he believes and dares. 

N.i-. 122 AND lL'ii. MONUMENT AT LA RABIDA. CROSS AT SUMMIT OF LA RABIDA 

MONUMENT (plate XXI). 

On the 12th of October, 1892, a magnificent monument, erected by the Government 
of Spain in honor of Columbus and the Pinzon brothers, was dedicated with great 
ceremony. It stands in front of the old monaster; of La b'abida. at Palos, It 




• I l.A RABIDA. 



254 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

represents a fluted Corinthian column capped by a crown supporting an orb sur- 
mounted by a cross. Tbe column rests upon a prismatic support from which pro- 
trude four prows of vessels, and the pedestal of the whole is in the form of a tomb 
with an Egyptian-like entrance, to which broad staircases lead on four sides. The 
orb bears two bands — one about its equator, and the other representing the zodiac. 
On the Corinthian column are the names " M. Pinzon" and " V. Pinzon." Under the 
prows of the vessels is the name " C. Colon," with a list of the persons who accom- 
panied him on his voyage of discovery. 

No. 124. COLUMBUS AND THE PRIOR OF LA RABID A. 

There has always been a dispute as to the exact spot where Columbus first 
addressed the monks at La Rabida. Many years ago a shaft was erected about 600 
yards from the convent to identify the place, and it has been very badly chipped by 
relic hunters, and the soft stone has worn rapidly away by exposure to the weather. 




COLUMBUS EXPLAINING HIS PLAN 



Some years later a second monument was erected about30 feet from the main entrance 
where the historians claim later evidence locates the first interview between Columbus 
and the monks. 

No. 125 THE MADRID MONUMENT (plate xxi). 

The city of Madrid has honored itself, while honoring Columbus, by the recent 
erection of his effigy in bronze, of heroic size, in the Paseo de Recoletos, one of the 
principal promenades in the Spanish capital. This representation portrays a benign 
and reverent expression of countenance with the figure clothed in the ordinary cos- 
tume of his period, wearing over it a short fur-trimmed over-garment. He stands 
on a lofty pedestal, or, rather, crowns a column of considerable height, his left hand 
outstretched, as if pointing to the newly discovered land he had reached after so 
many hardships, while the right upholds the furled flag of Spain, the cross-tipped 
staff of which rests upon a miniature semblance of the globe, which, in turn/ rests 
upon the head of a capstan, about which a cordage cable is gracefully coiled. 

No. 126. THE SUNOL STATUE (plate xxu). 

The statue of Columbus at the top of the monument is by a Spanish artist 
named SunoL and is considered a very fine figure. A duplicate of the Sunol statue 
is to be erected at New York. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Curtis. 



Plate XXII. 




Sunol Statue. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



255 



Nos. 127, 128. AND 129. THE SAMARTIN STATUE. STATUE IN SENATE CHAMBER, 
MADRID. PROPOSED STATUE BY GAUDARIAS, MADRID. 

There is a similar statue in the offices of the ministry of colonics. Madrid, by J. 
Sainartin. 

A monument to Columbus at Madrid has been proposed by Don Alberto Palacio. 




QACDARIAS STATUE 
No. L30. PLUS ULTRA. 



In the Royal Academy at Madrid is a beautiful allegory in marble entitled, "Plus 
ultra/' or there is more beyond. The author was J. Gaudariaa, and he intended 
this work to illustrate the discovery of the New World. It represents a female fig- 
ure upon the back of a winged lion treading upon globes. 



256 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



No. 131. THE ISABELLA GROUP, MADRID. 

There is still a monumental group in Madrid which, while it was erected in honor 
of Queen Isabella, may he said to honor Columbus in equal degree, though his effigy 
is no part of it. This conception represents his royal patroness in bronze, holding 
aloft a cross, and seated on a richly caparisoned horse, whose reins are held on the 

one side by a monk and on the other side by a soldier, 
with an unsheathed sword resting on his left arm. 

No. 132. THE SHIELD OF COLUMBUS. 

There is in the Armeria Real (Royal Armory) at 
Madrid a remarkable shield, intended to commemorate 
the discoveries of Columbus, which was designed by 
Julio Romano, one of the most celebrated pupils of 
Rafael. It is said to have been made at the order of 
Charles V. According to mythology, Hercules divided 
the two mountains, Calpi and Abyla, which stood 
where now is Gibraltar, at the entrance of the Medit- 
erranean Sea, placing one in Europe and the other in 
Africa, and then erected two pillars on their summits, 
bearing the inscription, "Non plus ultra," which 
means " there is nothing beyond." The design of the 
shield represents the moment when the pillars of Her- 
cules are being extended to include the countries dis- 
covered by Columbus. Charles V stands upon a richly 
carved ornamented vessel, holding the standard of 
Spain, and crowned by victory. Fame, with her trum- 
pet, is before him, and hands him a shield, upon which 
are the words " plus ultra" (there is something beyond). 
In the background Hercules appears, bearingthepillars 
away, to the astonishment of Neptune and other gods. 




.MENT TO ISABELLA AT 
MADRID. 



No. 133. THE TIUITUI'H OF COLUMBUS, SKKTCHED BY HIMSELF (page 257). 

The contracts, commissions, and other papers of Columbus have been published in 
a book called the Codice Diplomatico, with some facsimiles. Among other relics is 



a sketch called The 
bus, which is alleged 
himself at Seville, in 
gestion to some art- 
to commemorate his 
Columbus appears 
with Providence by 
Ignorance are nion- 
wake, while Con- 
Christianity, Victory, 
of Seraphim, attend 
the floating figure of 
trumpets, one 
and the other "Faina 
Harrisse, in his 
says that good judges 
to Columbus's own 
none of the drawings 






tfV.V^ 




SHIELD OF COLUMBUS. 



Triumph of Colum- 
to have been made by 
1502, perhaps a sug- 
ist who might wish 
deeds. In the sketch 
seated in a chariot 
his side. Envy and 
sters following in his 
stancy, Tolerance, 
and Hope, in the form 
him. Above all is 
Fame, blowing two 
marked ' ' Genoa " 
Columbi." 

Notes on Columbus, 
assign this picture 
hand. Although 
ascribed to him are 



authentic beyond doubt, it is true that he had the reputation of being a good drafts- 
man. Feuillet de Conches, the well-known French writer, doubts its authenticity. 
The sketch is surrounded by explanatory notes in the manuscript of Columbus, or a 
very good imitation of it, and at the lower left-hand corner are the initial letters he 
was accustomed to use with his rubric. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



257 



No. 134. SPANISH MEDAL COMMEMORATING THE DISCOVERT, 1892. COLUMBUS 
MEDAL ISSUED BY SPANISH GOVERNMENT, 1892. 











Anverso. Reverso. 

MEDAL COMMEMORATING THE DISCOVERY OP AMERICA. 

No. 135. THE LAWRENCE STATUE. 

Miss Mary Trimble Lawrence, of New York, a member of the board of trustees of 
the Art Students' League aud a pupil of Augustus St. Gaudens, was selected by the 
board of directors of the World's Columbian Exposition to furnish the model for a 
statue of Columbus to be erected upon the grounds at Jackson Park, Chicago. The 
commission was originally offered to St. Gaudens, but he suggested that Miss Lawrence 
be employed to work out his conception. 

Columbus stands bareheaded, with 
face uplifted, clad in armor, as if he had 
just taken possession of the soil. In one 
hand he holds uplifted the standard of 
Castile and Aragon, as does the statue 
of the discoverer by the Spaniard, Sunol, 
and in the other his sword. 

No. 136. THE STATUE AT PAVIA. 

The early biographers of Columbus all 
asserted that he was educated at the Uni- 
versity of Pavia, but later investigation 
fails to disclose any evidence of that fact. 
That he had a knowledge of the lan- 
guages and the sciences there is no doubt, but in none of his own writings, and they 
are numerous, does he mention the place where he was educated. The reverend fathers 
of that university, however, claim that he was a student there, and have erected a 
pedestal and bust to commemorate the fact. 

SCENES IDENTIFIED WITH THE LIFE OF COLUMBUS. 

The collection of pictures representing scenes in the life of Columbus 
began with a series of views of the several cities that claimed the honor 
of being his birthplace, Genoa and Cogoleto being the most prominent. 

Although the birthplace of Columbus may be in doubt, the strongest 
probabilities are in favor of Genoa. His pedigree and the movements 
of his family have been traced with remarkable patience by Henry 
Harrisse, who found in the archives of Genoa records of real estate 
transfers and other business transactions by the father of Columbus, 
H. Ex. LOO 17 



TRIUMPH OF COLUMBUS. 
See page 256. 



258 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

about the date of his birth; and Columbus, in his will, says, "I was 
born in Genoa." In a subsequent paragraph of the same document he 
writes, " I came from there and there was I born." 

One of the most interesting' of the pictures was a water-color sketch 
by Miss Bertha E. Perrie, of Washington, D. C, of the house at 
Quinto where the father and mother of Columbus lived and where they 
were married. The grandfather of Columbus lived at Terrarossa, a 
hamlet about 20 miles northeast of Genoa, and there his father was born. 
Some time between 1430 and 1445 he moved to Quinto al Mar, a little 
place on the coast 4 miles east of Genoa. The house in which he dwelt 
is still standing in the Via dei Colombo, No. 8, owned by Mr. Giuseppe 
Piaggio, and occupied by several peasant families. Here Domenico, 
the father of Christopher, was married to Susanna Fontanarossa, who 
came from Quezzi, and belonged to a race of weavers. About 1440 he 
moved into the city of Genoa, where he purchased a residence, and iu 
that year qualified as a citizen. In 1471 Domenico Columbus went to 
Savona, where his wife died. About 1484 he returned to Genoa to 
reside with his daughter until his death, at an advanced age, in 1409 
or 1500. lie lived to see the triumph and enjoy the fame of his son, and 
it is believed that Christopher visited him after the first voyage. 
There is, in the municipal archives at Savona, a document witnessed 
by Columbus in 1472. On August 2G, 1472, he indorsed a note for his 
father, and on August 7, 1473, signed a deed relinquishing all claims to 
the house in Genoa. 

A series of plans in eight parts of the house at Genoa iu which 
Columbus is said to have been born were also shown. The learned 
antiquarian, Marcello Staglieuo, of Genoa, identified the Vico dritto 
del Ponticello, No. 37, as the house in which Dominico Columbus lived 
during the younger years of Christopher's life, and it is probable, 
although not certain, that the latter was born there. The discovery of 
the ownership was made by tracing back the title to the property. 
Through the efforts of Cavalierc Giuseppe Baldi $6,300 was raised in 
June, 1887, the property was purchased, and a tablet was placed over 
the door, with the Latin inscription which in English reads: "No 
house better deserves an inscription. This is the paternal home of 
Christopher Columbus, where he passed his childhood and youth.'' 
The house was, at that time, just outside of the city walls of Genoa, by 
the gate of St. Andrew. 

Some writers argue that the republic instead of the city of Genoa was 
meant by Columbus when he said that he was born there, which will 
admit to the controversy the claims of several suburban towns in which 
his family at onetime resided. In the little village of Cogoleto, about 15 
miles from Genoa, an ancient structure is pointed out as the birthplace 
of Columbus which bears the following pretentious inscription : "Trav- 
eler, stop at this place. It was here that Columbus, the greatest man 
in the world, first saw the light; here in this humble house! There 
was one world: this man spoke and there were two." 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 250 

There was a number of pictures of places identified with the career 
of Columbus in Spain, but these were not so new or novel as the large 
collection which represented the present appearance of Watling Island, 
which is believed by the best authorities to have been the landfall of 
the discoverer. 

All the places in America visited by Columbus can be absolutely 
identified except his first landfall, called by the natives C.uanahani, 
and by him San Salvador. Each of half ado/en islands in the Bahama 
group has had its advocates, but the highest authorities favor Watling 
Island because it answers more closely to the description given 
by Columbus in his journal. Watling Island lies in latitude 24° 
north. It is about 13 miles long, from G to 7 wide, and has an area of 
about 00 square miles, nearly half of which is covered by a series of 
lagoons, connected with each other by narrow passages. Watling 
Island is 175 miles from New Providence, the capital of the Bahamas, 
which can be reached by the New York and Cuba Line of steamers, and 
about 75 miles from Fortune Island, where the Atlas Line of steamers 
from New York touch, but it has no regular transportation facilities, 
and to reach it one must hire a sailboat at Nassau. 

Although there has been some dispute about the actual landing place 
of Columbus on Watling Island, owing to a confused rendering of his 
journal, yet the majority of writers have agreed that it was on the east 
coast, in or near the bay known as Greens Harbor, and in a cove at its 
southern extremity. There is aheadland there, whence the bay stretches 
northwardly some 3 miles, and an excellent place for landing, alter the 
coral reefs have been passed, under the lee of the cliffs. Stopping here 
a day, Columbus explored the coast in small boats, keeping behind the 
barrier reefs of coral that lie off the beach and surround the island. 

An important point in favor of Watling as the landfall of Columbus, 
in comparison with other islands claiming it, is the fact that it has in 
its center a great lagoon ;is a distinctive feature. Columbus particu- 
larly states that the first island on which he landed had a large lagoon 
in its center, and this description will only apply to Watling and to 
Crooked Island. 

The only settlement on Watling Island is that of Cockburn Town, 
at Biding Bock Bay, on the west side of the island. Here is the port 
of entry, the house of the resident magistrate, a chapel, church, and a 
tew score huts and houses. Biding Rock has a tine bay, but is exposed 
to storms at times and is then unsafe. It is supposed t hat Columbus 
came around the island — around its northern point — and then along 
the west shore as far as this point, whence he took his departure for 
Bum Cay and Long Island. 

The Baptists are in the majority in Watling Island, and their chief 
place of worship is at Cockburn Town. Like nearly all the houses of 
the island, it is built with walls of stone, and covered with ;i root' of 
thatch composed of palm leaves. 



260 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

The Bahamas, for many years after their settlement, were the abode 
of pirates and wreckers, who systematically pursued their nefarious 
business of wrecking vessels and sometimes murdering the crews for 
the plunder they obtained. The establishment of light-houses by the 
English Government was looked upon by them with deep resentment, 
a feeling with which they still regard them. Thelight-house at Watting 
is first-class, built upon a hill overlooking the site of the first landing 
place of Columbus, and is equipped with everything necessary to an 
isolated station where stores are not easily obtained. 

The entire population of Watling, except the magistrate, the parson, 
the schoolmaster, and the police force (consisting of one individual), is 
composed of laborers and fishermen. In the interior of the island they 
have their "farms," where they work hard to raise a scant crop of corn, 
pineapples, bananas, and vegetables. 

The present inhabitants of Watling support themselves by fishing, 
couching, wrecking, turtling, and trying to cultivate the thin soil that 
covers the rocks of which their barren island is composed. They earn 
a precarious existence, and are frequently on the point of starvation, 
as in the summer of 1892, when all the crops failed on account of the 
drought. They are honest, good workmen, and demand only 2 shillings 
a day for their services. From the nature of things, their island being 
so poor and so far distant from a market, being visited only by infre- 
quent vessels, they can never improve their condition. 

Of the several hundred people composing the population of Watling 
Island there are but two or three that are white. They are nearly all 
the descendants of the slaves freed by the English act of emancipation 
and who have succeeded to the estates of their former owners. These 
estates are now in ruins, the cleared fields long since overgrown with 
scrub, and ruin and desolation are visible everywhere. 

The chief building material of the Bahamas, abundant everywhere, 
is the soft coral limestone, that is easily worked and sawed into build- 
ing blocks. It makes the best of foundations and walls, giving strong 
and cool houses, and withstands the shocks of the hurricane as no 
other could. The roofs are of thatch, made from the native palmetto 
or "head palm," and neatly laid on the rafters. There are few glass 
windows, the apertures being closed with wooden shutters, and the 
furnishings of the houses are simple in the extreme. 

Until quite recently, the only white family on the island was that of 
the resident magistrate, Hon. Maxwell Nairn, who has lived there for 
many years and is looked upon by the inhabitants of Watling Island 
as a father and friend. He has earned a reputation for uprightness 
and hospitality that is universal throughout the Bahamas, and the 
news that he was stricken with paralysis in the summer of 1892 was 
received with general sorrow. After many years of faithful service, 
he is now retired on a pittance of a pension not adequate for his 
support. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 261 

The collection included views of the coast and the interior of the 
island from every point of observation, and photographs of all the build- 
ings and many of the inhabitants. There was a similar collection of 
views of the other islands visited by Columbus, and particularly the 
city of La Navidad, where he landed on the coast of Santo Domingo, and 
where his flagship, Santa Maria, was wrecked on Christmas eve, 141)2. 
The settlement has ever since preserved the name of Guarico, and is 
identified with the present bourg of Petit Anse, not more than 3 miles 
from Cape Haytien. 

The wreck of the Santa Maria occurred on Christmas eve, 1492, and 
from that circumstance Columbus called the first fort he erected here 
Navidad, or the Nativity. It was built mainly out of the wreckage of 
the flagship, and was said to be a tower surrounded with a ditch. 
Having then but two vessels, and not room enough for all, Columbus 
left some forty men at Navidad, and then, after provisioning and arm- 
ing the fort, sailed for Spain. 

The site of the fort is a hill, isolated by surrounding salines, or salt 
flats, and commanding the channels by which the vessels of Columbus 
approached the shore. The fort was destroyed and the garrison mas- 
sacred by Indians in 1493, and Columbus, on his return on the second 
voyage, found not one of his men alive. 

The next group of pictures represented the present appearance and 
condition of the city of Isabella, the first civilized settlement in the New 
World. After reaching the coast of Haiti in 1493, on his second voy- 
age, finding the fort he had erected at Navidad destroyed and the gar- 
rison massacred, Columbus retraced his track to a point easterly from 
Navidad and Monte Cristi, and entered a small but sheltered harbor 
at a place nearer to the gold mountains of the interior. Here he dis- 
embarked his weary men and munitions and provisions, and began the 
foundation of a settlement, which he named Isabella, after his royal 
patroness. 

He erected a church, a public storehouse, known as "The King's 
House." and a residence for himself, known as the "Governor's Palace." 
These were built of stone. Many private houses were constructed of 
wood, plaster, reeds, and such other material as were found on the 
ground. The city, however, was abandoned after the discovery of gold 
in the mountains, and fell into ruins. Mr. F. A. Ober, the Commissioner 
of the Columbian Exposition to the West Indies, made a thorough 
investigation of the ruins and brought back all of the stone that was 
left on the grounds. 

The ruins of what is thought to have been the " King's House" were 
found on the bluff overlooking the river, and a little distance away 
were other ruins that may have been those of the church. The church 
was dedicated January <», 1494, when high mass was celebrated by 
Friar Boy] and 12 ecclesiastics. 

The site of Isabella is now completely overgrowr with wild vegeta- 



262 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

tion, chiefly the different forms of cacti tbere indigenous, which ren- 
ders exploration somewhat difficult. But the cactus forms are beautiful, 
and the glimpses through the openings in the clumps of the Bajo-Bonico 
River, the bay, and the mountains beyond are attractive. 

The ruins of what is known as the " Royal Mint," at Isabella, are 
just above the bay on the bluff, and there are numerous fragments of 
pottery shards there, supposed to be of the crucibles in which the gold 
from the Cibao was smelted, as well as of the roofing tiles of the 
buildings. Much of the structure has tumbled into the sea, but the 
greater portion, doubtless, has been carried away to Puerto Plata, for 
building purposes, in recent years. 

The harbor of Isabella is small, and protected from the ocean by a 
line of coral reefs, the water being shallow, but of sufficient depth for 
the vessels of Columbus. A river flows into it called the Bajo-Bonico, 
which is a stream of some volume in the rainy season, but runs nearly 
dry in the summer. It rises in the mountains of the interior, and large 
quantities of mahogany logs are floated down its current from the hills. 
It now enters the bay at a little distance from the site of Isabella, but is 
thought to have flowed at the foot of the bluff in the time of Columbus. 

There were, also, views of Concepcion de la Vega, Santo Cerro, San- 
tiago de los Caballeros, Jacagua, Santo Tomas, and Vega Vieja, the 
towns that were established immediately after Isabella in the interior 
of Santo Domingo. In 1491, after the discovery of gold in the moun- 
tains of Cibao, everything transportable was removed from the old to 
the new town, including the bell, which was hung in the tower of the 
chapel at La Vega, and remained there until the place was destroyed 
by an earthquake in 1564, when the survivors built a third town near by. 

Jacagua, or old Santiago, was founded by Columbus in 1491, and 
called Magdalena, but was destroyed by an earthquake in 15G4. The 
town had a church and public buildings, and was, at the time of its 
destruction, a thriving settlement. The church was recently excavated 
at the expense of the Latin-American department of the Chicago 
Exposition, and many minor articles of antiquity discovered of the 
times in which it was built. The ruins are about 4 miles distant from 
the city of Santiago, the present chief city of the province of the same 
name, to which the inhabitants of Jacagua removed after the loss of 
their houses. The proprietor, Sefior Don Bicardo Ovies, is intelligent 
and hospitable, speaks English fluently, and aided the Commissioner of 
the Exposition in his excavations, furnishing laborers and guidance 
and placing the entire property at his disposal. Through him many 
interesting relics were recovered which throw light upon the early 
history of the country. 

The Cibao country, of Santo Domingo, of which La Vega and Santiago 
are the chief towns, and from which most of the antiquities recovered 
in the island have been obtained, is in the interior and is best reached 
from the port of Sanchez, at the head of the Bay of Samana. Thence 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 263 

a railroad runs as far as La Vega, a distance of 04 miles, whence it is 
some 20 miles farther to Santiago. 

The first gold found by the Spaniards in America came from the 
river Yaqui, north coast of Santo Domingo, which was called by 
Columbus the Rio del Oro, or River of Gold, from the richness of its 
sands. It is said that golden particles adhered to the hoops of the 
water casks when the sailors took water at the mouth of the river. 
The richest deposits of gold, or rather the largest nuggets, were found 
in tributaries of the Yaqui, such as the Yanico, on the bank of which 
the fort, for the defense of the gold region, called Santo Tomas was 
built and garrisoned by 50 men. 

Santo Tomas was the first fort erected in the interior of Santo 
Domingo, and guarded the gold region of the famous Cibao. The site 
of the fortress was traced by the Columbian Commissioner in 1892 and 
photographed. At the base of the hill on which the fortress was built 
runs a stream, the sands and gravel of which contained gold at the 
time the Spaniards came, and even to-day some gold is obtained by the 
people living there. 

The old fort, Concepcion de la Vega, was built by orders of Columbus 
in 1494, shortly before or soon after the first great victory over the 
Indians on the Royal Vega. It lies some miles from the present town 
of La Vega, and there yet remains enough to show the original plan, 
though it is entirely in ruins except the northeast angle, where the 
circular bastion is nearly perfect. Here the w r alls are about 10 feet 
high, 6 feet thick, with a space inside of 10 feet. The old fort was 
probably about 200 feet square, built of brick, and with circular 
bastions at the four corners. The fortress itself is the only structure 
of ancient Concepcion sufficiently preserved to indicate its original 
outline. It was intended to keep in subjection the Indians of Santo 
Domingo. A lombard was discovered in the fort, and has been used 
for many years in the firing of salutes in honor of the virgin of Santo 
Cerro. 

Santiago de los Caballeros, in the interior of Santo Domingo, was 
settled by hidalgos, Spaniards of noble blood, who obtained permis- 
sion from the King of Spain to affix this distinguished appellation, 
"de los Caballeros''' (of the gentlemen) to their city. Hence, there are 
yet resident there the descendants of some of the conquistadores, who 
have retained at least a portion of the arms and martial equipment of 
their ancestors, and from them were obtained several old Toledos that 
were exhibited. The blades are vouched for as genuine from Toledo 
in Spain, which has produced as famous work as Damascus, and which 
were carried by the conquerors of America, and did valiant service 
against the Indians. They are not numerous, and the most of them 
that can be found are supplied with new hilts, of rude and native 
workmanship, making them unique and valuable. 

The present town of La Vega has no ruins or antiquities, being a 



264 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

commercial center, near the banks of the River Camn. About 4 miles 
beyond is the Santo Oerro, or Holy Hill, with a modern church, and a 
mile or so farther the ruined city of Vega Vieja, or Old Vega, destroyed 
by earthquake over three hundred years ago. Many minor antiquities 
pertaining to the period of the conquest have been found there, and 
are still unearthed. 

The city of Concepcion de la Vega, or Vega Vieja, as it is now called 
by the natives, was completely destroyed by an earthquake in 1564. 
It was at that time an important place, beautifully situated, and as all 
the gold of the Cibao was brought there to be refined, previous to being 
sent to Spain, it has been thought that a great deal of treasure has 
been buried in the ruins. People have been digging for over three 
hundred years, not only for treasure, but for the brick and stone as 
building material. The old Spanish bricks are better than any now to 
be obtained, and the cut stone is excellent. The consequence is that 
the old city is nearly obliterated, only the fortress retaining any sem- 
blance ot its original shape. 

At Santo Oerro, the holy hill of Santo Domingo, may be seen an 
ancient tree, called by the natives the "Mspero de Colon," beneath 
which, tradition states, Columbus stood while directing the operations 
of his army against the Indians in 1494, when the great victory then 
gained decided their fate forever. It is regarded as a sacred relic, and 
beneath it mass was celebrated after the victory. A cross was set up 
also by Columbus, upon which the Virgin (it is said) once descended, 
and which was removed to the cathedral at Santo Domingo in 1514, 
where it has been revered as a most sacred relic. 

On the summit of the hill is a handsome chapel, recently completed, 
which contains a very old and revered image of the Virgin. The 
chapel is near the site of the first cross erected here by Columbus, and 
over a "holy well," to which have been ascribed miraculous virtues. 
In his will Columbus directed his son Diego, when his estates yielded a 
sufficient revenue for the purpose, to erect a chapel on the sacred hill 
of the " Royal Plain " of Santo Domingo, where masses might be said 
daily for the repose of the souls of himself and his relatives. A church 
was erected at this place shortly after, but it is not known that Diego 
contributed anything toward the expense. 

The " Holy Hill," or Santo Cerro, lies about 5 miles distant from 
La Vega, which is reached by the Samana Railroad from the Bay of 
Saman ). It is a famous pi ce in the annals of the island, and seldom 
can a Dominican be found who has not at some time seen it. The 
village is composed of the priest's house and a single row of miserable 
thatched huts, occupied by the people who make a living selling relics 
and attending upon the church, which contains the revered image of 
the Virgin. 

In May, 1494, on his second voyage, Columbus discovered the beau- 
tiful coast of Jamaica, anchoring in the spacious harbor of St. Anus 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 265 

Bay, which he named Santa Gloria. At this same place, on his fourth 
voyage, he ran his vessels ashore to prevent their sinking - , and passed 
many months there before he was rescued. 

" St. Anns is considered the finest parish on the north coast," says 
an old writer. " Earth has nothing more lovely than the pastures and 
pimento groves of St. Anns, nothing more enchanting than its hills and 
vales, delicious in verdure and redolent with the fragrance of spices. 
Embellished with wood and water from the deep forests whence the 
streams descend to the ocean in beautiful falls, the blue haze of the air 
blends and harmonizes all into beauty." 

Dry Harbor, called by the first discoverers Puerto Buenos, lies to 
the west of St. Anns, and was visited by Columbus. Near this harbor 
is a cave of great length, with two long galleries hung with stalactites 
of much beauty. It was at the end of his fourth and last voyage that 
Columbus, driven thither by a storm, entered the port of Puerto 
Bueno, but finding no water here, stood eastward to the present harbor 
of St. Anns. 

There was a full series of pictures in the collection representing the 
places visited by Columbus on his third voyage, when, it will be remem- 
bered, he was taken back to Spain in chains. On the fourth voyage, 
in 1502, Columbus coasted along the north shore of Central America, 
where his first landing place was at Carxinas Point, near the town of 
Truxillo, Honduras. 

Had he gone farther westward he might have anticipated Cortez in 
the conquest of Mexico, but he was not looking for new lands. He 
sought a western passage around the world, and, turning eastward, 
groped along the coast seeking the channel he felt should be there, cruis- 
ing into each river and following the shore lines of each gulf and bay. 
Exposure and disappointment had shattered the constitution of theonce 
hardy seaman, and his strength was fast failing. His old enemy the 
gout had attacked him again, and the miasmatic coasts had filled him 
with fever. There was little left of him but his will. He had a bunk 
built in the bow of his little vessel where he could rest his weary bones 
and still guide the course of his fleet. And thus he explored the whole 
coast of the isthmus from Yucatan to Colombia, finding an unbroken 
lino of continent, in defiance of nil his theories, in contradiction to all 
his reasoning, and an impassable barrier to the ambition he had cher- 
ished for thirty years. 

( >n the coast of Honduras ( 'olumbus found evidences of a higher civ- 
ilization than had appeared among the natives of the islands he had 
previously visited. The Indians were better looking, more intelligent, 
and more warlike than any he had yet seen. 'While the natives of the 
islands stood in awe of the white men and showed a gentleness of 
demeanor, those of Honduras offered resistance at once, and greeted the 
voyagers with a shower of arrows from their crossbows. They wore 
garments of cotton, they had copper knives and hatchets, pottery of 



266 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

exquisite workmanship, ami their houses were built of stone and adobe. 
The Government of Honduras has recently issued a decree for the erec- 
tion of a monument to mark the spot where Columbus first landed upon 
the soil of Central America. It will be a life size statue, standing upon 
a pedestal, and will bear the inscription: "-The Republic of Honduras 
to Christopher Columbus, 1492-1892/' 

A series of pictures was given also of the present appearance of all 
the places visited by him. At the site of Puerto Bello, on the Isthmus 
of Panama, Columbus established a colony during his fourth and last 
voyage, for the purpose of ascertaining the source from which the 
Indians got their gold ; but it existed only four months. Several of the 
party were massacred by the Indians and many died of disease. The 
food became low, and the ships were so worm eaten that they would 
scarcely float, so he started back toward Hispauiola, and the leaking 
caravels were beached in Santa Gloria Bay, on the northern coast of 
Jamaica. As the name (bestowed by Columbus in 1502) implies, 
Puerto Bello has a very fine harbor, with from 8 to 10 fathoms of water 
at the entrance of the bay, with Drake Point on the north and Buena- 
ventura Island on the south. A town was founded there in 1584, 
which rapidly grew in importance, being the great depot for the gold 
and silver from Peru brought across the isthmus and taken to Spain 
by the royal galleons. It was destroyed in 1739 by Admiral Vernon, 
of the British navy. The population was at that time 10,000, but it is 
now less than 1,000, the decline being due to the loss of trade and the 
uuhealthiness of its situation. 

A mile or more to the east of St. Anns Bay, which Columbus named 
Santa Gloria, he ran his ships aground, and, lashing them together, 
built thatched cabins on their decks. "Thus castled in the sea, he 
hoped to be able to repel any invaders, and at the same time to keep 
his men from roving about the neighborhood and committing their 
usual excesses." Here he was compelled to remain for nearly a year, 
until finally rescued by a vessel from Santo Domingo. The cove is a 
beautiful and secluded one, with white sand beach and bordering 
fringe of sea-nrape trees. 

A very interesting series of pictures illustrated the two alleged 
burial places of Columbus, in Sauto Domingo and Havana, and were 
presented with impartiality. These pictures were made by Mr. Fred- 
erick A. Ober, the commissioner of the Chicago Exposition to the 
West Indies, with the permission of the archbishop of Santo Domingo 
and others in authority. 

Columbus died on the 20th of May, 1500, after partaking of the holy 
sacrament, and uttering the words "Into Thy hands, Oh, Lord, I com- 
mit my spirit." 

The house at Valladolid, Spain, in which Columbus died May 20, 
1506, is still standing, and is visited by multitudes of tourists. At the 
time of his death it was an inn. His brother, Bartholomew, was with 
him. In none of the chronicles of the time, and they were numerous, 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 267 

is there any allusion to the event. It was not until nearly a month 
after that the fact was officially recorded, and then in the briefest and 
most indifferent manner. On the back of one of his belated appeals to 
the King some clerk wrote " The within admiral is dead." The house is 
a plain structure, at No. 2 Calle Ancha de Magdalen a, its most note- 
worthy feature, until recently, being a sign over the door announcing 
the sale within of Leehe de burros y vacas (cows and asses' milk). 

The biographies of Columbus usually state that King Ferdinand 
ordered the removal of the remains of Columbus to Seville immediately 
after his death, and erected a. monument bearing the inscription: "A 
Castilla y a Leon, Nuevo Mundo dio Colon." (To Castile and Leon, 
Columbus gave a new world.) 

This statement did not appear in print for eight years after, and if 
the will of Diego can be accepted as testimony, the remains of Colum- 
bus were removed three years after his death to the vault of the Car- 
thusian Monastery of Las Cuevas, near Seville, by members of his own 
family, who erected the monument without the aid or knowledge of the 
King. His remains were first deposited in the Convent of San Fran- 
cisco, Valladolid, and subsequently removed to Seville in 1513, whence, 
about the year 1541, they Avere taken to Santo Domingo. 

In 1537, upon the application of Dona Maria de Toledo, the widow of 
Diego Columbus, a royal order was issued permitting the removal of 
the body of Columbus to Santo Domingo, but for some reason it was 
not carried o it, and three separate orders to the same effect were 
granted to Dona Maria between 1537 and 1541. In the latter year her 
efforts appear to have been successful, although some historians hold 
that the removal did not take place until nine years later, upon the 
completion of the great cathedral at Santo Domingo. The records of 
that city throw no light upon the controversy, for it was not until 1676 
that an entry was made in canonical books of the cathedral concerning 
the reentombment of the remains. It is said, however, that wheu the 
city was sacked by Sir Francis Drake, the British freebooter, in 1585, 
the archives of the cathedral were destroyed. 

When the treaty of Basle, in 1795, transferred the colony of Santo 
Domingo from the Spaniards to the French, the Duke of Yeragna, who 
had inherited the titles and estates of the admiral, obtained permission 
to transport the remains to Havana, in order that they might remain on 
Spanish soil. With great solemnity and ceremony, what was believed 
to be the coffin of Christopher Columbus was removed from the pres- 
bytery of the Santo Domingo cathedral, and, attended by a splendid 
retinue of ecclesiastic arid civil dignitaries, with a fleet of the Spanish 
navy, was carried to Havana and there embedded in the walls of the 
cathedral to the left of the altar. 

On the 14th of May, 1877, while the cathedral at Santo Domingo was 
being restored, some workmen discovered, on the epistle side of the 
altar, a metallic box. The archbishop was at once notified, and lie 
directed the box to be removed, in the presence of a number of officials. 



268 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

It was found to bear an inscription in Spanish which reads : " The 
Admiral Don Luis Colon, Duke of Veragua, Marquis of Jamaica." 
The discovery caused great excitement. On the opposite or gospel side 
of the altar two more crypts were disclosed. One was empty, from 
which the coffin transported to Havana was taken. The other con- 
tained a metallic box similar to that in which the remains of Luis Colum- 
bus were found. Within it were a quantity of dust, a number of bones, 
a portion of a skull, a leaden ball, and a silver plate about 2 inches long. 
It was supposed that these were the remains of Christopher Columbus, 
because of certain inscriptions on the box. 

The box was of lead, about a quarter of an inch thick. It was 18 
inches long, and about 9 inches wide and 10 inches deep. On the front 
and on one end was the letter "Cj" on the other end the letter "A," 
which were supposed to signify "Cristoval Colon, admiral." 

On the top of the lid were the letters "D. de la A. Per A.," interpreted 
"Descubridor de la America Primer Alniirante" (discoverer of America, 
the first admiral). 

On the under side of the lid was written in German text, " Ylletre Y 
Esdo Varon, Dn. Cristoval Colon" (illustrious and renowned man, Don 
Christopher Columbus). 

On one side of a silver plate, which appeared at one time to have been 
screwed or bolted to the inside of the box, was inscribed " U Cristoval 
Colon," which is supposed to mean " Drna Cristoval Colon" (the coffin 
of Christopher Columbus). 

On the other side of the plate were the words: " Ua pte de los rtos 
del pmer Alte D. Cristoval Colon D.," which are deciphered to be "Urna 
perteneciente de los restos del primer Almirante Don Cristoval Colon 
Descubridor," or in English, "Urn belonging to the remains of the first 
admiral, Christopher Columbus, discoverer." 

The finest dust was carefully gathered up and placed in a little casket 
of gold and crystal, such as is used by ladies to keep their jewels 
in, and placed in the lead chest. The latter was sealed and then 
inclosed in an octagonal case of satinwood with glass panels, which was 
secured with three locks, to which the minister of public works, the 
archbishop, and the governor of the city have the keys. The case was 
further protected by broad bands of white ribbon, sealed with wax, and 
stamped with the official seals of the three officials named, so that it 
may not be opened without the consent and presence of all of them. 
It was then placed in a vault at the left of the altar. 

Once each year, on the 10th of September, the precious casket is 
exposed to public view in the presence of the officials of the Govern- 
ment and the public, when high mass is celebrated by the archbishop 
for the repose of the soul of the great discoverer. 

The people of Havana and of Spain still insist that the genuine 
remains of Columbus were transported to the former city in 1795, and 
a very earnest controversy has been continued from 1S77 to the present 






COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 269 

day. Several volumes have been written on the subject, the most 
important of which is a report of the Boyal Academy of History at 
Madrid, which, at the request of the late King of Spain and the people 
of Havana, made an investigation, and decided in favor of the claims 
of the Cuban capital. The whole question rests upon the integrity of 
the inscriptions on the casket that was found in 1877. If they are gen- 
uine the cathedral of Santo Domingo contains the bones of Columbus. 
An interesting series of reprints from early publications illustrating 
the voyages of Columbus was given, all of them being engravings of 
the sixteenth century. 

THE CHRISTENING OF AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. 

During the summer of 1891, with the permission of the Secretary of 
State, and under my direction, Capt. Frank H. Mason, United States 
consul-general at Frankfort-on the-Main, Germany, who is a thorough 
scholar and artist, spent some time at the old town of St. Die, in 
Lorraine, investigating the manner in which the New "World received 
the name America, and obtaining relics of the men who christened it. 
The results of Captain Mason's work were shown at the Madrid Expo- 
sition by a series of most interesting views of the place as it looked in 
the early part of the sixteenth century and as it appears to-day. He 
secured also the portraits of all of the men who are responsible for the 
name America, and from the early records of the place obtained much 
interesting information concerning them that had never been published. 

For more than three centuries Vespucci rested under the disgrace 
of having usurped the title of the lands which Columbus discovered. 
It was not until 1837 that Alexander von Humboldt pointed out the 
real culprit, and showed that the name America was first suggested by 
a paragraph in a small Latin treatise written by Martin Waldseenmller 
and published during the year 1507 at St. Die, a village in southeast- 
ern Lorraine. This little book was entitled Cosrnographhe Introductio 
(the rudiments of geography), and the story of its authorship and pub- 
lication and the unforeseen part it played in christening the Western 
Hemisphere forms one of the most curious and fascinating narratives in 
the whole record of bibliography. 

The manuscript of Cosrnographhe was begun during the summer of 
1506, within a month, it may be, of the day when Christopher Colum- 
bus, already poor, neglected, and discredited at court, was laid in his 
humble grave. It was finished during the following winter, and the 
first edition was published on the "VII Kalend, May, 1507," which cor- 
responds under the Gregorian calendar to the 25th of April in that 
year. The success of the enterprise was immediate and extraordinary. 
Four editions of the Cosrnographhe were published at St. Die within 
less than five months, two bearing the date of April 25, as above 
stated, and two more marked the "III Kalends Septembris," which 
corresponds to the 20th of August. The title is as follows: 



270 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Introduction to Cosmography, together with some principles of Geometry neces- 
sary to the purpose. Also four voyages (uavigationes) of Americus Vespucius. A 
description of universal Cosmography, both stereometrical and planometrical, 
together with what was unknown to Ptolemy and has been recently discovered. 

Distich. Neither the earth nor the stars possess anything greater than God or 
Csesar, for the God rules the stars and Ca j sar the climes of the earth. 

Among the inmates of the monastery the three most notable were the 
poet, Pierre de Blarru, Jean Basin, an accomplished linguist, and Wal- 
tier or Gautrin Lud, director of the mines of Lorraine and secretary to 
Duke Bene II, the sovereign of the province and one of the most 
enlightened princes of his time. To these were subsequently added 
Martin Waldseemuller and Matthias Bingman, both of whom were dis- 
tinguished as linguists, geographers and devotees of science and letters. 

Under the ninth title, " De quibusdam cosniographiie rudimentis," the 
author, who has been describing Europe, Asia, and Africa as three 
climates or grand divisions of the globe, as designated by Ptolemy, 
abruptly launches the following proposition : 

Americo. Nunc vero and hecpartes sunt latins lustrataa et alia quarta pars per 
Americu Vesputium (Vt in sequentibus audietur) inventa est-qua 11011 video cur 
quis iure vetet ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenij viro Amerigen quasi Americi 
terram sive Americam discendam-cum Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua fortita sint 
nomina. 

Which in English reads: 

But now that these parts have been more widely explored and another fourth part 
discovered by Americus Vespucius (as will be seen hereafter), I do not see why we 
should quietly refuse to name it America, namely, the land of Americus or America, 
after its discoverer, Americus, a man of sagacious mind, since both Europe and Asia 
derived their names from women. 

" But for these nine lines," says Harrisse, " written by an obscure geog- 
rapher in a little village of the Vosges, the Western Hemisphere might 
have been called 'The Land of the Holy Cross,' or Atlantis,' or 
'Columbia,' 'Hesperides,' or 'Iberia,' 'New India,' or simply 'The 
Indies,' as it is designated officially in Spain to this day." 

As it was, however, the suggestion of Hylacomylus was immediately 
adopted by geographers everywhere; the new laud beyond the Atlantic 
had, by a stroke of a pen, been christened for all time to come. 

The village of St. Die (Urbs Deodati) was founded about the year 
600 A. D., by St. Deodate, ex-bishop of Nevers, who resigned his 
bishopric and retired to a pleasant valley on the headwaters of the Biver 
Meurthe. Here he founded a chapel which he named "Galilee." The 
chapel in time expanded to a church, was christened Notre Dame, and 
around it was built a powerful monastery with beetling walls and encir- 
cling moat, a citadel and defense for the followers of the cross. 

Under the patronage of Duke Bene a society of learned and inquiring 
men was constituted, which, about the beginning of the sixteenth cen- 
tury, were associated at St. Die for mutual inspiration and assistance, 
under the title of "Gymnase Vosgien," or Academy of the Vosges. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 271 

Duke Bene II, "King of Jerusalem and Sicily," was a grandson of 
"Good King- Bene,' 1 and was not only a scholar and patriot but a soldier 
of shining renown in an age when prowess on the field was the one sure 
title to fame. As the hero of the battle of Morat and the chivalrous con- 
queror of Charles the Bold, he figures conspicuously in the annals of his 
time. Upon his accession to the throne of Lorraine he found his country 
invaded and harassed by Charles and his Burgundiaus. After repeated 
but fruitless appeals to the King of France for promised aid, he raised 
a force of Swiss and Germans, and joining to these his own scanty but 
patriotic army, he fell upon and completely routed the invaders before 
the walls of Nancy, in the year 1477, and there is to be seen to day in 
the marshes near the town a cross which marks the spot where the body 
of Charles was found among the debris of the fight. Bene gave his 
fallen adversary a magnificent burial, and devoted the remainder of his 
life to study, the encouragement of learning, and to repairing the fortunes 
of his war-wasted province. He died in 1508, and his epitaph tells us 
that he loved but three things — justice, peace, and letters. 

It was the custom for learned men in those times to couceal their 
personal identity under a classical pseudonym, and accordingly the 
young graduate at Freiburg assumed a Greco-Latinized rendition of his 
somewhat archaic family name and called himself Martinus Hylaco- 
mylus. That is to say, the German Wald-see-muller (miller of the lake- 
in the- woods) was converted into a combination of the Greek words 
Hyle (forest) and mylos (miller). 

The real authors of the Cosmographia; were Martin Waldseem idler 
and his learned and devoted assistant, Matthias Bingman. Of the 
family and antecedents of Waldseeinuller little is known beyond the fact 
that his parents lived in Freiburg, where Martin was born about 148 L, 
and on the 7th of December, 1490, was enrolled by Bector Conrad Knoll 
as a primary student in the university <>f that town. At what date he 
first went to St. Die can only be conjectured. It was apparently in 1504 
or 1505, at which time he was in his twenty-second or twenty-third year. 
He was then an accomplished Greek and Latin scholar, a skillful mathe- 
matician and draftsman, and was inspired and excited by the geo- 
graphical discoveries which were then reconstructing men's ideas of the 
physical globe. The pious members of the Vosgien Gymnase, whose 
proposed revision of Ptolemy was to be based on the original Greek 
text, apparently engaged for the work of revision the young secular. 
who, being fresh from the university lectures, would possess all the 
latest information. 

The cathedral, with its exquisite gothic cloisters and pretty outdoor 
reading pulpit facing the quadrangle; the petite Fglise archaic, in its 
simplicity, but pure in style as a Grecian temple, encircled by the cita- 
del walls of red sandstone, softened and enriched in color by the storm 
and sunshine of centuries, all remain stately and beautiful as ever; but 
the Chapitie is no longer supreme, and a modern Protestant church. 






272 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

with its neatly slated spire and cushioned pews, stands near the center 
of the town to mark the foothold of a new faith. 

In the municipal library of St. Die there is preserved as its most 
precious possession a magnificent illuminated volume— the Graduel or 
Lectern, containing the plain song of the various offices and ceremo- 
nials of the Chapitre for the entire year. It is enriched with hundreds 
of miniatures, illuminated initials, painted margins, and ■ colophons, 
which illustrate many interesting phases of the history of St. Die, as 
well as its industries, political vicissitudes, and the social conditions 
which prevailed in that community during the period of the Vosgien 

Gymnase. 

Gautrin Lud, the founder and controlling spirit of the Gymnase, was 
born at St, Die about the year 1448. He came from wealthy and dis- 
tinguished stock, his mother, Jeannette d'Aiuveau, being a daughter of 
one of the noblest families of Lorraine, and his father a soldier of dis- 
tinction in the service of the king. 

The art of printing with movable types was hardly fifty years old, 
printing facilities were everywhere limited, and in order to carry out 
its plans the Gymnase needed a press and type of its own. Here the 
wealth and enterprise of Gautrin Lud came to the rescue. In 1494 that 
liberal prelate had set up in his own house in the principal street of 
St. Die a rude printing machine, with a font of large, round-faced type. 

Modern St. Die is a thriving town of nearly 12,000 people, who are 
engaged mainly in weaving, spinning, tanning, and various industries 
connected with the manufacture and consumption of pine lumber, which 
grows abundantly in that picturesque region. It is the terminus of a 
railway which was originally laid out from Luneville to Markirch m 
Alsace, but which stopped abruptly at St. Die, where the events of 
1870 drew the new frontier of Germany across its path. 

The house of Jean Basin was partially destroyed by fire in 1554, but 
the walls remain intact, so that the structure was rebuilt, or rather 
restored, with exactly its original form and dimensions; and in that 
condition it exists to-day, the most perfectly preserved domicile that 
remains from the Gymnase Vosgien. 

Kingman was, from all accounts, a man of extraordinary zeal and ver- 
satility Of his family nothing is known, but his parents must have 
been in comfortable circumstances to afford him the thorough educa- 
tion he received. He was born in 1482, near the monastery ot Paens, 
in the valley of the Vosges. About the year 1500, when the discov- 
eries of Columbus, Cabot, and Alonzo de Ojeda had set the educated 
world aflame, Ringman shared in the enthusiasm and took up a thor- 
ough course in mathematics and cosmography. He studied at Paris 
until 1503, when, at the age of 21, he returned to Strassburg, bringing 
with him a copy of the memorable letter which Americus Vespucms 
had written from Cape Verde in June, 1501, to his patron, Lorenzo de 

Medici, at Florence, giving a somewhat superficial account of his third 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 273 

voyage of discovery. This letter bad been translated from Italian into 
French and a smaller edition published at Paris. The letter was a 
mere sketch, but contained so much that was new and interesting- that 
Kingman translated it into Latin and published it in pamphlet form at 
Strassburg in August, 1503. 

Jean Basin, of Sandaucourt, the second member of the Gymnase, was 
like Gautrin Lad, a canon of the Chapitre of St. Die, and a classical 
scholar of unusual attainments. His leisure hours were devoted to 
literature. He was wealthy and luxurious, and inhabited a handsome 
canonical residence which stood at the northwest corner of a block or 
irregular group of buildings, of which the house of Gautrin Lud, with 
its printing office, formed the southeast or diagonally opposite corner. 

A copy of the Strassburg edition of the Cosmographire Introductio 
found its way in 1524 to the library of Fernando Columbus, son of the 
great admiral, at Seville, where it became one of the favorite volumes 
of that renowned collector of rare and interesting books. Fernando 
Columbus was an inveterate traveler, and from his copious notes writ- 
ten on the margin and fly leaf of the Cosmographire, he would seem to 
have read it mainly for the information that it gave on the geography 
and climate of Europe, and to have overlooked or ignored the rank 
injustice which it offered to the memory of his father. Fernando had 
this book in his possession during the fifteen years preceding his death 
in 1535), and the fact that he did not in his famous History of Christo- 
pher Columbus denounce the Cosmographise and its author, is held by 
M. Harrisse and other experts to prove that the history attributed to 
Fernando was not actually written by him or within his knowledge. 

A very interesting feature of this exhibit was a map prepared by 
Prof. G. Brown Goode, of the National Museum at Washington, show- 
ing the places in the United States that have been named in honor of 
Columbus. 

Belics of Spanish Occupation in America 

This exhibit consisted of a series of large photographs showing 
views of all the places identified with Spanish domination within the 
territory of the United States, including St. Augustine, New Mexico, 
Arizona, and California. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

William E. Curtis. 
Eear- Admiral Stephen B. Luce, U. S. N., 

Commissioner- General of the United States to the 

Columbian Historical Exposition, Madrid, Spain. 
H. Ex! 100 18 



CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION OF PICTURES REPRESENT- 
ING VARIOUS PLACES IDENTIFIED WITH THE LIFE OF 
COLUMBUS 



Exhibited by the Latin- American Department of the Columbian Universal Exposition at Chicago. 



151. House in Quinto in which Colnmbus' parents were married. 

152. General view of Cogoleto, Italy, which claims to be the birthplace of Columbus. 

153. Beach at Cogoleto, Italy. 

154. House in Cogoleto, in which it is claimed that Columbus was born. 

155. Street in Cogoleto, in which is the house in which Columbus is said to have been 

born. 

156. Map of Genoa. 

157. View of the port and city of Genoa. 

158. Street in Genoa, in which is the house in which it is claimed that Columbus was 

born. 

159. House in Genoa in which it is claimed that Columbus was born. 

160. Plan of Columbus's house in Geuoa (eight parts). 

161. House in Valladolid in which Columbus died. 

162. Cathedral of Havana, in which the remains of Columbus are believed to be 

deposited. 

163. Cathedral of Havana. 

164. Altar of the Cathedral of Havana. 

165. Cathedral of Santo Domingo. 

166. Vaults in the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, which contained the supposed 

remains of Columbus and his sun. 

167. Cloisters of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo. 

168. Photograph of the urn containing the leaden box inclosing the supposed remains 

of Columbus, at Santo Domingo. 

169. Urn at Genoa containing some of the supposed ashes of Columbus. 

170. Departure of Columbus from the port of Palos. By Leopold Flameng. 

171. Departure of Columbus. From De Bry's Voyages. 

172. Arrival of Columbus in the New World. From De Bry's Voyages. 

173. Landing of Columbus on Guanahani. From an old engraving. 

174. Landing of Columbus. By Bobbett. 

175. Landing of Columbus. By F. O. C. Darley. 

176. Landing of Columbus. By Christian Rubens. 

177. The Last Moments of Columbus. By Carlos Lira. The original is in the 

Museum of Fine Arts at Santiago de Chile. 

178. Death of Columbus. By Luigi Gregori. The original is at South Bend, Ind. 

179. Place on Watling Island where Columbus is believed to have landed. 

180. View of Watling Island, the first land seen by Columbus. 

181. Present appearance of the place where Columbus landed for the first time on 

the continent. 

182. The island of San Salvador, called Guanahani by the natives, and known in 

modern geography under the name of Watling Island. 

183. Present inhabitants of Watling Island. 

275 



276 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

184. Persons of distinction in Watliug Island. 

185. House of the magistrate of Watling Island. 

186. Houses of the chief inhabitants of Watling Island. 

187. Types of the inhabitants of Watling Island. 

188. Port of Jibara, Cuba. The place where Columbus first landed on that island, 

in 1192. 

189. Site on which stood Guarico, an Indian village of Guacanagari, Haiti, visited by 

Columbus on his first voyage. 

190. Sandbanks in the roadstead of Petit Anse, near Cape Haitien, where Columbus 

erected the Fort of the Nativity, in 1492. 

191. Coast of Haiti, the Navidad of Columbus, 1492. 

192. Isabella Bay, Santo Domingo, where the first town in the New World was 

founded, in 1493. 

193. Promontory of the coast where Columbus landed in the Isabella, on his second 

voyage. 

194. Lower Bonico or Isabella River, Santo Domingo, where the first town in America 

arose. 

195. Ruins of Isabella, Santo Domingo, the most ancient town in America. 

196. Preseut appearance of the ruins of Isabella, the first establishment of European 

civilization in America, founded in 1493. 

197. Present appearance of the site on which stood the King's house, in Isabella. 

198. Present inhabitants of the site on which stood the city of Isabella. 

199. The city of Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo. 

200. Bay of Santa Gloria, Jamaica, visited by Columbus on his first voyage. 

201. Bay of Samana, Santo Domingo, visited by Columbus on his first voyage. 

202. View of the Mountains of Cibao and the port of Los Hidalgos, 1493. 

203. Ancient fortress in Concepcion de la Vega, founded by Columbus in 1493. 

204. Church of the Holy Hill (Santo Cerro), Santo Domingo. 

205. Church of the Holy Hill and Columbus's Tree. 

206. The Holy Hill, Santo Domingo. 

207. Church of the Holy Hill, Santo Domingo. 

208. Indian village near Truxillo, Honduras, visited by Columbus on his last voyage. 

209. Two houses in the time of the aborigines, in Truxillo, Honduras, where Colum- 

bus landed in 1502. 

210. Truxillo, the first Spanish establishment on the coast of Terra Firma. 

211. Ancient chapel in Truxillo, Honduras. 

212. View of the river near Truxillo, where the companions of Columbus fought 

with the natives. 

213. View on the River Dulce, Guatemala, visited by Columbus ou his first voyage. 

214. Bay of Santa Gloria, Jamaica, which Columbus visited on his fourth voyage, in 

1503. 

215. Coast at Santa Ana, Jamaica, where Columbus was shipwrecked on his fourth 

voyage, in 1503. 

216. Port Maria, Jamaica. 

217. Don Cristobal Bay, where Columbus put into port, and remained eleven months. 

218. Lucca, Jamaica, visited by Columbus on his fourth voyage. 

219. Present appearance of Don Cristobal Bay. 

220. Port of Jamaica, called Dry Harbor. 

221. Prison built on the ruins of the first fort erected by the Spaniards in Jamaica. 

222. View of Santo Domingo. From a photograph. 

223. View of Sauto Domingo from the citadel. 

224. View of Santo Domingo from the bay. 

225. View of the city of Santo Domingo. 

226. Typical scene in the city of Santo Domingo 

227. Ancient church in Santo Domingo. 

228. Ancient wall in Santo Domingo. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 277 

229. Interior of the Convent of San Francisco, in Santo Domingo. 

230. Church of San Antonio, Santo Domingo. 

231. The "Homenaje" (Fealty), Santo Domingo. 

232. The "Homenaje,"' Santo Domingo, mouth of the Ozama River. 

233. A glance at the streets of Santo Domingo. 

234. Ruins of the palace of Don Diego Columbus, in Santo Domingo, as they are 

to-day. 

235. Gate of the city of Santo Domingo. 

236. Entrance of the bay of Santo Domingo. 

237. Ruins of an ancient convent in Santo Domingo. 

238. Gate and sentry boxes on the wall of Santo Domingo. 

239. Citadel of Santo Domingo. 

STRANGE THINGS SEEN BY COLUMBUS ON HIS VOYAGE, TAKEN FROM ANCIENT PUB- 
LICATIONS. 

240. Indians welcoming the Spaniards. Taken from the Voyage to the New World 

of the West Indies, by Philopono. 

241. Indians mounted on a whale. Taken from the Voyage to the New World of the 

West Indies, by Philopono. 

242. Terrible monster seen by Columbus. Taken from the History of America, by 

Ogilby. 

243. Columbus treating with the Indians on the coast of Cuba. Taken from De 

Bry's Voyages. 

244. Strange monster of the New World. Taken from De Bry's Voyages. 

245. Mass celebrated on top of a whale. Taken from the Voyage to the New World 

of the West Indies, by Philopono. 

246. The first mass celebrated in the New World. Taken from the Voyage to the 

New World of the West Indies, by Philopono. 

247. Indian mode of making bread. From an old engraving. 

248. Natives of America leading the way to their Queen. From an old engraving. 

249. Battle between Spaniards and cannibals. Taken from the Voyage to the New 

World of the West Indies, by Philopono. 

250. Great conversion of the Indians. Taken from the Voyage to the New World 

of the West Indies, by Philopono. 

251. Slaughter of priests by the Indians. From De Bry's Voyages. 

252. Cannibals roasting children. Taken from the Voyage to the New World of the 

West Indies, by Philopono. 

253. First plate published with regard to the natives of America. Taken from a 

German geography published in Augsburg in 1497. 

254. Indian mode of torturing the Spaniards by pouring gold down their throats. 

From De Bry's Voyages. 

255. Welcome to the discoverer. From an old engraving. 

256. Quarrel between Columbus and Porras. From De Bry's Voyages. 

257. Landing of Columbus on Pearl Island. From De Bry's Voyages. 

258. First map of Santo Domingo. 

VIEWS OF THE PLACE IX WHICH AMERICA RECEIVED ITS NAME, IN 1507. 

259. St. Die in the tenth century. 

260. Citadel of St. Die, France. 

261. View of St. Die. 

262. Entrance to the monastery of St. Die. 

263. View of the ancient monastery of St. Die. 

264. The River Meurthe at St. Die 

265. Ancient cathedral of St. Die. 

266. House of Jean Basin. 



278 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

267. House in St. Die. 

268. House of Jean Basin. 

269. Town of St. Die. View taken from the southwest. 

PORTRAITS OF THE MEN WHO GAVE ITS NAME TO AMERICA. 

270. Portrait of King Rene II, iD the form of a medallion. 

271. Equestrian statue of King Ren6 II. 

272. Jean Basin. 

273. Duke Rene" II. 

274. Matthias Ringman. 

275. Gautrin Lud. 

276. Title-page of the book entitled Cosmographire Introductio. 

277. The eighth book which was published relative to America. 

278. First land seen by Leif Erickson, who, according to the Scandinavians, dis- 

covered America in the tenth century. Prepared by Prof. E. N. Horsford, of 
Cambridge, Mass. 

279. Geographical map of Behaim, prepared in 1492. The original is in Nuremberg. 

MEMENTOES OF THE SPANISH DOMINATION IN AMERICA. 

280. Havana in 1633. From the History of America, by Ogilby. 

281. St. Augustine in 1633. From the History of America, by Ogilby. 

282. St. Augustine and Fort Carolina in 1671. 

283. St. Augustine in 1892. From a photograph 

284. Fort Marion, Florida, 1892. 

285. Exterior of Fort Marion, Florida, 1892. 

286. View of the city of St. Augustine. Exhibited by H. M. Flagler, of New York. 

287. View of the Ponce de Leon Hotel in St. Augustine. Exhibited by H. M. Flag- 

ler, of New York. 

288. First plate of New York. From the History of America, by Ogilby. 

289. Church of San Miguel, New Mexico. 

290. Interior of the church of San Miguel, New Mexico. 

291. Mission of San Gabriel, California. 

292. Interior of the chapel of the mission of San Gabriel. 

293. Mission of Santa Ines, California. 

294. Cloisters of the mission of St. John the Baptist. 

295. Mission of St. John the Baptist, California. 

296. Mission of San Antonio, California. 

297. Mission of San Carlos, near Monterey. 

298. Mission of San Miguel, Calilornia. 

299. Mission of San Antonio de Padua, California. 

300. Exterior of the mission of San Luis Key, California. 

301. Ruins of the cloisters of the mission of San Luis Rey. 

302. View of the ruins of the mission of San Luis Rey. 

303. Cloisters of the mission of Santa Barbara. 

304. Garden of the mission of Santa Barbara. 

305. Mission of Santa Barbara. 

306. Ruins of the mission of San Juan Capistrano, California. 

307. View of Honduras, where Columbus landed. 

308. Truxillo, the first Spanish town in Central America. 

309. Columbian University, Washington, District of Columbia. 

310. Map of the United States and Territories, with adjacent parts of Canada and 

Mexico; also part of the West Indies, showing places bearing the name of 
Christopher Columbus, in honor of his memory. Arranged for the fourth 
centenary of the discovery of America, by Dr. G. Brown Cloode. 



CATALOGUE OF THE HEMENWAY COLLECTION IN THE HIS 
TORICO-AMERICAN EXPOSITION OF MADRID. 



By Dr. J. WALTER FEWKES. 



BRIEF DESCRIPTION. 

The Henienway expedition is a private undertaking, supported by 
Mrs. Mary Hemenway, of Boston, United States of America, and lias for 
its object the investigation of the ethnological and archaeological prob- 
lems of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona. In the course 
of several years' work the members of the expedition have amassed a 
large collection of ethnological and archaeological objects from that 
region, together with much data previously unknown. During the 
summers of 1891 and 1892 the labor had for its main object the study 
of the sedentary Indians of Arizona, called the Ho-pi. 

The collection here exhibited is intended chiefly to show the result of 
the operations during the last two years relative to the excavations and 
to the publication of these results, without any reference whatever to 
the operations prior to 1891, nor to any except those which were car- 
ried on in the province of Tusayan. 

The exhibit of the Hemenway expedition is a monograph of a single 
tribe of the Indian pueblos, and the articles which figure in it have 
been selected and arranged to show what were formerly and what are 
now the customs of certain Indian pueblos of the ancient province of 
Tusayan, Arizona. An effort has been made to render this collection 
a monograph of the most primitive of the sedentary Indians now inhab- 
iting the southwestern part of the United States bordering on Mexico. 
This subject has been treated under two points of view, the archaeolog- 
ical and the ethnological. These two aspects of pueblo life are prac- 
tically identical, the one being merely the ancient aspect of the other; 
and by only considering the collection under these two points of view 
one may familiarize himself with the character of the Indian customs 
at the epoch of Columbus and of the Conquest, and the probable 
modifications which they have undergone through the contact which 
they have had with the superior civilization with which they were asso- 

279 



2 <S0 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

ciated. The Indians represented in the monograph installed in this 
room have changed so little during the last three centuries that we may 
assert that, recognizing the greater antiquity of the archaeological 
objects, their resemblance to the ethnological objects proves that the 
two are identical, and that, in studying the ancient objects, we are 
considering the productions, not of a distinct race, but of one and the 
same people. Many of the archaeological objects found in ruins whicli 
existed when the discovery of Arizona took place are so similar to the 
modern ones that, considering the subject from the ethnological as well 
as archaeological point of view, we must perceive we are dealing with a 
race which is in nearly the same condition in which it was at the time 
of the Conquest.'- 

The province of Tusayan, from which these specimens came, is situ- 
ated in the northeast part of the Territory of Arizona, near the Grand 
Canyon of the Colorado. This region was discovered by the Spanish 
conquerors entering it from Mexico, and was described in early accounts, 
copies of some of which figure in the exhibit. It is a plateau, situated 
at a height of 7,000 feet above the level of the sea, very dry and barren, 
furrowed by canyons, and covered with "mesas" forming steep pre- 
cipices. The few rivers which exist in this desert dry up in summer, 
and change to impetuous torrents after the great rains of the autumn 
and winter. There are a few fragile trees scattered over the plains, 
but there is little grass and very scanty shrubbery. The cactus abounds 
in some places and the sage-bush is very common. 

None of the great mammifera are now found in this arid desert. The 
bison never visited these deserts, and the larger ruminants have always 
been scarce. The wolf, the coyote, and the rabbit are almost the sole 
large mammalia existing there. Of these, the last is the only one that 
is hunted to a considerable extent, although, in the mountains of the 
West, the antelope, the wild goat, the American lion, and the bear are 
still found. 

Reptiles abound, some of them being very poisonous, and many kinds 
of birds form a rich fauna, which has been but partially studied. 

The varied and abundant flora is characteristic of the arid belt of 
the United States and Mexico. The expedition has in course of publi- 
cation an extensive memoir on the alimentary plauts and those used 
by the Ho-pi, especially for medicines, incantations, and food. 

The Ho-pi Indians are now some two thousand in number, and live 
in seven towns, built on the tops of the inaccessible mountain mesas, 
the way to which is by steep paths, in many cases cut in the living 
rock. The sites of these towns have no vegetation, as their gardens 
are on the arid plains which extend at the foot of the mesas. They 
are compelled to carry up from the plains the food, the water, the 
fuel, and everything that is needed for the uses of life. 

Of these seven towns, three — Wal-pi, Si-tcom-o-vi, and Ha-no — are 
situated on a mesa which extends to the east of the others. The dis- 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 281 

tance which separates each of these three towns from the others is a 
stone's throw. The first two are genuine Ho-pi, while Ha-no is a colony 
of Indians invited to their present territory by the Ho-pi toward the 
year A. D. 1710. Their language is different from that of their neighbors, 
and many differences exist between the customs of the two. 

The second mesa is about 7 miles distant from the one already men- 
tioned, and comprises two towns, Mi-cou-in-o-vi and Ci-pau-lo-vi; the 
latter situated on an isolated height. At about 3 miles to the west of 
Mi-con-in-o-vi, on the continuation of the second mesa, is Ci-mo-pa-vi. 
Orai-bi, the most populous aud ancient of the Ho-pi towns, is about 15 
miles from the last one mentioned, and the mesa on which it is situated 
is separated from the second mesa, already mentioned, by an extensive 
plain. 

The inhabited Ho-pi towns are of stone, and vary from one to four 
stories, forming common constructions with many rooms, and having 
access to the upper stories by hand ladders. The Christian religion 
does not exist among these Indians, but they retain the religion of their 
ancestors. The last Spanish missionaries who lived among them were 
killed by being thrown from the top of the mesas, toward the end of 
the seventeenth century. 

In the province of Tusayan there are many ruins of ancient towns, 
the greater part of which, as the present Ho-pi claim, were inhabited 
by their ancestors. The legends relative to the destruction aud history 
of the events which occurred when some of tbese towns were destroyed 
are very circumstantial. The most important of these ruins is called 
A-wa-to-bi, "the high place of the bow people," and was destroyed by 
the other towns, which were indignant because its inhabitants had 
received the Spaniards and accepted Christianity. Many of the jars 
aud other ceramic objects came from excavations made at A-wa-to-bi 
and the burying ground situated near that place. A-wa-to-bi was a 
flourishing city in the time of the Spanish conqueror Vargas, and sent 
numerous forces to fight him. 

The ancient Wal-pi of the conquerors is now in ruins at the extremity 
of the mesa on which the modern town stands. A church was built at 
this place, and fragments of its beams may be seen in modern houses. 

Many of the articles which figure in this collection are from the ruins 
of Si-kya-ki. Si-kya-ki, situated on the foot hills under the first mesa, 
was destroyed many years ago. Its exact antiquity is unknown, but 
it is thought that the Spanish conquerors found it uninhabited. Sev- 
eral of the most important articles came from the numerous ruins near 
Keam Canyon, 10 miles to the east of the first mesa. No systematic 
or scientific exploration of the Ho-pi ruins has ever been made, and a 
large number of the articles here exhibited were sold to a trader, Mr. 
T. V. Keam, by the Indians. In this way that gentleman obtained the 
greater part of the collection, and the Hemenway expedition acquired 
it from him. 



282 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

The Ho-pi Indians are small of statue, peaceable, industrious, and 
speak a native dialect different from the language of the other towns of 
New Mexico and Arizona. 

Some American ethnologists assert that in language they are related 
to the Shoshones; but their true affinities still remain undecided. They 
do not permit polygamy, and do not buy their wives, whom they treat 
with respect. The houses and domestic implements belong to the 
women, who are skillful potters and basket makers, and also take part 
in the labors of the field. The men weave blankets, and are industrious, 
intelligent, and very religious. All belong to some priesthood, and 
participate in complicated ceremonies. The religion consists of an 
elaborate system of ceremonies and practices, one important rite cor- 
responding to each month. These practices last nine days, during 
which secret ceremonies are performed in underground rooms called 
"kibvas." These rites usually terminate in a public sacred dance, none 
except the initiated being permitted to be present at the other cere- 
monies. 

In spite of the heroic efforts of zealous missionaries, there are no 
Christians among these Indians, although the influence of Christianity 
is noticeable in some of their ceremonies. 

The Ho-pi have much love for their antiquity, and preserve with 
great caie the traditions of the ancients. They dramatize some of 
these traditions in their sacred dances, as do also the priests in their 
secret ceremonies. 

The Ho-pi possess a rich Pantheon of gods and heroes, but without 
having any god superior to all the others. These divinities belong to 
different orders, the most important being the rain clouds, the sun, 
the star, the surface of the earth, and the Germ god. The great feath- 
ered serpent is an important personage. 

1. Fragment of a bell which belonged to one of the mission churches of Tusayan. 

This fragment was found and preserved by the Indians of Wal-pi. The mis- 
sion was destroyed toward the year 1700, aud that of A-wa-to-bi was burnt by 
the other towns because it was "powako," or sorcerer (Christian). This 
single fragment of the bell was found among the rubbish on the spot which 
had been occupied by the church, and bears marks of the action of fire. It is 
one of the few remains still preserved of the ancient missions, which were 
completely destroyed, although beams of the roofs of some of them are found 
in modern buildings. The photogi-aph behind the bell shows the present condi- 
tion of the ancient mission of the town, and was taken from the entrance, 
looking toward the altar. 

2. Imitation of a loom, showing the mode of weaving, made for the purpose of 

exhibiting the various pieces used. The blankets were woven by the men, not 
by the women. Blankets of the Navajoes are suspended along the walls of the 
room. 

3. Collection of ancient awls, drills, aud needles, some of which were doubtless 

used in weaving. They come from the excavations of the rooms of the ruins 
of A-wa-to-bi, destroyed A. D. 1700. 
4 Basket for carrying food or water. Both the nomad and the sedentary Indians 
use these baskets ; they are made by the Kohonino, who live near the Grand 
Canyon, in the northwestern part of Arizona. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 283 

5. Native tobacco (nicotina attenuata), used in the ceremonies. The Indians of 

Tusayan smoke the leaves of various plants, and use various mixtures in 
their religious rites. In these rites the oue who controls the pipe, and who is 
an important functionary, must light it and immediately hand it to the chief, 
friendly words being exchanged between the two. The chief blows from his 
mouth the smoke which he has inhaled toward the four cardinal points, north, 
south, east, west, upward, downward, and over the altar. They believe that 
the smoke is the cloud symbolized by it; and the ceremonies in which they 
smokehave some secret relation to the offerings made to the gods of rain. They 
use the utmost care in making the mixtures of tobacco which are to serve for 
this sacred purpose, and the pipe must be lit with fire produced in the man- 
ner prescribed by the rite. Every ceremony and council meeting of chiefs 
begins and ends with this brotherly smoking. 

6. Putc-ko-hu, clubs for killing rabbits. These clubs, are used in hunting rabbits, 

of which there are many in the plains surrounding the towns of Tusayan. 
These weapons are in some cases curved, in others straight, and are thrown 
horizontally. The black bands of paint which the more elaborate have on 
their sides symbolize the ears of the rabbit. The rabbit hunts are religious 
rites. The maidens have a special one. On returning to the town they orna- 
ment the rabbits in the manner required by ceremony ; after sprinkling them 
with meal they cut off a fragment and throw it in the fire. Those who take 
part in these hunts go on horseback. The clubs are thrown to a considerable 
distance, but unlike the boomerang which they resemble, never return to the 
thrower. 

7. Gne-las, curved sticks with which the maidens dress their hair, forming two 

large verticils above the ears. These coils keep the hair in its place, and the 
size of the verticil is illustrated by specimen No. 1, on which hair still remains. 
Near by are pieces of a cord made of human hair, which came from the ruins 
of A-wa-to bi. It was used for tying the hair strings and was found in a niche 
of the wall of a room near the church. The married women wear their hair in 
two braids, which they wear hanging down, and not in curls, as that style is 
exclusively that of the unmarried ones. The special coiffure of the maidens 
typifies the pumpkin which has not yet ripened, and they imitate it in dolls 
with wooden appendices, combined with bars forming rays, and filaments of 
wool. 

8. Ceremonial blanket, of native cotton, with symbolical figures. It is the present 

of the bridegroom to the bride, who uses it for the ceremonies. The men also 
wear them in the sacred dances in which they represent Ka-tci-na-ma-nas, 
or Ka-tci-nas maidens. It takes several months to make these blankets, 
which are of great value. The triangles which they have on the border and 
the maiden and rectangular figure represent symbolically the butterfly. 

9. Various kinds of arrows used by the Ho-pi in their hunts. These Indians are 

tillers of the soil and are peaceable, and their hunts are insignificant and 
the sport is of little interest. 

10. Shoes of various kinds for adults and children. The pair which has the greatest 

interest is that made of the skin of the "Felis concolor," which is rarely 
used for this purpose. 

11. Ladles of mountain sheep's horn. Formerly very common ; now they are very 

scarce among the Tusayan Indians, as the animal mentioned, of whose horns 
they were made, has almost entirely disappeared from this region. 

12. Pi-lan-ko-hu, stick for making fire by the ancient process. It is used in the 

ceremonial firemaking at a festival of the November moon, called Na-ac-nai-ya. 

13. Bow and arrows, toys of the Indian children. They were given to them at 

the celebration of the religious ceremony called "The Good-bye of the 
Ka-tci-na." 



284 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

14. Wedding present of the husband to his wife at the time of marriage. It is used 

in the religious ceremonies, such as the consecration of the children to the sun. 
The Ka-tci-na-ma-nas or Ka-tci-na maids also use them in the sacred dances. 

15. Spoons of Mountain sheep's horn. 

16. Characteristic skull from near the burying ground of the ruins of A-wa-to-bi. 

The dead were interred in billocks of moving sand, and skeletons are uncovered 
from time to time by the action of the wind. The corpse was placed in the 
position of a man seated with the knees drawn Tip to the breast and the arms 
close to the body. They buried with the dead man a dish containing food or 
a jar containing provisions. The present Ho-pi inter their dead among the 
rocks at the foot of the heights of the mesas where they live, and still con- 
tinue to place jars with food near them, though it is true that usually these 
jars are broken. Above the grave they place a stick such as they use in the 
planting and tie feathers to it. They wash the dead before burial, and put 
sacred meal on the face and different parts of the body, and, in like manner, 
place feathers on the body and over the heart. 

17. Parts of the dress of the sacred dances. 

18. Moccasins, Indian shoes. 

19. Perforator for hard bodies, such as shells, stones, turquoises, etc. 

20. Women's belts made of native wool of natural colors. Their use is universal, 

and the men and women make them indiscriminately. 
22 (21). Blanket of the priests in the celebration of the serpent dance. It is orna- 
mented with the likeness of the great feathered serpent, and with symbol- 
ical figures of the feet of ducks, and frogs. The parallel lines at the top and 
bottom represent the rainbow. 

23. Bracelets, ornaments of the priests in the serpent dance. 

24. Various kinds of Pa-ho, or offerings made with due ceremony, and deposited on 

the shrines during religious rites. The nature of these articles varies from 
small pieces of willow an inch long to cylinders of wood, or in some cases a 
board with figures drawn on it. The round sticks are usually doubled, tied 
together by filaments of native cotton. They are called male and female, 
the latter having a face painted on the flat side. Usually, a pinch of sacred 
meal wrapped in a corn husk, is fastened to them. The Indians believe that 
the sacred meal is the food of the Pa-ho. They also fasten to them a hawk's 
feather and a few small herbs. These Pa-hos are placed on the ground, and 
then sprinkled with sacred meal. The white disk with green spots is an offer- 
ing to all the gods of the four cardinal points, which is placed on the altars at 
the departure of the Ka-tei-nas or gods, in the festival of the August moon. 

The last sticks on the right are precolumbian Pa-hos found in a cave near 
some ruins. The wooden cylinders, much injured by the atmospheric changes, 
are offerings for the ripening of the pumpkins, and came from a shrine near a 
ruin. These offerings are still made, and there are appropriate ceremonies 
for them. 

The zigzag Pa-ho is an offering to the lightning, which, as the Indians 
believe, fertilizes the earth and engenders life. 

25. Four osier baskets of different shapes, for carrying provisions and water. The 

Ho-pi are not in the habit of using them, but every Navajo family usually has 
several. The basket smeared inside and outside with pitch is a water jar. 

26. Annulet of corn husk, symbolizing the whirling of the clouds and the female 

of the lightning serpent. A similar annulet is placed at the head of the pic- 
ture of the female of the lightning* serpent in the sand mosaic. (No. 104.) 

27. Ta-pu-i-pa-hos. These boards are carried in the hand during the celebration of 

the sacred dance called Mam-zrau-ti, and are arranged in pairs, as shown by 
the photograph. They have symbolical emblems on them and are painted 
anew every year. The ceremony of the Mam-zrau always takes place in Sep- 
tember, and the boards are used on the last day of the nine during which the 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 285 

festival lasts. The pictures are typical of tbe antelope, Sa-li-ko, and, possibly, 
represent the family of the person who bears it. The picture at the side repre- 
sents various objects, and the pamphlet contains a description of this cere- 
mony. The town of A-wa-to-bi formerly observed this woman's rite, and when 
it was destroyed the ceremony was taught to the Walpis by one of the members 
of the family of the Serpent, whose descendant and maternal representative 
is now one of tbe chief priestesses. 

In the following numbers are shown the various appurtenances of dress and 
articles ttsed in the ceremony called the serpent dance; it lasts nine days and 
nine nights, is celebrated every two years, and is a most interesting drama- 
tized legend. Two brotherhoods of priests, called the Snake and the Antelope, 
unite in the presentation of it. 

Seven of the nine days are secret, and consist of private ceremonies wbich 
take place in sacred subterranean rooms called kib-vas. During these festi- 
vals, tbe Indians catch venomous snakes, and various rites are performed in 
which they handle them with impunity. By far the most important is that of 
the bathing of the snakes and the manufacture of the antidote for their 
poison. The priests of the Antelope also dedicate an altar of sand to the gods 
of the four cardinal points, and make them offerings. 

On the ninth day the celebrants carry live snakes in tbeir mouths during 
the dance, and set them free when it is ended. 

The blankets and the other parts of the dress of the Snake priests are tbe 
same as those which are worn in the dance, and there is in the collection a 
complete suit worn by a priest. 

28. Package of hawk's feathers, died red with oxide of iron, called cu-ta. The red 

is the symbol of war. At the ends of these feathers are fastened feathers of a 
bluebird. A priest wore this bundle of feathers on his head in the serpent 
dance in tbe month of August, 1891. 

The bluebird feathers commemorate an episode in the historical legend of the 
Serpent hero, an ancient mythological personage who visited the interior of 
the earth, guided by the sun. These bundles of feathers are placed around 
the altars and figures of sand during the celebration of the secret ceremony 
at the Snake dance. 

29. The Snake priests carefully preserve from year to year the feathers which serve 

to adorn them, arranging them in a package, and tying them with a strip of 
buckskin, as shown in this specimen. 

30. Picture of the uprights of the altar of the ceremony Mam-zrau-ti. This altar is 

constructed of wooden sticks on which is stretched a deerskin ornamented 
with symbolic paintings representing the cloud and other gods. The cloth 
behind these uprights has the cloud gods aud lightning serpents painted on 
it. The two fetishes placed in front of the cloth are the Mam-zrau boy and 
girl, the chief idols of the ceremony. 

On the ground, in front of the altar, is a row of fetishes set in a ridge of sand. 
These have distinct powers, as described in the pamphlet accompanying the 
picture. 

On the ground in front of the altar three clouds and two lightning snakes 
are represented in a sand picture. The conical upright bodies on the ground 
between the row of fetishes and the sand picture, are the palladia (tiponis) 
of the priesthood of Mam-zrau-ti. 

This altar is removed after the termination of the ceremony, and an effort is 
made to prevent anyone who is not initiated from seeing it. It is very ancient, 
and regarded as very sacred. (For a description of the Mam-zrau-ti ceremony 
see The American Anthropologist, Washington, April, 1892.) 

31. Skin of a small mammal which the priests wear on their girdles during the 

ceremony of the serpent dance. Every part of the dress is symbolic, and the 
skins used are those of animals mentioned in the legend of the adventures of 
the Serpent hero in his journey under the earth. 



286 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

32. Shoulder belt which the priests of the Serpent wear during the dance as a pre- 

servative against the stings of the venomous snakes. It is of buckskin, dyed 
with oxide of iron, and is worn on the right shoulder. The little globes con- 
taining the charms are attached to the whole of the back of the shoulder belt 
where the fringes begin. The fetish is made of clay, moistened with a liquid 
prepared with great ceremony, and over which the traditional songs are sung. 
This piece of clay is molded with the hand and incised with the nail of the 
thumb, to represent the Great Feathered Serpent. Every priest wears several 
charms during the dance. 

33. Red belt of the priests in the serpent dance. It was used in the ceremony of 

1891. 

34. Moccasins, shoes with silver buttons, of a Snake priest. 

35. Rings which the priests wear on their ankles in the serpent dance. 

36. Wrist guard used in the serpent dance. The object of this apparatus is to pre- 

vent the cord of the bow from striking the hand after shooting the arrow. 
The wrist guard, which was formerly only of silver, is now adorned with 
various metals. 

37. Medicine bag containing sacred meal, which the priests carry when they go to 

catch snakes; also one of the whip handles used in charming serpents. It has 
a snake painted on it, and was used in the Serpent drama in 1891. 

38. Nak-tci, or boards which the women carry on their heads in the butterfly dance. 

Nine distinct specimens, all ornamented with appropriate symbols, among 
which the sun, the cloud, and the growth of the corn (maize) deserve mention, 
figure in the collection. 

39. Knotted white cotton belt, worn by those who take part in the sacred dances. 

40. Woolen garter, worn as an ornament above the knee in the religious dances. 

41. Fox skin, worn suspended from the belt at the back by those who take part in 

the religious dances. The fox skin receives a very careful preparation for this 
purpose, and is one of the most important ornaments of the so-called Ka-tci-nas 
or gods. It is also suspended at the entrance of the sacred room during the 
secret rites, to give notice that the religious ceremonies are going on. 

42. Special head ornament for the sacred dances. 

43. Blanket worn on the waist in the serpent dance. It is made of native cotton, 

spun and woven by the Indians and dyed with oxide of iron. From the lower 
edge of this skirt, as is seen in the adjoining specimen, hang some small metal- 
lic cones representing bells, which rattle when the wearer moves in the dance. 

44. Crown. Symbol of the "cloud" which the leader wears in the La-la-kon-ti 

dance, praying for the fructification of the crops and the fecundity of the ani- 
mals. In this ceremony, to which great attention is paid, and which lasts nine 
days and nine nights, the chief priestess makes with sand a representation of 
the sun, like that in the center of the room (603). It is an invocation praying 
for the fructification of plants and the fecundity of animals and of the human 
race. 

45. Board which Zuui women wear on the head in the Ham-po-ney dance. The cen- 

tral figure represents the sun, and the crosses at the top and bottom, the stars. 
The triangular pieces of wood, arranged in terraces, represent the clouds. 

46. Helmet worn by the priests of the horns, or warriors, when they light the new 

fire in the estufas at the November festival. The horns are an imitation of 
those of the wild goats. During this celebration the young men are initiated 
into the priesthoods. The "Na-ac-nai-ya," a baptismal washing of the head, 
owes its name to a portion of the ceremony of initiation. 

47. Wooden tablet representing the lightning. It is worn on the helmet, or is placed 

on the altars during the ceremonies. The serpent represents the lightning, 
and it is represented as male and female in the altars and mosaics of sand. 

48. Claws of a small bear, used in the incantations and ceremonies at which the 

sacred medicines are prepared. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 287 

49. Slat with painting representing lightning. It is used in the ceremonies to imitate 

the whistling of the wind and the rolling of the thunder. They are also used 
to prevent the curious from intruding where some ceremony is being performed. 
The whizzing of this slat resembles that of the wind and is connected with 
the invocations to the winds. 

50. Seven rattles, carried by the Ka-tci-nas in the sacred dances. They are of gourd, 

with symbolic signs. All these, symbols are of great interest, the cloud, the 
"O-mou-uh" with the rain, and the swastic cross deserving special mention. 
These rattles consist of a gourd with a wooden handle, and contain grains of 
corn or pebbles. Those who take part in tbe dance carry them in their hands, 
and shake them in unison with their singing. They are also made of clay, and 
many clay ladles contain pebbles in their handles, and can therefore serve as 
timbrels. 

51. Original mask worn by the "Ka-tci-na-wu-pa-mo" in sacred dances. This is the 

chief of the Ka-tci-nas, and takes part in the December festivals. 

52. Mask worn by the priests who represent women in the sacred dances. The red 

hair above the eyes reproduces an ancient coiffure, now obsolete. The Ka-tci- 
na-ma-nas or Ka-tci-nas (virgins) appear with similar masks in all the dances 
which take place from December to July. 

53. Head ornament worn by the members of the Brotherhood of the "Horn," in the 

ceremony of lighting the new fire which is celebrated in November. 

54. Gourd horns worn on the head by the priests of the congregation called the 

"Kwa-kwan-ti." 

55. Very ancient helmet or mask, which was used in the sacred dances. The hel- 

met was formerly of bison hide, but is now usually of any kind of leather, 
there being many made of leather from Spanish saddles. The high part rep- 
resents the rainbow. The paintings of the head are symbolical, and vary 
according to the dances. Those who wear these helmets personify gods, and 
form a choir in the sacred dances. The appendage which the helmet has on 
the left side represents the flower of the gourd. 

56. Board which is worn on the head in the corn dance, Ka-tci-na (Sio-hu-niis-ka- 

tci-na). The symbols which it bears are those of the cloud, the rainbow, the 
growing corn, and the blossom of the sunflower. The adjoining slab is called 
nak-tci, and represents a cloud. 

57. Buckskin disk, on which are painted the moon and a star, which is placed near 

the altar in the religious ceremonies. 

58. Primitive musical instruments which were used in the sacred dances. The sticks, 

with notches on them, are placed on a dry, hollow gourd, and are rubbed with 
the adjoining bone, a sound produced by the friction "being obtained as the 
result. This music has to be in unison with the dancing, and is played by the 
men who represent women in the dances. 

59. Tortoise shell rattles with small sheep hoofs attached to them. They are tied 

on the left calf below the knee, and by the movement of the leg produce a 
sound in unison with the songs of the dancers. 

60. Tortoise shell rattle resembling the preceding, with the sheep hoofs outside. 

61. Headband of a chief in the sacred dance. 

62. Bands with symbolic pictures of clouds, which the Ka-tci-nas wear on their heels 

in the sacred dances. 

WOODEN FIGUKINES. 

These figurines of the Ho-pi Indians are images of the gods of mythology, and 
represent, with greater or less exactness, the personages who take part in the cere- 
monies. Each one typifies some divinity or is the reproduction of some one of the 
fetiches used in various rites. They are made of cottonwood, and are given to the 
girls at the celebration of the Niman or farewell Ka-tci-na. The girls treat them as 
dolls. They are never regarded as fetiches or idols and are never worshipped. Each 



288 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

specimen bears the name of the Ka-tci-na which it represents. The mothers illus- 
trate ancient traditions by making use of these dolls in giving practical lessons on 
the symbols of the gods. More than seventy-five distinct classes of Ka-tci-nas are 
represented by dolls. They are sometimes of clay, but the material prescribed for 
their manufacture is cottonwood. 

A large number of these personages have fox skins tied around the neck, the char- 
acters emblematic of different gods. 

The dolls are painted with natural colors, emblematic of the four cardinal points. 
These colors are yellow ocher, malachite, shale, oxide of iron, and white clay. Some, 
too, are painted with mineral colors bought from Indian traders. 

The vignette at the side represents additional dolls which were not brought with 
the collection. 

63. Doll representing the mythological being who gave the Indians all kinds of seeds. 

She is called Sa-li-ko-ma-na, and is regarded as the wife of Sa-li-ko, who initi- 
ates the boys in the rites of the priesthoods, according to an ancient legend. 
The Sa-li-ko-ma-na dolls always have on their heads ornaments forming a 
ladder, representing the cloud, and curved lines around the mouth, as a repre- 
sentation of the rainbow. 

64. Sa-li-ko-ma-na doll with a feather dress. On the forehead is seen the symbol of 

the panicle, because it was she who first brought corn to the Indians, and on 
both sides of the head, the symbol of the green gourd. The bow on top of the 
head represents the rainbow. 

65. Image of Sa-li-ko, the god of corn. He is represented as a giant, and appears as 

such in the ceremonies. The blanket which he wears is a wedding blanket 
with butterflies ou the border. He is always represented with two horns and 
a crown of eagle's feathers. 

66. Tal-a-wi-pi-ki-ka-tci-na. The lightning Ka-tci-na. He carries in each hand the 

emblem of the lightning. 

67. Image of Ho-tchan-e-ka-tci-na. The black net on the body represents the feather 

dress, and the crown on the head, the eagle's feathers. 

68. The same as the preceding number. 

69. Images with imperfect symbols. 

70. Image of Sio-hu-mis-ka-tci-ua, or, god of the green corn placed in a row. The 

festival of this god is celebrated in July and August, at intervals of several 
years. It is a rite of the Zuni Indians, introduced into the religion of the 
Tusayan Indians. 

71. Images of the gluttonous priests, who amuse the spectators at the sacred dances 

during their celebration by eating immoderately and performing all kinds of 
fooleries. These'gluttons belong to a very anciernt organization or priesthood, 
and some of their rites are immoral. To this same order belong others who 
wear masks, with balls of clay or bags of seeds on top of their heads. These 
are called "mud-heads" or clowns. 

72. Image of Ma-lo-ka-tci-na, whose festival is celebrated in July. The symbolism 

is identically the same as that of the helmets which are used in the festivals. 

73. Image of the Hu-mis-ka-tci-na, or, god of the green corn placed in a row. His 

festival is celebrated in August and is one of the most interesting religious 
rites of these nations. They frequently combine it with the departure of the 
gods, and regard it as very sacred. 

74. Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

75. Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

76. Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

77. Image of the mother of the monsters, who appears in the village every year; she 

is the bugbear of bad children. Men with large helmets in imitation of the 
heads of reptiles represent the monsters. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 289 

78. Image of Navajo Ka-tci-na. The Navajoes are noniad Indians, neighbors of the 

Ho-pi. The former have taken many gods and rites from the latter. 

79. Image with a "phallic" symbol on ita breast. 

80. Image of a Navajo god. 

81. Image of the Flute Ka-tci-na. The order of the Priests of the Flute, consisting 

of two organizations, celebrates every two years a very elaborate festival of 

nine days, previously described. 
82 and 83. Images of ancient Ka-tci-nas. 
84 and 85. Images of Navajo Ka-tci-nas. 

86. Image of the Ho-tcan-e, a very important personage in the ceremonies. 

87. Image of a Navajo Ka-tci-na. 

88. Image with the emblems of the owl. 

89. Unknown image. 

90. Image of the wolf Ka-tci-na, comrade in war, and for this reason painted red. 

91. Image of Sa-li-ko-ma-na, or virgin of the corn. The tablet on the head is called 

"nak-tci" and represents the clouds, each color corresponding to one of the 
cardinal points in the following order: north, yellow; west, green; south, 
red; east, white; up, black; down, spotted (with dots). 

The white dresses represent the wedding blanket, and the dark ones below, 
the ordinary tunics or blankets. 

92. Image of Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

93. Image of Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

94. Image of Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

95. Image representing a glutton priest inside of ajar. Similar idols are used at 

the December festival, for which several jars with wooden snakes are pre- 
pared ; they are placed in front of the altar, and at intervals, the snakes are 
made to leap from the jar in which they are placed. 

96. Wooden birds used in a ceremony called that of the "Flute," which alternates 

with the serpent dance in August. Six of the birds serve to typify the cardi- 
nal points. 

97. Reproduction of an antelope in wood. 

98. Birds used in the religious rites. One of them can be made to move its wings by 

means of a rod placed inside of the tube on which it is fastened. 

99. Image of the gourd Ka-tci-na. 

100. Image of the star god. 

101. Image of a mythological hero. 

102. Image of Ko-kly-ka-tci-na. 

SAND MOSAIC OR DRY PAINTING. 

103 to 105. Pictures called sand mosaics, prepared with sand of six colors in the 
" estufas," or sacred rooms, during the religious ceremonies. The chiefs make 
them on the ground, in front of the altar, at fixed periods, and with regard to 
certain rules. The colors which are used are yellow, green, blue, red, white, 
and black, brown being also permitted to be used. They are emblematic 
of the cardinal points, north, west, south, east, up, and down. 

103. The picture on the left is that which is made in the La-la-kon-ti, a festival held 

by the women in September in honor of the god of germs. The figure on the 
left is the star god ; that on the right, the patroness of the ceremony, called 
La-kon-ma-na or La-kon virgin. She is represented carrying in her hand a 
small basket like those suspended on the wall. The accompanying pamphlet 
contains a description of the La-la-kon-ti and the rules relative to these sand 
mosaics. 

104. 105. The other two sand pictures are those which adorn the altar of the "estufa" 

of the priests of the Antelope and of the Serpent during the biennial celebra- 
tion of the serpent dance. The central mosaic is a symbolic representation of 
H. Ex. 100 19 



290 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

the cloud gods, O-mow-uh, and of the four cardinal points. The four colored 
darts ou the upper side are the four lightning snakes. Two of them are 
males and two females, as shown hy the model. The parallel lines outside 
of the picture represent the rain. 

The mosaic on the right is called the house of the serpents. It is made on 
the floor of the estufa of the serpents, immediately before washing those 
animals, which are placed on it to dry. The figure in the center of the mosaic 
is the mountain lion. The red line which runs from the heart to the mouth 
is the line of respiration or of life. 
106-113. Altar of sorcery of the cloud, similar to those which are made at all the 
religious festivals, to prepare the offerings which are made to the cardinal 
points, north, west, south, east, up, and down. The chief priest prepares 
this altar on the floor of the estufa or kib-va, in the following manner: 

A regular heap of fine valley sand is first sifted on the ground. After- 
wards six lines are traced with sacred meal, intersecting each other at the 
same center. One corresponds to the north-south line, another to the east- 
west, the third to that of up and do^\ n. The medicine jar is deposited at the 
point of intersection of these Hues, and at the end of each line of meal is 
laid an ear of corn of the color corresponding to the direction : To the north, 
yellow ; to the west, green or blue ; to the south, red ; to the east, white ; up, 
black; down, spotted. Over each ear of corn is placed a pebble or rock crys- 
tal ; on each side, a small bunch of feathers. During the preparation of the 
magic medicine, which is very complicated, the traditional songs are sung. 

106. The rectangular jar in which the medicine is mixed. The ornaments on the 

four sides, forming terraces which represent the clouds, which are also painted 
on the inside. The parallel lines represent the rain. Frog figure in its middle 
round about; which, in the regular circle, is a row of figures representing 
tadpoles. These are also represented under the rain on each side, and dragon 
flies in the corners, on each side of which are emblems of the rain. The rain 
festivals are among the most important that the Indians of Tusayan now 
celebrate, since the region which they inhabit is very dry, and because it 
raius little or not at all there in summer. 

107. Ancient jar for salt in the religious rites. 

108. Receptacle for sacred meal in the religious rites. This meal is used in all the 

ceremonies as an offering to the gods. 

109. Corn, sprinkler, lightuing stone of the cardinal points. The color of the corn 

corresponds to the direction. The sprinkler serves to sprinkle with medi- 
cine the offerings which are made to the cardinal points. 

110. Rattle which serves to accompany the traditional singing during the incanta- 

tion. These rattles and other similar ones are used in all the religious rites. 

111. Sacred meal. It is used in all the ritos to sprinkle the offerings, the faces of the 

men when they personify gods, at the altar, and to throw toward the rising 
sun. It is customary to anoint the faces of the novices when they are about 
to enter the priesthood, those of the children when they are consecrated to 
the sun, and the bodies of the dead. Its use is not omitted in any religious 
rite. It is prepared from corn with great care, and is regarded as sacred. 

112. Ancient jar for sacred meal. It has butterflies painted on the outside, they 

being associated with the summer and the ripening of the corn. 

113. Different kinds of native corn of the color characteristic of the god of each 

direction. Corn of various colors is very common in the fields of the Indians 
of Tusayan. In the diagram is seen the arrangement of the altar of the 
incantation of the cloud, and some of the articles which are used to perform 
that incantation. The colors of the corn indicate the directions of the cardi- 
nal points. This altar is identical with that which is made in August at the 
ceremony which precedes the serpent dance. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 291 

MODERN POTTERY OF TUSAYAN. 

This case contains modern pottery of the present Indian inhahitants of the towns 
of Tusayan. The various specimens show the variety of the pottery manufactured 
by them, and also give an idea of the utensils which they use in the ordinary 
employments of the houses. Everything is made by hand, and the pictures are all 
emblematic. The decorations are sometimes pictures of gods, but the drawings are 
usually circles, rosettes, birds, and flowers. Occasionally they successfully repro- 
duce the ancient models, but the art has greatly degenerated, and is no longer of 
the same importance as formerly. 

The fineness of the ancient jars, in contrast with that of the modern ones, is due 
to the great care with which they worked the clay which was to be used in their 
manufacture and the skill with which they painted them. 

The ceramic industry has greatly degenerated, and the tendency to simplify the 
ornaments has increased. Pottery is made by the women ; never by the men. There 
are certain days of the year specially devoted to the manufacture of pottery, and on 
certain nights the villages are illuminated by the fires made to bake it. 

STONE IMPLEMENTS AND IDOLS. 

The collection of articles of stone displays the various shapes which the Ho-pi 
Indians used in ancient times. Almost all are now obsolete, or are used in the 
religious rites. The stone specimens are hatchets, agricultural iniplements, pipes, 
fetishes, ornaments, mortars and rollers, images, etc. 

115 (114). Stone mortar and piece of roller for grinding paint at the ceremonies. A 
little green carbonate of copper still remains in the inside. 

116. Small mortar with flat surface, with green paint, found in a ruin. 

117. Well-made mortar and roller. Both from near Wal-pi. 

118. Flat stone for grinding paint. 

119. Flat stone with a shallow cavity, and flat stone for grinding paint intended for 

the religious rites. 

120. Round stone serving as a defensive weapon. 

121. Ancient stone shovel. It is used in planting corn. 

122. Two stone hoes used in the ceremonies. They are called Tca-ma-hia and are 

placed on the altar in the serpent dance. 

123. Head of an ancient stone hoe. 

124. Ancient stone shovel. 

125. Stone hoe, found in an ancient ruin. 

126. Stone hoe. 

127. Stone hoe. 

128. Piece of an ancient stone article. 

129. Stone hoe. 

130. Stone implement. 

131. Stone shovel. 

132. Stone hoe. 

133. Ancient stone implement. 

134. Ancient stone hoe. 

135. Pound stone object, with a groove, which served as a weapon in war. 

136. Clay disks for polishing jars and other ceramic articles, found in an ancient 

ruin. 

137. Fragment of a stone for grinding corn. 

138. Paint pan, for grinding paint for the ceremonies. 

140 (139). Sharpening stone, from A-wa-to-bi. It is used for polishing the shafts of 
the arrows, and has a bow, an arrow, and the emblem of the serpent carved 
on it. 

141. Small buckskin bag for sacred meal. 



292 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

142. Ancient bracelet of shells. 

143. Earrings of shells with turquoises. 

144. Necklace of shells. 

145. Necklace of shells. 

146. Necklace of shells. 

147. Charm which is carried in the medicine bag. 

148. Earring consisting of a small shell and a stone hanging by a strip of buckskin. 

149. Eetish and earrings of lignite. 

150. Various specimens of stones and ornaments of shells and clay. Seashells pos- 

sess great value as an ornament, and in their absence, they are imitated 
with clay. Several with varied ornaments are collected under this number. 

151. Stone for polishing arrows. 

152. Stone for polishing arrows. 

153. Stone for polishing arrows. 

154. Stone fetish of the mountain lion (Felis concolor). 

155. Stones roughly representing animals and used as fetishes. 

156. Fetish to be suspended from the neck, as a personal amulet. 

157. Eagle ka-tci-na and fetish. The colors of the fetishes are related to the cardi- 

nal points. They serve to give success in hunting. 

158. Zuni fetish of the lion, for hunting. 

159. Zuni fetish of the bear, for hunting. 

160. Fetishes of the spider woman, a powerful goddess of the Tusayan mythology. 

She is the wife of the sun and the mother of the twin gods of war. 

161. Fetishes of the mountain lion. 

162. Fetish. 

163. Fetish of the wolf. 

164. Fetish of the bear. 

165. Fetish. 

166. Fetish of the bear, painted yellow to show that it is the northern bear. 

167. Triangular stone, resembling a fetish, and used as such. 

168-171. Four clay fetishes of the bear, with emblematic characters on the nose. 

172. Fetish with offerings attached to its neck. These fetishes, or similar ones, are 

placed on the altars during the religious ceremonies, and are usually kept in 
niches made in the walls of private houses. Sometimes the owners attach to 
the necks of these objects tufts of cotton, with small feathers from the breast 
of the eagle hanging from them. It is also the custom to sprinkle them, at 
fixed periods, with sacred flour. In the great ceremony of the Serpent, dur- 
ing the celebration of a very remarkable rite, in which the most complicated 
ceremonies are observed, the first priest of the Antelope blows four times upon 
the fetish of the bear great quantities of smoke, smoking an ancient pipe 
called the great pipe of the cloud. To the Indians of Tusayan tobacco smoke 
typifies the cloud and is used in the ceremonies which are performed in pray- 
ing for rain. Smoking during the religious ceremonies is a serious thing, and 
is done with the greatest gravity and reverence. 

173. Mouthpiece for smoking, and pipe. 

174. Great pipe of the snow, similar to that which is smoked in the December cere- 

mony in prayers for snow. Found in the ruins of A-wa-to-bi. 

175. Pipes with square bowls. 

177 (176). Clay mouthpiece. The reed cigarette used in the ceremonies is a small 
rush, around which along filament of cotton is twined. 

178. Clay figure of the "clown" priests, or "mud-heads," carrying a child on its 

shoulders, illustrating a legendary incident. 

179. Figure of the god of war. 

180. Figure of a Ho-pi married woman. 

181. Figure of a Ho-pi maiden, showing the special coiffure of the maidens. This 

coiffure typifies the blossom of the gourd. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 293 

182. Clay figure representing an unknown animal, •which seems to be a sheep. 

183-187. Clay figures of unknown personages, adorned with indistinct emblems. 
These objects represent the persons who take part in the ceremonies, or are 
merely secular. They are of clay baked in the sun, and painted with earth 
of different colors. They are usually suspended in the houses, but never wor- 
shiped. Several of these were given to children, who use them as play things. 

188. Clay fetishes of an unknown animal. 

189. Personal fetishes which are worn as necklaces. They are also sometimes worn 

hanging from the back in little bags. 

190. Hunting stone, which they say is an eagle. It is customary to carry these 

stones, or other similar ones, on hunting excursions, before undertaking which 
certain simple ceremonies are observed, and prayers repeated. 

191. Stone hatchet, with handle attached by tendons. 
192-196. Small stone hatchets, from near the pueblo of Walpi. 

197. Small stone hatchet with two grooves for the handle. 

198. Small stone hatchet from A-wa-to-bi. 
199-206. Stone clubs. 

207-220. Small stone hatchets, from ruins near Walpi. 

221, 222-230. Various kinds of hatchets of polished stone, from Tusayan ruins. Found 

buried or on the surface of the ground. 
231-234. Large ancient 6tone hatchets. 

235. Rough, flat stone hatchet. 

236. Hatchet with the edge in the shape of a cone. 

237. Small hatchet with the edge finely worked. 
238-240. Small, rough hatchets. 

241-245. Clubs. 

246. Small, flat stone hatchet. 

247. Small, sharp stone hatchet. 

248. Long stone weapon. 

249. Long stone weapon. 

250. Small, flat hatchet. 

The stone articles employed by the ancestors of the present Indians of Tusayan, 
and on certain occasions by the present representatives of the race, do not differ 
from those found in other parts of North America. These ancient articles are no 
longer used except in the ceremonies to recall ancient customs. 

ANCIENT POTTERY OF TUSAYAN. 

The collection of ancient pottery from the ruins of Tusayan is the result of sev- 
eral years of collecting, and is unique. The greater part was collected by Mr. 
Thomas V. Keani, an Indian trader, from whom it was bought by the Hemenway 
expedition. A large number of these articles have never been exhibited outside of 
the Indian towns, and- many of them were obtained in excavations made last sum- 
mer (1892). 

The collection is divided into groups, beginning with the simplest pottery, of 
rough manufacture and without ornament, and passing on to the class having simple 
decorations in the form of spirals, to that of the pottery with incisions. 

The following classification of the pottery, although imperfect, may be made from 
the color and ornaments: 

I. Black and white. 
II. Transition pottery. 

III. Orange pottery. 

IV. Of various colors. 
V. Red pottery. 

Only the decorated pottery enters into this classification. Many specimens are 
worthy of mention, from the beauty of their shape and material, and some of the 
unornamented specimens deserve notice. 



294 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

The plans placed in the cases of ancient pottery are of ruins in the south of Ari- 
zona, and indicate the configuration of the ancient towns in the valleys of the Salado 
and Gila rivers. 

The Hemenway expedition has made important excavations in this region. The 
plans reproduce a single town, composed of twenty-four groups of dwellings with a 
large central building. 

RED POTTERY. 

The small collection of red pottery is among the best of the ancient ware. It is 
not manufactured at the present time and the knowledge of how it was made has 
died out. The fineness of the material of the pottery of the ancient Ho-pi isunequaled. 
The best specimen is No. 267, the classic form of which is readily seen. The external 
figures are simple. The colors usually employed in decorating this pottery are white 
and black. 

251. Ancient food bowl, with plain handle and paintings on the inside in white, 

black, and red. 

252. Jar with figures formed by broken lines. 

253. Jar ornamented with the head of a bird and symbolic offerings, called pa-hos. 

254. Ancient ceremonial jar, with figures. 

255. Salt holder. 

256. Ancient jar, with painted spirals. 

257. Bowl for food, with paintings formed of broken lines. # 

258. Bowl for food. 

259. Small bowl with inclined border, ornamented with cloud symbols. 

260. Fragment of ladle, with the handle broken. 

261. Ladle. 

262. Receptacle for salt or sacred flour, which is carried at the side. 

263. Vertical jar for salt. 

264. Hemispherical jar with inclined edge. 

265. Hemispherical jar with parallel lines. 

266. Hemispherical jar, with holes for passing a cord, for the purpose of carrying it 

suspended from the shoulder. 

267. Wide-mouthed jar. 

268. Ladle with a single white circle. 

269. Square clay box, with emblems of the cloud, used in the ceremonies for salt or 

sacred flour. 

270. Jar with white and black figures resembling a chessboard. 

271. Ladle. 

272. Fretted jar. 

273. Small jar. 

274. Painted jar with small mouth . 

275. Jar with well-executed figures of the growing gourd, the cloud, and tbe circle. 

276. Jar with various ornaments. 

277. Jar with symbolic figures. 

278. Sacred jar with external figures and ornaments. 

279. Large jar with external paintings of rectangles, squares, frets, and circles. It 

has been used many years in the religious rites of the present Wal-pi, and is 
said to have come from a ruin in the northern part of Arizona. 

POTTERY OF VARIOCS COLORS. 

The so-called variegated pottery is among the best that the ancient potters manu- 
factured. The clay is fine and the decoration artistic. It is only found in one or 
two of the most ancient ruins, and no attempt is ever made now to imitate it. It is 
orange or red on one side and of variegated color on the other. The number of speci- 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 295 

mens of this pottery found in ruins is much less than that of any other kind except 
the red or orange. They are therefore of great value, in spite of their not being very 
artistic. The decorations are various, and, for the most part, simple. 

280. Large jar with figures made up of broken lines. 

281. Jar with a painted bird. 

282. Bowl for food. 

283. Bowl for food, with emblematic figures. 

284. Salt holder. 

285. Jar with black and white figures. 

286. Jar for ceremonies, with spiral figures. 

287. Small painted jar. 

288. Jar for ceremonies, with emblems of the cloud alternating with those of the 

gourd. 

289. Jar of ancient pottery, which has been used for many years in the ceremonies 

at Wal-pi. 

290. Jar with wings on both sides, imitating a bird. 

291. Jar in the form of an amphora, with emblems of the cloud. 

292. Jar for carrying the sacred flonr in the ceremonies. It has the sun on one side. 
293^ Jar much esteemed by the Ho-pi for its great antiquity, with emblems the 

meaning of which the present Indians do not know. 

294. Jar with a mythological bird, the wings of which represent the clouds. 

295. Narrow-necked jar, with emblems of the cloud and the lightning. The band 

of the neck is not closed, which signifies that it was made by an unmarried 
woman. 

296. Jar with series of spiral figures. 

297. Jar with the emblems of the cloud and circle; the latter probably formerly the 

symbol of the sun. 

298. Jar with unknown symbols. 

299. Ancient drinking jar. 

300. Ancient drinking jar, with cloud symbols. 

301. Rare and unique jar, with emblematic pictures of the dwellings and families 

which constituted the tribe painted on opposite sides, alternating with the 
virgin emblem. The same picture is found reproduced iu carved pictures or 
engravings cut in the rocks near the town of Wal-pi. 

TRANSITION POTTERY. 

The pottery of this class is very common in the burying ground of A-wa-to-bi. 
The clay is fine, and the decorations usually have more richness than those of the 
white and black pottery. Here, for the first time, we meet symbolized gods, which 
never occur in the less perfect black and white pottery. Still, there is little variety 
in the shape of the jars, and they are not an improvement on those which belong to 
the black and white class already mentioned. The collection of transition pottery 
contains several house articles. 

302. One of the bowls of the greatest merit in the collection. The decorations are 

variegated, and the clay is very fine. The Ho-pi potters regard it as one of 
the best productions of their industry in ancient times. The four imitations 
of white and red birds represent the thunder bird, a mythological creation 
of the Indians, about which there are many tales. These birds appear 
flying near the mouth of the jar, preserving the circle of ceremonies, which 
is never altered in the religious rites. Together with the drawings, the 
jars have engravings, which characterize the best specimens of the Ho-pi 
pottery. This is seen in the crooks in front of the wings. These crooks typify 
the powerful warrior society called Kwa-kwan-ti. There are four of these 



296 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

birds, one corresponding to each of the cardinal points — north, south, east, 
and west. The black and red lines, crossed by two other parallel lines, rep- 
resent the dragon fly, a symbol of water. It is also a beneficent animal, to 
which, according to the traditions, the corn crop has often been due. 

303. Jar with unclosed band around the neck. The opening of this band represents 

the line of life. 

304. Jar with good decorations of frets and representation of clouds. 

305. Jar for water or food, with unknown symbols. 

306. Jar with emblems of a mythological bird and stars. 

307. Jar with band and fret. 

308. Ladle having a fantastic animal with wings painted on the inside. The dots 

represent feathers. 

309. Jar for food. 

310. Small jar with rough drawings, found near a skeleton. 

311. Ceremonial jar. 

312. Sacred vase, from the sand hills near A-wa-to-bi. 

313. Jar with two handles and sunflowers. 

314. One of the vases in which the priests carry sacred flour. 

315. Ancient jar, found in a tomb. 

316. Jar the decorations of which represent an ancient game of the Ho-pi. 

317. Ancient vase, with rude drawings. 

318. Bowl with one of the buckskin nets which the priests bear in the ceremonies 

to pray for rain. Ancient vase with a modern net. 

319. Ancient sacred vase. 

320. Ancient vase with symbols of clouds. 

321. Small water jar. It was used in the ceremonies which are performed iu prayers 

for rain. 

322. Ancient vase used in prayers for rain. 

323. Vase for water used iu prayers for rain. 

324. Small jar which was anciently used in the ceremonies which were performed 

in praying for rain. 

325. Clay spoon for secular uses. 

326. Ladle for nonreligious uses. 

327. Ancient vase, the use of which is not known. 

328. Ancient vase, the use of which is not known. 

329. Ceremonial jar, found near a skeleton, at A-wa-to-bi. 

330. Ancient water jar. 

331. Ancient jar for flour. 

332. Ancient water jar, with handles through which to pass a strap in order to carry 

it suspended at the side. It was adapted for excursions. 

333. Sacred vase, similar to that which is used at the festival of the Flute. It was 

probably used by the ancestors of those who now form part of the fraternity 
of the Flute. 

334. Burial bowl for food. 

335. Ancient vase having an ancient ka-tci-na, or god, painted on the inside. It has 

the serpent and the butterfly on the outside. 

336. Ancient ladle, with unknown emblems. 

337. Ceremonial jar. 

338. Ceremonial vase, in which was formerly kept the honey which was used in 

certain rites. 

339. Burial bowl for food, from a grave at A-wa-to-bi. 

340-392. Vases and jars for food, of various shapes and symbols. Found in graves 

at A-wa-to-bi and neighboring burying grounds. 
393. Burial bowl for provisions. It has an offering to the gods of rain elaborately 
drawn on it. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 297 

WHITE AND BLACK POTTERY. 

Nos. 394 to 468 display the features of the so-called white and black pottery, which 
is no longer made, and can only he found in one or two ruins near Ream's Canyon. 
Among the specimens of this pottery are comprised all the types now in use. The 
decorations are very simple, as they represent neither animals, plants, nor sacred 
emblems. It is, without any doubt, the simplest class of the painted pottery of 
Tusayan. 

394. Vase with bands, dots, and triangles interlaced. It is one of the most regularly 

shaped specimens in the collection. 

395. Large jar for holding water or for carrying it from one place to another. It is 

the best painted specimen of all the white and black pottery. 

396. Amphora, with a zigzig band around the edge. The only one of this shape, 

and with these characteristic decorations. 

397. Drinking vase, with three salient protuberances. It very probably represents 

some imaginary bird. 

398. Sieve for scattering Hour or sand. 

399. Jar with a single handle, with painted triangles. One of the simplest forms of 

the white and black pottery. 

400. Vase in the shape of a shoe, for carrying the sacred flour in the ceremonies. 

401. Small water jar. 

402. Ladle. 

403. Ladle with zigzag figures and long neck. 

404. Hemispherical vase for ceremonies. 

405. Vase for food, found in a grave. 

406. Vase for food, with emblems of the cloud and of the four cardinal points. 

407. Ancient pan for paint. 

408. Vase for food, from a grave. 

409. Ancient drinking cup. 

410. Vase in the shape of a shoe, for sacred flour. 

411. Vase for food, with figures imitating rectaugles. 

412. Vase for food, with figures on tLe outside. In ancient pottery, as well as in 

modern, it is very rarely that vases for food are found with decorations on 
the outside. 

413. Ancient bowl, with handle. It probably served as a ladle. 
411. Narrow-mouthed jar, with spirals. 

415. Vase with handle and triangular figures. 

416. Narrow-mouthed jar, with spirals and parallel lines. The spiral is the emblem 

of the whirlwind god. 

417. Narrow-mouthed cup. 

418. Large water jar. The decorations are very characteristic. Similar jars were 

also used for cooking and for boiling water. 

419. Paint jar. 

420. Cup with diagonal figures. , 

421. Bowl with a single handle, or ladle. 

422. Pan for holding the paint with which the decorations and sacred objects were 

painted. 

423. Wide-mouthed vase. 

424. Vase for carrying water on long excursions. 

425. Long-necked cup. 

426. Drinking cup. 

427. Perforated vase, for sifting sand or flour. It is possiblo that this was used in 

making the sand pictures in the ancient ceremonies. 

428. Drinking cup, well executed, and of large size. 

429. Paint pan. 
430-432. Drinking cups. 



298 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

433. Salt vase. 

434. Long-necked globular vase. 

435. Vase with two compartments, which were used for salt or pepper. 

436. Water jar, with zigzag drawings. 
437,438. Cups. 

439. Bowl for food, very fine, and with emblems of the cloud. 

440. Salt vase, with zigzag and parallel lines. 

441. Vase for food, with half spirals and black broken lines. 

442. Vase of extraordinary shape, with handle. Its former use is unknown. 

443. Long-necked vase. 

444. Amphora, for transporting provisions, usually corn bread. 

445. Fretted vase. 

446. Ancient vase for ceremonies. 

447. Vase with handles for cords. It is used on long excursions. 

448. Ancient vase with spirals, which was formerly used in the ceremonies connected 

with the "Mam-zrau-ti" dance. Observe on the side the combination of 
figures forming rectangles and spirals. This jar, which is well painted, dis- 
plays the highest degree of perfection attained by the Indians of Tusayan 
in the decoration of the white and black pottery, and is the most valuable of 
the specimens from the ruins near Ream's Canyon. 

449. Well-polished drinking cup. 

450. The colors of this bowl recall those of the transition pottery. It is the only 

specimen of this ware which was found in a grave near the inhabited villages. 

451. Vase for food, with triangles formed by black lines. 

452. Bowl for food. 

453. Jar for carrying food on long excursions. It is also used for water. 

454. Drinking cup, with white and black squares. 

455. Ancient jar. 

456. Cups. 

457. Large drinking bowl. 

458. 459. Drinking cups. 

460. Wide-mouthed jar. 

461. Jar with two conical handles, for fastening a cord. 

462. Cup with large handle. 

463. Jar for food. 

464. Jar for food. 

465. Bowl with a single handle. The inside is painted black, with white zigzags. 

It was found in a grave. 

466. Bowl with large circles. 

467. Bowl with figures representing the teeth of the Ka-tci-nas. 

468. Small cup used as a spoon. The handle of a similar cup which stands near the 

preceding has the shape of an open fan. Similar cups are now used for the 
purpose mentioned. 

4 
RUDE POTTERY WITHOUT DECORATIONS. 

This class, the most primitive of the ancient pottery, occupies three cases in the 
northern part of the room, and is divided into smooth and wrinkled pottery. This 
rude pottery, which is in some cases decorated, is common in ruins near Wal-pi and 
Ream's Canyon. It comprises, in general, vases, bowls, and large jars for cooking. 
They are usually of coarse clay. 

The potter's wheel was not known, and the potters polished the outside of the 
ware with a stone, a piece of another jar, or with a stick. 

The larger vases serve indiscriminately for cooking and for storage. The former 
are more or less blackened by fire. Those used as depositories were buried in the 
ground here and there, the Indians filling them with water or provisions when they 
went on any expedition, in order to find it fresh on their return. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 299 

Some of the specimens of the smooth rude pottery have external incisions made 
with the thumb nail, a sharpened stone, or a stick. It was sometimes customary to 
smear the outside of the jar or vase with pitch. The black specimens owe their color 
to the smoke produced during their baking. This rude pottery is made to this day, 
and was anciently made at the same time as the finer pottery. The Indians are 
accustomed to regard the wrinkled pottery as Aery ancient. It is found in the most 
ancient ruins, including those of the cliif-dwellers, and shows the first step taken 
in the decoration of pottery. 

The best specimen is No. 495, in which triangles and circles are combined, a very 
rare thing in the ancient pottery. It was found in a room at the ruins of Si-kya-ki. 

BURIAL ARTICLES FROM ALTARS AND GRAVES. 

The collection of small clay articles found in graves at the foot of the mesas of 
the Ho-pi illustrate the kind of objects which were formerly placed over the dead. 
Some were also offerings made to the gods, especially to Ma-sau-wuh, the god of fire 
and death. These objects constituted offerings, as already said, and never had any 
other use, though the smallest may have served as playthings for the children. 

ANCIENT LADLES. 

The collection of ancient ladles from the ruins of the pueblos of Tusayan is instruct- 
ive as regards the emblems painted on these articles. They are of all shapes and 
made of different clays, decorated with characteristic figures on the inside and out- 
side. 

These ladles were sometimes used in the religious rites. They were filled with 
sacred flour, which was piled in front of the fetishes, or was scattered over the sand 
mosaics of the altai's. Many of these ladles have pebbles inside of the handles, and 
serve as rattles, both in the games andiu the most solemn rites of the sacred dances. 

Every figure on these rattles is symbolic, and the technical study of this symbol- 
ism has a close connection with that of the ornaments of the baskets, images, 
blankets, and pottery. 

With a view to establishing a comparison, a ladle of mountain-sheep horn has been 
placed among them. Many of these objects, if not all, were probably used in the 
ceremonies and not in the ordinary employments of life. 

ADOBE (CLAY BAKED IN THE SUN) TILES, WITH SYMBOLIC PAINTINGS. 

These tiles are modern imitations of those which were formerly made for the cere- 
monies which were solemnized in the estufas. This collection was manufactured 
many years ago, and the only person who knew how to prepare them is dead. We 
see in them the characteristic symbolism of the gods, and the various spiral wind- 
ings, circles, and frets which are used for decorating the pottery. On comparing 
them with the images we easily see the sun, the god of the corn, and others. These 
tiles are not used for ornaments of houses and are rarely manufactured by the Indians. 
The value of this collection, unique for the study of the symbolism, together with 
that of the pottery, is great, but with certain limitations, as the articles composing 
it are modern. 

Similar tiles are now used in the religious ceremonies of the present inhabitants 
of Tusayan, and are, for the most part, traditional, and the priests hold them in 
great veneration. The picture of an ancient tile called the Ho-ko-na-ma-na, or 
Butterfly Virgin, introduced in the serpent dance, is exhibited in the case with the 
specimens. 

PHOTOGRAPHS OF SACRED DANCES AND PARAPHERNALIA. 

1. Group of glutton priests or clowns. These priests accompany the Ka-tci-nas in 
their dances and try to amuse the spectators. This priesthood is one of the 
most ancient of Tusayan, and, according to their traditions, has existed since 
the epoch when the race came out from the center of the earth. 



300 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

2. The Snake priests leaving the town. Their mission is to catch the serpents 

which are to be used in the dance. 

3. Row of sacred dancers, or Ka-tci-nas, with two women Ka-tci-nas wrapped in 

the ceremonial blankets. 

4. A Snake priest emerging from the kib-va to take part in the sacred dance. 

5. The Snake altar. 

6. Ceremony of the purification, which takes place after that in which the serpents 

are carried in the mouth. 

7. The same ceremony. 

8. The same ceremony. 

9. The same ceremony. 

10. The principal street of the pueblo of Wal-pi and the Snake priests retiring from 

the plaza. 

11. The Snake priests preparing to undertake the hunt for the serpents which are 

to be used in the ceremony. 

12. Priest at the door of the estufa. 

13. Place in which the serpents are confined before the dance. 

14. The Snake chief. He has in his left hand a whip for charming snakes, and a 

small bag of sacred flour to anoint the head of those animals, which they claim 
to be related to the fraternity which celebrates the dance mentioned. 

15. Black zigzag lines which the priests of the Serpent paint on their bodies, legs, 

and arms. The black lines are of clay and saliva. 

16. Snake priest dressed for the ceremony. 

17. Ceremony of the purification. On the last of the nine days of the festival the 

Snake priests eat nothing. At the conclusion of the dance they take a drink 
which purifies them. On the following day a more complicated ceremony of 
purification takes place. 

18. Snake priests going off to hunt snakes. 

19. Snake dance. This is the public ceremony which takes place in the presence 

of all the inhabitants of the pueblos. The two fraternities which take part 
in it are the Antelope and the Snake. In this ceremony the priests of the 
latter fraternity carry living venomous snakes in their mouths. Those who 
take part in the dance and the spectators are seen in the photograph. 

20. Small ladder leading to the kib-va, or sacred rooms in which the secret mysteries 

of the Snake ceremony are held. From this ladder hang a bow and arrows 
with red horsehair and the skin of a small mammal. Their object is to notify 
the uninitiated that ceremonies at which they are not permitted to be present 
are being performed in the subterranean room. 

21. The courier emerging from the kib-va of the Antelope with the sacred offerings 

which are to be made to the gods of the four cardinal points. On each of the 
first seven days of the Snake ceremony this man goes around the pueblo 
following a circle and placing the offerings on the four altars of the gods of the 
cardinal points. Each day the diameter of the circle diminishes; on the first 
it is about 7 miles, and the last is confined to going around the hatch of the 
kib-va. He carries the offerings on his back. In his left hand he has the 
sacred flour, with which he sprinkles the offerings after he has placed them 
on the altars. 

22. The Snake priests in rank at the beginning of the dance. 

23. The chief of the Snake priests taking the flag from the ladder, to give notice 

that the mysteries of the ceremony of the Snake have ended. 

24. The Antelope priests inviting the Snake priests to come out of their kib-va and 

to go to the plaza to carry the serpents around the sacred rock. Each of the 
Antelope priests deposits a handful of flour at the door of the house of the 
Snake priests, calling in a low tone. 

25. Ceremony of the purification. 

26. Snake priest going to the hunt. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 301 

27. Hatch-way of the Snake kib-va. A man is seen entering. 

28. Ka-tci-na dance, called the "Good-bye of the Ka-tci-nas." 

29. Objects used in the Main-zrau-ti ceremony, a dance of women, which takes place 

in October. (1) Offering to the Whirlwind god; (2) head ornament of hawk's 
feathers and horsehair, emblematic of the sun ; (3 and 4) the two faces of a 
screen called a moisture tablet, which is carried on the back; 3, the obverse; 
4, the reverse. The two disks are miniature food symbols offered to the gods 
of the cardinal points. 

30. Articles used in the ceremony held to light the new hie. (1) Head ornament of 

a novice whom they are about to initiate; (2) the Virgin of the Dawn, 
patroness of the ceremony of the new fire; (3) offering to the god of Fire; 
(4) offering to the god of War. These are of wood, and are placed on the 
ground before the ceremony begins. (5) Standard of the ceremony of the new 
fire; (6) implements which are used to light the new fire; (7) the ears of corn, 
which correspond to the four cardinal points, the upward, and the downward. 
These are hung up in the kib-va while the ceremony of lighting the fire is 
going on. 

31. Row of shields, corresponding to the four cardinal points, the upward, and the 

downward, one additional. They are used in the ceremony of the Su-my-ko-li. 

32. Standard which is suspended over the kib-va of the Antelope while the secret 

Snake rites are being celebrated. 

33. Standard w T hich is suspended over the Snake kib-va during the same rites. 

34. The four slabs of clay and wood, corresponding to the four cardinal points, 

which are used in the ceremony of the Flute. They all have symbolic figures 
of the cloud, the lightning, and the rain. 

35. Pillar, or primitive solar gnomon, for determining the time of the religious 

dances. 

36. Plume or feathers, worn on the head by the members of a warrior society. 

37. Butterfly virgin, clay tile used in the ceremonies in which the adventures of 

the Snake hero during his journey under the earth are dramatized. It has the 
cloud, butterflies, and tadpoles depicted on it. 

38. Shrine, with door closing the room. 

39. Shrine under a great cliff. 

40. Two wooden fetishes of the ceremony of the Flute. 

41. Staff of the Ma-lo-ka-tci-na. The dancers carry it in their hands. The ear of 

corn represents the mother, the feathers the four cardinal points. 

42. Snake whip. The handle has the Great Serpent (Feathered Serpent) engraved 

and painted in green on it. The feathers are from an eagle's tail, and each has 
a bluebird's feather at its extremity. 

43. Pa-hos, or sacred offerings of the Snake ceremony. The largest is of the length 

of the arm from the heart to the extremities of the fingers; the smallest is the 
length of the middle finger. Both have the four feathers corresponding to 
the north, west, south, and east. 

44. Ka-tci-na-ma-na, or man dressed like a woman to take part in the religious 

dances. 

45. "Clay-head" priest. 

46. Bower erected in the plaza of the pueblo of Wal-pi daring the ceremony of the 

Flute. 

47. Znni dancer, with mask. 

48. Adobe ball with the figure of the Serpent. The Snake priests carry this as a 

charm on their shoulder belts, and make it with great ceremony. 

49. Largo jdpe which the priests of the Serpent smoke during the baptism of the 

Snakes. This pipe has the cloud and the lightning depicted upon it. 

50. Standard of the priesthood of the Flute. 

51. Offering of a Zuhi warrior priesthood. 



302 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

52. Diagram of the room in which the offerings are made at the summer solstice. 

The offerings made at the same epoch. 

53. The Old scold; personage with a mask, who takes part in Zufii ceremony. 

54. Ka-tci-na, or sacred dance. 

55. Offering made to the gods of the cardinal points at the festival of the farewell 

of the Ka-tci-nas. 

56. Ceremony for rain, called the "Ducking of the Clowns." The ten naked priests 

called Clowns go around the pueblo singing traditional songs, and the women, 
who are on the roofs of their houses, pour water upon the heads of the priests 
or throw handfuls of flour on them. 

57. Ana-ka-tci-ua, a rain dance. In making these pictures and photographs the 

natural tendency of the Indians not to consent to the taking of photographs 
of their religious ceremonies has been encountered. They believe that by 
means of sorceries the likeness of a person or of an object may be used to 
exert an evil influence on them, and for this reason they have an extreme dis- 
trust of tho photographic apparatus. 
The pueblo of Zufli, in which some of the photographs were taken, is not in the 

province of Tusayan, but an adjoining territory, the civilization of both peoples 

being remarkably alike. 

BURIAL FOOD BOWLS. 

The collection of burial bowls contains some of the best specimens of the ancient 
pottery, and displays tho symbolism of the ancient Ho-pi. Almost all were found 
in tho sand hills near the ruins of A-wa-to-bi. During four days they filled these 
vases with food for the dead, and did not usually bring broken vases as they do now. 
The corpse had its legs doubled close to the body, and was generally buried looking 
toward the east. Tho strong winds which sweep the sand hills disinter a skeleton 
from time to time and show the presence of these vases. The hillocks which sur- 
round the graves also contain fragments of ancient vases. 

These burial bowls usually have symbols painted on the inside, the meaning of 
which the present Indians do not know. In general, these figures are simple, of a 
single color, representing the cloud, tadpoles, offerings to the gods, and occasionally 
flowers, insects, and birds. On the outside they have not usually more than the 
border of the bowl and offerings to the gods. 

STARS ON THE WALL. 

The four stars on the wall and the three bows over the windows are made of baskets, 
on which are seen the different decorations with which the Indians embellished this 
class of objects. The baskets which the Ho-pi made are of two distinct classes, 
the respective characters of which are best observed in those over the windows. 

The Indians use them for carrying bread or flour, and they are a very common 
article in the interior of every house. In the ceremony of La-la-kon-ti those who 
take part in it carry them in their hands, and throw them at the spectators as 
presents. 

These baskets were made by the Indians of Tusayan, and are characteristic of this 
tribe. They have figures painted on them in tho colors of the country, reproducing 
symbolism of religious or profane subjects. 

The class of baskets with a continuous spiral is made in the second mesa; the 
other kind in O-rai-bi, the most populous and least civilized of all the pueblos 
of Tusayan. When the outer end of the spiral remains loose the fact is symbolic, 
and has the same meaning as the unclosed band with which some of the ancient 
and modern vases are oruamented. The inhabitants of the first mesa do not make 
these baskets. 

BLANKETS NAILED TO THE WALL. 

The blankets covering the walls of the room of the Hemenway collection were 
made by the Navajo Indians, who are nomadic, and are neighbors of the Tusayan 
Indians. The figures are symbolic, representing star, lightning, and other gods. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 303 

Some of the colors are pigments of the country, others paints bought from the 
whites. All these blankets were woven by women with hand looms, from wool spun 
by the Indians. Under No. 2 are shown a small model of a loom and the accompa- 
nying implements. The Tusayan Indians have long known how to weave blankets, 
and probably taught the art to the Navajoes. The zigza'g figures representthe light- 
ning, and the crosses the Star god. The men wear these blankets in the ceremonies, 
but they weave others with the sole object of selling them to the white traders. 
They usually use the wool of sheep, though the Ho-pi make blankets also of rabbit 
skins. The ceremonial blankets are generally made from the cotton of the country. 
The Navajos, who live near the line of the railroad, use wool spun in American 
factories, which the traders sell them. 

ANCIENT ALTAR CLOTH. 

This very ancient cloth was painted by an order of priests called the "Clowns" 
or ''Gluttons" (Tcu-ku-wym-ki-ya). It has been used in many of their secret cere- 
monies, and the owners were with great difficulty induced to give it up, owing to 
the honor and respect which they pay to their secret rites. The rites in which it 
was used are unknown, and the symbolism is obscure, but figures of the dragon rly 
and tadpole are seen pictured upon it. 

The figure in the center has some connection with the gods of the cardinal points, 
and is sometimes seen on the helmets worn by those who take part in the sacred 
dances. The altar cloth is surrounded by a belt which is like that which the women 
commonly wear. 

SYMBOLIC ORNAMENTS ON THE WALLS. 

The two pictures on the walls above the blankets represent common symbols of 
the Ho-pi Indians. That on the left is a copy of the sand picture made in the cere- 
mony of the Serpent by Wi-kio Chief of the priests of the Antelope. It represents 
the four clouds, of four distinct colors, corresponding to the four cardinal points. The 
four darts are the four lightning serpents, two of which, the green and the white, are 
females, and two, the yellow and the red, males. They have the respective symbols 
of their sex painted on one side of the head. A rectangle with two diagonals dis- 
tinguishes tho female. Over the symbol of the male lightning serpent is painted a. 
small cylinder of willow, from which hangs a cord with feathers at its end. Over 
the symbol of the female is placed a similar object in the shape of a hoop made of 
corn husk. A necklace consisting of four black parallel lines around the neck is 
painted on every lightning serpent. 

The representation of the cloud and the lightning are in a frame of four colors, 
emblematic of the four cardinal points. A number of parallel black lines, repre- 
senting the rain, issue from the lower line. 

The symbol of the gods of rain, O-mow-uh, is found, with some modifications, on 
pottery, blankets, baskets, pictures, and the articles used in the dance, and is one 
which these people reproduce most frequently. Almost all the ceremonies have for 
their object a prayer that this god will be propitious to them, and offerings are 
made to him in all their secret rites. 

The picture on the right represents Sa-li-ko-ma-na, a beneficent goddess, the wife of 
Sa-li-ko. This goddess brought man the seeds of all the vegetables, and is regarded 
a very beneficent being. The reader will find her symbolism in the number relat- 
ing to the image of this divinity. The red lines on the body probably represent the 
ancient feather ornaments. This picture is a copy of a drawing of the goddess made 
on a (day tile, and is an exact reproduction of it in all its details. The wings which 
it has on the sides of tho body represent clouds. 

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ni:\ii:\\\ \v EXPEDITION. 

The publications of the Hemenway expedition during the last two years are found 
in the Journal of American Folk Lore, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston; The Amer- 
ican Anthropologist, Washington, D. C, and others. The official organ is A Journal 



304 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

of American Ethnology and Archaeology, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, two vol- 
umes of which have heen already published. 

Copies of the publications are exhibited in this case. 

Volume I, Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeology, contains an article on 
Zufii melodies, by Mr. B. I. Gilman. This music was taken from the Indian singer by 
the phonograph. In this case is seen one of the cylinders of the phonograph on which 
Indian music was taken. The Indians were made to sing in front of the phono- 
graph, and the impressions thus obtained serve to retain the music and were used in 
writing it. The members of the Hemenway expedition were the first to employ this 
method. 



THE BANDELIER COLLECTION OF COPIES OF DOC- 
UMENTS RELATIVE TO THE HISTORY OF NEW 
MEXICO AND ARIZONA. 

[From the archives of the Hem en way expedition.] 

The books placed on the lower shelf in this case are copies of ancient 
docnments now existing - in Mexico, Santa Fe, N. Mex., and other points 
in the southwestern part of the United States. 

These copies were made by the eminent scholar, Mr. A. F. Bandelier, 
formerly a member of the expedition. Part of the results of his studies 
on the historical documents of New Mexico and Arizona, the portion 
of the United States constituting the principal base of the labors of the 
Hemenway expedition, were published by the Archaeological Institute 
of America and the Hemenway expedition, in the volume on exhibi- 
tion. 

The following is a list of the works copies of which are exhibited in 
this case : 

SONORA. 
[Spanish titles and translation.] 

1. Mision de Nebomes de N. P. S. Francisco de Borja. AGos de 1658-59. 
Neborues Mission of Our Holy Father Francisco de Borja. 1658-59. 

2. Carta dando noticia al P. Provincial Ambrosio Odobe que los Pimos piden el 

bautismo. P. Jose Osorio, S. J., 1690. 
Letter notifying the Father Provincial Ambrosio Odobe that the Pimos ask for 
baptism. Father Jose Osorio, S. J., 1690. 

3. Informe al Virrey del estado de las Misiones de la Compania en Sinaloa y Sonora. 

General D. Pedro Rivera, 1727. 
Report to the Viceroy of the state of the Company's Missions in Sinaloa and 
Sonora. General Don Pedro Rivera, 1727. 

4. Testimonio aute"ntico de lo sucedido en la visita que, por drden del Dean y Cabildo 

de Guadalajara, hizo en las Misiones de Sinaloa y Sonora. Fr. D. Tomas de 
Ugarte, 1673. 
Authentic testimony of what happened on the visit which he made, by order of 
the Dean and Chapter of Guadulajara, to the Missions of Sinaloa and Sonora. 
Fray Don Tomas de Ugarte, 1673. 

5. Catalogo de las partidaa de Sonora. 1685. 
List of the laws of Sonora. 1685. 

6. Breve reJacion de la victoria de los Pimos. P. Eusebio Francisco Kino, S. J., 1698. 
Brief account of the victory over the Pimos. Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, 

S. J., 1698. 

7. Relacion de Nuestra Senora de los Remedios. P. Eusebio Francisco Kino, S. J., 

1698. 
Account of Our Lady of the Remedies. Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S. J., 
1698. 

8. Carta al P. Horacio Polici. P. Eusebio Francisco Kino, S. J., 1698. 

Letter to Father Horacio Polici. Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S. J., 1698. 
H. Ex. 100 L'O 305 



306 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

9. Relacion del estado tie la Pimeria. PP. Horacio Polici y E. Kino, 1697. 

Account of the state of the Pimeria. Fathers Horacio Polici and E. Kino, 1697. 

10. Relacion del viaje al Rio Gila. PP. Kino, Crist6bal Bernal, etc., 1697. 
Account of the journey to the River Gila. Fathers Kino, Cristobal Bernal, etc., 

1697. 

11. Carta al Virrey. P. Miguel Janvier Almansa, S. J.. 1724. 

Letter to the Viceroy. Father Miguel Garico Almansa, S. J., 1724. 

12. Idem. 
The same. 

13. Informe del Capittin y de los vecinos del Real de Nacosari. D. Ventura Fernandez 

Calvo, 1724. 
Report of the Captain and residents of the Real de Nacosari. Dou Ventura 
Fernandez Calvo, 1724. 

14. Estado de la provincia de Sonora. 1730. 
State of the Province of Sonora. 1730. 

15. Noticias de la Pimeria. 1740. 
Notes on the Pimeria. 1740. 

16. Carta al P. Rector Jose" de Echeverria. P. Jacob Sedelmair, S. J., 1747. 
Letter to the Father Rector Jose de Echeverria. Father Jacob Sedelmair, S. J., 

1747. 

17. Relacion de los Rios Gila y Colorado. P. Jacob Sedelmair, S. J., 1746. 
Account of the Gila and Colorado Rivers. Father Jacob Sedelmair, S. J., 1746. 

18. Noticia breve de la expedicion de Sonora y Cinaloo. 1771. 
Brief account of the expedition to Sonora and Sinaloa. 1771. 

19. Noticia de las Misiones de Sonora. P. Fr. Antonio de los Reyes, 1772. 
Account of the Missions of Sonora. Father Fray Antonio de los Reyes, 1772. 

NEW MEXICO. 1595—1778. 

1. Discurso y proposici6n que se hace a" V. M. de lo tocante a los descubrimientos 

dez Nuevo Mejico. Conde de Monterey, 1602. 
Address and proposition made to Your Majesty with regard to the discoveries of 
New Mexico. Count de Monterry, 1602. 

2. Real c6dula. 1685. 
Royal decree. 1685. 

3. Informe al Rey sobre las tierras de Nuevo Mej ico, Quivira y Teguayo. Fr. Alonso 

de Posados, 1686. 
Report to the King on the lands of New Mexico, Quivira and Teguayo. Fray 
Alonso de Posados, 1686. 

4. Memorial acerca de la replobaeion de Nuevo Mejico, y ventajas que ofrece el 

reino de Quivira. Fr. Nicolas Lopez, 1686. 
Memorial with regard to the resettlement of New Mexico, and advantages 
offered by the kingdom of Quivira. Fray Nicolas Lopez, 1686. 

5. Memorial informaudo de las naciones del Oriente. Juan Doininguez de Men- 

doza, 1686(f). 
Memorial giving an account of the nations of the East. Juan Dominguez de 
Meudoza, 1686 (?). 

6. Real cedula. 1596. 
Royal decree. 1596. 

7. Mandamiento a" D. Juan de Onate. Conde de Monterey, 1596. 
Order to Don Juan de Onate. Count de Monterey, 1596. 

8. Relaciones de todas las cosas que en el Nuevo M6jico se han visto y sabido, asi 

por mar como por tierra, desde el alio de 1538 hasta el de 1626. Fr. Jeroniino 
de Zarate Salrnerdn, 1626. 
Accounts of all the things which have been seen and known in New Mexico, 
both by sea and laud, from the year 1538 to the year 1626. Fray Jer6nimo de 
Zarate Salmeron, 1626. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 307 

9. Relacioii anonima de la reconquista y de la replobacion del Nuevo Mejico. 1718. 
Anonymous account of the reconquest and of the resettlement of New Mex- 
ico. 1718. 

10. Diario y derrotero de lo caminado, visto, y observado en el discurso de la visita 

general de presidios situados en las provincias Ynternas de Nueva Espafia. 
D. Pedro de Rivera, 1736. 
Diary and itinerary of the traveling, seeing, and observing in the account of 
the general inspection of forts situated in the interior provinces of New Spain. 
Don Pedro de Rivera, 1736. 

11. Carta al P. Fr. Agustin Morn. Fr. Silvestre Ye"lez de Escalante, 1778. 

Letter to Father Fray Agustin Morfi. Fray Silvestre Velez de Escalante, 1778. 

NEW MEXICO, 1541-1793. 

1. Relacioii postrera de Si vol a. Fr. Toribio Motolinia, 1541. 
Last account of Sivola. Fray Toribio Motolinia, 1541. 

2. Real cedilla. 1570. 
Royal decree. 1570. 

3. Real ceMula. 1600. 
Royal decree. 1600. 

4. Ley inserta en la Ordenanza del 17 de Diciembre, 1603. 
Law inserted in the Ordinance of December 17, 1603. 

5. Real c6dula. 1620. 
Royal decree. 1620. 

6. Peticion contra Juan Lopez Holguin. Pobladores de San Gabriel, 1604. 
Petition against Juan Lopez Holguin. Settlers of San Gabriel, 1604. 

7. Autos de Proceso contra Juan de Escafiamad, 1617. 
Proceedings in the suit against Juan de Escafiamad, 1617. 

8. Real cedula, 1631. 
Royal decree, 1631. 

9. Real cedula, 1636. 
Royal decree, 1636. 

10. Mandamiento del Tribunal de la Santa Cruzada. Don Lopez Altamirano y Cas- 

tilla, 1633. 
Order of the Court of the Holy Crusade. Don Lopez Altamirano y Castilla, 1633. 
Mandamiento del Yirrey de la Nueva Espafia. Marque's de Cerraloo, 1634. 
Order of the Viceroy of New Spain. Marquis de Cerralbo, 1634. 
Autos sobre las Misiones de Zuni, 1636. 
Documents concerning the Zuni Missions, 1636. 
Autos sobre excomuniones, 1636. 
Decrees concerning excommunications. 1636. 
Carta ii Fr. Cristobal de Quiros. Fr. Jeronimo de la Liana, 1636. 
Letter to Fray Crist6bal de Quiros. Fray Jeronimo de la Liana, 1636. 
Carta al Yirrey. Fr. Pedro Zambrano, 1636. 
Letter to the Yiceroy. Fray Pedro Zambrano, 1636. 
( larta al Yirrey. Fr. Antonio de Ybargaray, 1636. 
Letter to the Yiceroy. Fray Antonio de Ybargaray, 1636. 
Carta al Yirrey. Cust" DeP del Nuevo Mejico, 1636. 
Letter to the Yiceroy. Custody and defence of New Mexico, 1636. 
Certificacion. Fr. Cristobal de Quiros, 1636. 
Certificate. Fray Cristobal de Quiros, 1636. 
Carta al Yirrey. Francisco Gomez Soto Mayor, 1638. 
Letter to the Viceroy. Francisco Gomez Soto Mayor, 1638. 
Carta al Yirrey. Cabildo de Santa F6, 1639. 
Letter to the Yiceroy. Corporation of Santa IV, 1639. 
Informs al Conde de Salvatierra. D.Juan de Palafox y Meudoza, Obispo, etc., 

1642. 



308 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Report to the Count de Salvatierra. I>ou Juan de Palafoa y Mendoza, Bishop, 
etc., 1042. 
22. Real cedula. 1643. 

Royal decree. L643. 
23. 1 Antos de proeeso (original). Alonso Pacheco de Heredia, 1643. 

Proceedings of suit (original). Alonso Pacheco de Heredia, 1643. 

24. Carta al Rey. Fr. Andre's Suarez, 1647. 
Letter to the King. Fray Andre's Suarez, 1647. 

25. Real cedula, 1650. 
Royal decree. 1650. 

26. Real cedula. 1654. 
Royal decree. L654. 

27. Mandamiento sobre los Indios hravos. Diego de Penalosa Brizeno, 1664. 
Order concerning the savage Indians. Diego de Peiialosa Brizeno, 1664. 

28. Real cedula. 1665. 
Royal decree. 1665. 

29. Real cedula. 1668-. 
Royal decree. 1668. 

30. Real cedula. 1674. 
Royal decree. 1674. 

31. Carta al Yirrey. Fr. Francisco de Ayeta, 1676. 
Letter to the Viceroy. Fray Francisco de Ayeta, 1676. 

32. Parecer del Fiscal Real. Martin do Solis Miranda, 1676. 

Opinion of the Royal Attorney-General. Martin de Solis Miranda, 1676. 

33. Auto acordado. Audiencia de Mejico, 1676. 
Decree granted. Audience of Mexico, 1676. 

34. Real cedula. 1678. 
Royal decree. 1678. 

35. Djario del sitio de Santa Fe\ Antonio de Oteriuin, 1680. 
Journal of the siege of Santa Fe. Antonio de Otermfn, 1680. 

36. Diario de la salida de Nuevo Mejico. Antonio de Oterrnin, 1680. 
Journal of the departure from New Mexico. Antonio de Oternn'n, 1680. 

37. Carta al Virrey. Fr. Francisco de Ayeta, 1680. 
Letter to the Viceroy. Fray Francisco de Ayeta, 1680. 

38. Interrogatorios y declaraciones de Indios. Antonio de Oterrnin, 1681. 
Interrogatories and declarations of Indians. Antonio de Oterrnin, 1681. 

39. Merced a Ignacio de Roybal. Pedro Rodriguez Cuhero, 1698. 
Grant to Ignacio de Royhal. Pedro Rodriguez Cuhero, 1698. 

40. Merced a Lorenzo de Carahajal. Martin Hurtado, 1707-8. 
Grant to Lorenzo de Carahajal. Martin Hurtado, 1707-8. 

41. Merced a Juan Gonzalez. Jose Chacon Medina Salazar, 1711-12. 
Grant to Juan Gonzalez. Jose Chac6n Medina Salazar, 1711-12. 

42. Carta al Virrey. Pedro Ferrnin de Mendinueta, 1772. 
Letter to the Viceroy. Pedro Ferrnin de Mendinueta, 1772. 

43. Apuntes historicos sobre el Nuevo Mejico. Antonio Bonilla, 1776. 
Historical notes on New Mexico. Antonio Bonilla, 1776. 

44. Descripcion Geografica de Nuevo Mejico. Fr. Juan Agustin Morn, 1782. 
Geographical description of New Mexico. Fray Juan Agustin Morn, 1782. 

45. Comunicado de Real cedula (original). Marque's de Sonora, 1786. 
Communication of Royal decree. Marquis of Sonora, 1786. 

46. Comunicado de mandamiento del Virrey (original). Jacoho Ugarte y Loyola, 

1786. 
Communication of order of the Viceroy (original). Jacoho Ugarte y Loyola, 
1785. 

'Mentioned in tahle of contents, not in the volume. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 309 

d7. Real cedilla sobre religiosos. 1603. 
Royal decree concerning monks. 1603. 

48. Real ceMula sobre religiosos. 1624. 
Roj al decree concerning monks. 1624. 

49. Real cedula, Patronazgo. 1629. 
Royal decree, presentations. 1629. 

50. Real cedula, Patronazgo. 1634. 
Royal decree, presentations. 1634. 

51. Keales provisiones y cedillas sobreiel tratamiento de Lob Indios y su proteccion. 

Juan Francisco de Montemayor, 1530-1677. 
Royal directions and decrees concerning the treatment of the Indians and their 
protection. Juan Francisco de Montemayor, 1530-1677. 

NEW MEXICO AND CHIHUAHUA, 1602-1690. 

1. Real c6dula en favor de D. Juan de Ofiate y de sus descendieutes. D. Felipe III, 

1602. 
Royal decree in favor of Don Juan de OQate and of his descendants. Don Philip 
III. 1602. 

2. Nomhrainiento del Capitan Thome Dominguez por Cabo del Despacho. Francisco 

Martinez de Baeza, 1636. 
Appointment of Captain Thom6 Dominguez as Chief of the Office. Francisco 
Martinez de Ba^za, 1636. 

3. Auto de fundacioh de la Misidn de Nuestra Seiiora de Guadalupe de los Mausos 

del Paso del Norte. Fr. Gracia de San Francisco, 1659. 
I tecree of establishment of the Mission of Our Lady of Guadalupe of the Mansos 
of Paso del Norte. Fray < rracia de San Francisco, 1659. 

4. Certificado de benedicion de la piedra fundamental de la Iglesia de Nneatra 

Sefiora de Guadalupe del Paso." Fr. Gracia de San Francisco, 1662. 
Certificate of benediction of the corner stone of the church of Our Lady of 
Guadalupe of the Pass. Fray Gracia de San Francisco, 1662. 

5. Autos que se hicieron sobre clamar los vecinos deeste reino para salir amejorarse 

de puesto por la grave necesidad que padecian. Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 
1 lecrees issued with regard to the residents of this kingdom clamoring to change 
their location for a better one on account of the great distress which they 
were suffering. Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 

6. Extractos del " Lihro Real de Asientos y Pagos de Pobladores y Soldados, etc." 

Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 
Extracts from the Royal Book of Entries and Payments of Settlers and Soldiers, 
etc. Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 

7. Tanto de Requerimiento que se despacho & Francisco Ramirez, Alcalde Mayor de 

Casas Grandes. Antonio de Otermin, L681. 
Requisition sent to Francisco Ramirez, Chief Alcalde of Casas Grandes. Antonio 
de Otermin, 1681. 

8. Baudo. Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 
Proclamation. Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 

9. Autos y diligehcias por dichos de algunas Personas. Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 
Decrees and proceedings on depositions of some persons. Antonio de Otermin, 

1681. 

10. Fragmento de los autos 4 interrogatorios. Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 
Fragment of the decrees and interrogatories. Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 

11. Autos y dilige'nciaa sobre poblar y asentar los Indios Puebloo, traidos del Nuevo 

Mejico, en las inmediaciones del Paso del Norte. Antonio de otermin, 1682. 
Decrees and proceedings with regard to settling and fixing in the neighborhood 
of Paso del Norte the Pueblo Indians brought from New Mexico. Antonio de 
Otermin, 1682. 



310 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

12. Autos criniinales contra Juan Paititi. Antonio de Oteriniu, 1682. 
Criminal proceedings against Juan Paititi. Antonio de Oterrnin, 1682 

13. Causa contra Juan Cucala. Antonio de Otermin, 1682. 
Suit against Juan Cucala. Antonio de Otermin, 1682. 

14. Mandamiento del Virrey de la Nueva Espafia, en que declara la judisdiccion desde 

el Rio del Sacramento de esta jurisdiccion del Nuevo Mejico. Marques de la 
Laguna, 1682. 
Order of the Viceroy of New Spain, in which he declares the jurisdiction of New 
Mexico (to extend) from the Sacramento River. Marquis de la Laguna, 1682. 

15. Representacuui al Virrey de parte del Gohernador de la Nueva Vizcaya. Bartol- 

ome" de Estrada, 1683. 
Representations to the Viceroy from the Governor of New Biscay. Bartolome" 
de Estrada, 1683. 

16. Certificaci6n del Escribauo Real. Miguel do Aranda, 1683. 
Certificate of the Royal Notary. Miguel de Aranda, 1683. 

17. Informe de los pohladores, etc., de San Joseph de Parral. Justicia y vecinos de 

Parral, 1683. 
Report of the settlers, etc., of San Joseph de Parral. Magistrate and residents 
of Parral, 1683. 

18. Bando que so publico para que todos los vesinos pasen muestra. Domingo Jironza 

Petriz de Cruzate, 1683. 
Proclamation published for all the residents to be mustered. Domingo Jironza 
Petriz do Cruzate, 1683. 

19. Declaracidn sobre la muerte de un Indio Jano. Diego Varela, 1683. 
Declaration concerning the death of a Jano Indian. Diego Varela, 1683. 

20. Ordenquedi6SuSenoriaiiFelipe Bravo. Domingo Jironza Petriz deCruzate, 1683. 
Order given by His Excellency to Felipe Bravo. Domingo Jironza Petriz de 

Cruzate, 1G83. 

21. Instruccidn militar al Sargento Mayor Roquo de Madrid, para la campana contra 

los Mansos. Domingo Jironza Petriz do Cruzate, 1684. 
Military instructions to Sergeant-Major Roque de Madrid for the campaign 
against the Mansos. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684. 

22. Petici6n al Gohernador Petriz de Cruzate. Francisco de Anaya, 1684. 
Petition to Governor Petriz de Cruzate. Francisco de Anaya, 1684. 

23. Iuterrogatorios de Indios (fragmento). Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 
Interrogatories of Indians (fragment). Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 

24. Confesiones y declaraciones de varios Indios de los pueblos del Nuevo Mejico 

(fragmento tronco, etc.). Antonio de Otermin, 1683. 
Confessions and declarations of several Indians from the pueblos of New Mexico 
(mutilated fragment). Autonio do Otermin, 1683. 

25. Causa criminal, por denunciacion de Andres Jopita, contra nueve Indios, etc. 

Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684. 
Criminal prosecution on the accusation of Andres Jopita against nine Indians, 
etc. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684. 

26. Causa criminal contra los Indios Cristianos Mansos. Domingo Jironza Petriz de 

Cruzate, 1684. 
Criminal prosecution against the Christian Manso Indians. Domingo Jironza 
Petriz do Cruzate, 1684. 

27. Confesion de Francisco, Indio de nacion Tigua de la Isleta. Domingo Jironza 

Petriz de Cruzate, 1684. 
Confession of Francisco, an Indian of the Tigua de la Isleta nation. Domingo 
Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684. 

28. Diariodel viaje ii la junta de losrios, y hasta el riode Pecos yNuecos (fragmento). 

Juan Dominguez Mcndoza, 1684. 
Diary of the journey to the confluence of the rivers, and to the Pecos and Xuecos 
Rivers (fragment). Juan Dominguez Mendoza, 1684. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 311 

29. Carta al Gobernador Cruzate. Felipe Romero y otros, 1684. 
Letter to Governor Cruzate. Felipe Romero and others, 1684. 

30. Pedimento al Maestre de Campo Dominguez de Mendoza. Felipe Romero y otros, 

1684. 
Petition to Quartermaster Dominguez de Mendoza. Felipe Romero and others, 
1684. 

31. Petici6n al Gobernador Cruzate. Felipe Romero y otros, 1684. 
Petition to Governor Cruzate. Felipe Romero and others, 1684. 

32. Acto que se hizo en el penol de los Xanos, etc. Francisco Ramirez de Salazar, 

1684. 
Proceedings which took place at the Rock of Los Xanos. Francisco Ramirez 
de Salazar, 1684. 

33. Auto de remisidn al Virrey de los autos formados por Juan Dominguez de Men- 

doza sobre sus descubriinientos. Domingo Petriz de Cruzate, 1684. 
Act of delivery to the Viceroy of the documents drawn up by Juan Dominguez 
de Mendoza concerning his discoveries. Domingo Petriz de Cruzate, 1684. 

34. Lista y muestra de la gente que va a, hacer castigo y justa guerra a los Iudios 

apostatas, etc., Jauos, Sumas y demits naciones. Roquo Madrid, 1684. 
List and muster roll of the men who are going to inflict punishment and just 
war on the apostate Indians, etc., Janos, Sumas and other nations. Roque 
Madrid, 1684. 

35. Orden contra el Sargento Mayor Sebastian de Herrera y sn familia. Domingo 

Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684. 
Order against Sergeant-Major Sebastian de Herrera and his family. Domingo 
Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1684. 

36. Testimonio sacado de los autos del Presidente del Cabildo, etc., en que piden 

licencia para salirse de este puesto. Cabildo de Santa Fe y el Gobernador 
Petriz de Cruzate, 1684. , 

Testimony drawn from the proceedings of the President of the Corporation, 
etc., in which they request permission to leave this post. Corporation of 
Santa Feand Governor Petriz de Cruzate, 1684. 

37. Orden del Sargento Mayor Roquo Madrid para que ejecute la sentencia de muerte 

pronunciada contra los Apaches. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685. 
Order to Sergeant-Ma j or Roque Madrid to execute the sentence of death pro- 
nounced against the Apaches. Domingo Jirouza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685. 

38. Registro de una mina de plomo de Abalos. Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 

1685. 
Register of a lead mine at Abalos. Domingo Jirouza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685. 

39. Autos del Pleito entre Francisco Lucero y Juan Dominguez de Mendoza. Domingo 

Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685. 
Record of the suit between Francisco Lucero and Juan Dominguez de Mendoza, 
1685. 

40. Testimonio de las rcquisitorias que se remitieron a" diferentes jurisdiciones. 

Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685. 
Statement of the requisitions sent to various jurisdictions. Domingo Jironza 
Petriz de Cruzate, 1685. 

41. Testimonio a la letra de la caussa criminal que se ha seguido contra el Maesl ri- 

de Campo Juan Dominguez de Mendoza y los demas que con el hicieron fuga. 
Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685. 
Literal report of the criminal proceedings instituted against Quartermaster 
Juan Dominguez de Mendoza and the others who fled with him. Domingo 
Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1685. 

42. Peticion al Cabildo de Santa Fe". Lorenzo Madrid y Sebastian Gonzalez, 1685. 
Petition to the Corporation of Santa Fe. Lorenzo Madrid and Sebastian Gonza- 
lez, 1685. 



312 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

43. Bando para que se est6 con toda guardia y custodia en sus easas. Pedro Reneros 

de Posada, 1686. 
Proclainatian to remain with all precautions and vigilance in their houses. 
Pedro Reneros de Posada, 1686. 

44. Sentencia contra los Indios cautivos del pueblo de Santa Ana. Pedro Reneros de 

Posada, 1687. 
Sentence against the captive Indians of the pueblo of Santa Ana. Pedro Reneros 
de Posada, 1687. 

45. Bando para que los soldados no vendan caballos, etc. Pedro Reneros de Posada, 

1687. 
Proclamation that the soldiers must not sell horses, etc. Pedro Reneros de 
Posada, 1687. . * 

46. Licencia al Maestro de Campo Juan Dominguez de Mendoza para que pueda 

sacar del Paso del Norte a su mujer y familia. Conde de la Mondova, 1688. 
Permission to Quartermaster Juan Dominguez de Mendoza to take his wife and 
family from Paso del Norte. Count de la Mendova, 1688. 

47. Licencia que se la concedi6 al Maestro de Campo Diego Lucero, por mandatodel 

Excmo Sr. Virrey. D. Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1689. 
Furlough granted to Quartermaster Diego Lucero by order of His Excellency 
the Viceroy. D. Jironza Petriz de Cruzate, 1689. 

48. Fragmentos de interrogatories tocante a la residencia de D. Pedro Reneros 

Posada, 1690. 
Fragments of interrogatories concerning the accounts of Don Pedro Reneros 
Posada, 1690. 

NEW MEXICO, 1620-1729. 

1. Traslado de Real cedilla dirijida al P. Fr. Esteban de Perea. Don Philip III. 

1620. 
Copy of Royal decree addressed to Father Fray Esteban de Perea. Don Philip 
III, 1620. 

2. Ynformaciones y dilig^ncias de Diego Lucero de Godoy, 1680. 
Marriage notice and proceedings of Diego Lucero de Godoy, 1680. 

3. Peticion al P. Custodio Fr. Francisco de Vargas. Pedro Reneros Posada, 1689. 
Petition to the Father Custodian, Fray Francesco de Vargas. Pedro Reneros de 

Posada, 1689. 

4. Testimonio de mandamientos de los Virrey es de la Nueva Espana, tocantes a" las 

limites delNuevo M6jico y de Nueva Vizcaya, 1682, 1690, 1749. 
List of orders of the Viceroys of New Spain, concerning the boundaries of New 
Mexico and New Biscay, 1682, 1690, 1749. 

5. Carta-patente para que se alisten los religiosos que quieran ir a" la conversion de 

los Apaches. Fr. Francisco de Vargas, 1691. 
Pastoral letter directing the enrollment of the ecclesiastics who wish to go to 
convert the Apaches. Fray Francisco de Vargas, 1691. 

6. Testimonio de peticion a" Diego de Vargas. Fr. Salvador de San Antonio, 1694. 

Copy of petition to Diego de Vargas. Fray Salvador de San Antonio, 1694. 

7. Certincaci6n de los huesos de Fr. Juan de Jesus, hallados en el pueblo de los Jemes, 

juntos a una estufa'. Diego de Vargas, 1694. 
Certification of the bones of Fray Juan de Jesus, found in the pueblo of the 
Jemes, near an "estufa." Diego de Vargas, 1694. 
S. Relacitfn sumaria de las operaciones mili tares del ano 1694 (fragmento). Diego de 
Vargas, 1694. 
Brief account of the military operations of the year 1694 (fragment). Diego de 
Vargas, 1694. 
'9. Ynformacion de Juan de Archebec y Antonia Gutierrez, viuda, 1697. 

Marriage notice of Juan de Archebec and Antonia Gutierrez, widow, 1697. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 313 

10. Repartimiento & los vecinos del Nuevo Mejico, tanto de goneros eorno de ganados. 

Diego de Vargas, 1697. 
Distribution to the inhabitants of New Mexico, both of goods and sheep. Diego 
de Vargas, 1697. 

11. Autos y edictos contra Juan Paez Hurtado. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1697. 
Proceedings and decrees against Juan Paez Hurtado. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 

1697. 

12. Ynformacidn y diligcncias matrimoniales de Peflro Meusnier y Lucia Madrid. 

1699. 
Marriage notice and proceedings of Pedro Meusnier and Lucia Madrid. 1699. 

13. Carta al Goberuador Pedro Rodriguez Cubero. Juan de Ulibarri, 1700. 
Letter to Governor Pedro Rodriguez Cubero. Juan de Ulibarri, 1700. 

14. Merced de Bernalillo. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1701. 
Grant of Bernalillo. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1701. 

15. Autos de guerra de la primera campafia contra los Apaches Faraones. Diego 

de Vargas, 1704. 
War documents of the first campaign against the Farao Apaches. Diego de 
Vargas, 1704. 

16. Carta de testamento. Diego de Vargas, 1704. 
Will. Diego de Vargas, 1704. 

17. Autos y juntas de guerra sobre las invasiones que haciau los Navajos. Francisco 

Cuerbo y Valdes, 1705. 
Proceedings and councils of war concerning the irruptions made by the Navajos. 
Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 1705. 

18. Maudamiento para que los vecinos del Nuevo Mejico euvien £ la doctrina los 

naturales mulatos y negros del reino. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 1705. 
Order for the inhabitants of New Mexico to send the mulatto and black natives 
of the kingdom to bo taught. Francisco Cuerbo y V aide's, 1705. 

19. Testimonio del mandamieuto del Virrey Duque de Alburquerque sobre la fundicion 

de la villa de Alburquerque, 1706. 
Copy of the order of the Viceroy Duke of Alburquerque concerning the founda- 
tion of the towu of Alburquerque, 1706. 

20. Carta al Goberuador Cuerbo y Valdes sobre que mande retirar la escolta de Zuni. 

Cristobal Gomez, 1706. 
Letter to Governor Cuerbo y Valdes with regard to his ordering the withdrawal 
of the garrison from Zuni. Cristobal Gomez, 1706. 

21. Orden al Capitan Francisco Valdes Soribas sobre la guerra coutra los Moquis. 

Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes v 1706. 
Order to Captain Francisco Valdes Soribas concerning the war against the 
Moquis. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 1706. 

22. Junta de guerra en el Pasaje de los Chupaderos, camiuo para Moqui. Juan Roque 

Gutierrez, 1706. 
Council of war at the Pass of the Suckers (Pasaje de los Chupaderos), on the 
road to Moqui. Juan Roque Gutierrez, 1706. 

23. Autos y diligcncias (fragmento). Antonio Valverde Coslq, i710. 
Decrees and documents (fragment). Antonio Valverde Cosio, 17b). 

24. Bando para que se despaehara una posta para la ciudad de Mejico. Marques de 

la Penuela, 1712. 
Proclamation concerning the dispatch of a courier to the city of Mexico. Mar- 
quis de la IVfiuela, 1712. 

25. Junta y auto sobre que se celebre el dia II de Septiembre, en conmemoraci6n de 

la toma de la villa por Vargas. Cabildo de Santa IV, 1712. 
Council and decree concerning the celebration of the 14th September, in com- 
memoration of the taking of the town by Vargas. Corporation oi: Santa Fe, 
1712. 



314 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

26. Testimonio tie diligencia sobre la fundacidn de Alburquerque, Santa Maria de 

Orado y San Diego de Pojuaque. Ignacio Flores Mogolldn, 1712. 
Copy of document concerning the foundation of Alburquerque, Santa Maria de 
Orado and San Diego de Pojuaque. Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1712. 

27. Auto y junta de guerra sobre un robo que hicieron los Navajos en San Ildefonso, 

etc. Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1713. 
Decree and council of war concerning a robbery committed by tbe Navajos at 
San Ildefonso, etc. Ignacio Flores Mogolldn, 1713. 

28. Auto y junta de guerra sobre los Apaches Faraones. Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 

1714. 
Decree and council of war concerning the Farao Apaches, Ignacio Flores 
Mogollon, 1714. 

29. Bando para que se bautizasen todos los cautivos Apaches en el Nuevo Mejico. 

Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1714. 
Proclamation that all the Apache prisoners in New Mexico must be baptized. 
Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1714. 

30. Testimonio de las juntas de guerra sobre hacer la guerra en la Sierra de Ladrones, 

y robo de un Espafiol qnetrajeron los Apaches. Ignacio Flores Mogoll6n, 1715. 
Proceedings of the councils of war with regard to carrying on the war in the 
Sierra do Ladrones (Robber Mountains), and abduction of a Spaniard whom 
the Apaches carried off. Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1715. 

31. Mandamiento al Cabildo de Santa Fe para que los soldados dierau sus poderes & 

quien les pareciere. Duque de Linares, 1715. 
Order to the corporation of Santa Fe for the soldiers to give their powers to 
whomever they please. Duke of Linares, 1715. 

32. Requerimiento al Vice-custodio para que ponga ministro en la Mision de alma de 

Zufii, y respuesta, etc. Ignacio Flores Mogoll6n, 1715. 
Request to the Vice-Custodian to place a priest at the spiritual Mission of Zufii, 
and reply, etc. Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1715. 

33. Certificaci6n de la entrega del gobiorno del Nuevo Mejico £ D. Felix Martinez. 

Cabildo de Santa Fe, 1715. 
Certificate of the surrender of the Government of New Mexico to Don Felix 
Martinez. Corporation of Santa Fe, 1715. 

34. Orden al Acalde Menor de la villa de Alburquerque, tenga aprontados de annas y 

caballos it los veciuos para la campana de Moqui. Felix Martinez, 1716. 
Order to the Lesser Alcalde of the town of Alburquerque to have the inhabitants 
furnished with arms and horses for the Moqui campaign. Felix Martinez, 1716. 

35. Testimonio do la suerte que entregaron el palacio al Gobernador D. Felix Marti- 

nez. Cabildo de Santa Fe, 1716. 
Certificate of the condition in which the palace was turned over to the Governor, 
Don Felix Martinez. Corporation of Santa Fe, 1716. 

36. Mendamiento para que los Indios vengan & pouer enramadas el dia de Corpus 

Christi. Felix Martinez, 1716. 
Order for the Indians to come and erect booths on Corpus Christi Day. Felix 
Martinez, 1716. 

37. Orden al Alcalde Mayor de Santa Cruz para que tenga aprontada la gente para 

la campana contra los Moquis. Felix Martinez, 1716. 
Order to the Chief Alcalde of Santa Cruz to have the forces prepared for the 
campaign against the Moquis. Felix Martinez, 1716. 

38. Mandamiento para la publicacidn de los edictos de la fe. Felix Martinez, 1716. 
Order for the publication of the edicts of the faith. Felix Martinez, 1716. 

39. Autos que se formaron sobre la entrada de la provincia de Moqui. Felix Mar- 

tinez, 1716. 
Decrees issued on the entrance into the province of Moqui. Felix Martinez, I 
1716. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 315 

40. Carta cordillera. Ft. Antonio Camargo, 1717. 
Letter. Fray Antonio Camargo, 1717. 

41. Probanza hecha por los oficiales del presidio de Santa* Fe contra D. Felix Mar- 

tinez (fraginento). 1718. 
Evidence given by the officers of the garrison of Santa Fe against Don Felix 
Martinez (fragment). 1718. 

42. Autos y pareceres sobre el pedimento de los Tanos do Galisteo de ir a Moqui. 

Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1718. 
Decrees and opinions concerning the petition of the Tanos of Galisteo to go to 
Moqui. Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1718. 

43. Proceso contra un Indio de Taos que habia tornado peyote y alborotado el pueblo. 

Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1720. 
Prosecution of a Taos Indian who had taken peyote and disturbed the town. 
Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1720. 

44. Junta y paraceres s&bre la Jornada al reconocimiento de las poblaciones Francesas 

al nordeste, y sobre establecimiento de un presidio en puesto del Cuartelejo. 
Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1720. 
Council and opinions with regard to the journey to inspect the French settlements 
to the northeast, and the establishment of a garrison at the post of the Quar- 
telejo. Antonio Valverde Cosio, 1720. 

45. Inventarios y autos de liquidation y participacion del caudal quo quod6 por la 

muerte del Capitan Juan de Archibeque. 1720. 
Inventories and decrees of settlement and distribution of the property left by 
the death of Capt. Juan de Archibeque. 1720. 

46. Autos y pareceres sobre la replobacidn del Nuevo Mejico y reconquista de Moqui. 

Antonio Cobian Bnsto, 1722. 
Decrees and opinions concerning the resettlement of New Mexico and the recon- 
quest of Moqui. Antonio Cobian Busto, 1722. 

47. Autos sobre comercio ilicito con los Franceses del Oriente y Luisiana. Juan 

Domingo Bustamante, 1721. 
Decrees concerning illicit commerce with the French of the East aud Louisiana. 
Juan Domingo Bustamante, 1721. 

48. Paraceres del Fiscal Real y del Auditor sobre la causa contra D. Antonio Valverde 

Cosio. y sentencia (fragmento). Marques de Casafuerte, 1727. 
Opinions of the Royal Attorney-General and Auditor touching the prosecution 
of Don Antonio Valverde Cosio and sentence (fragment). Marquis de Casa- 
fuerte, 1827. 

49. Apuntes sobre el ajzamiento de los pueblos del Jemez, Zia, Santa Ana y Cochiti, 

en el afio de 1728, y sobre la epidemia del sarampidn, la cual principid a lines 
del niismo afio. Fr. Carlos Delgado, 1729. 
Notes on the revolt of the towns of the Jemez, Zia, Santa Ana, and Cochiti, in the 
year 1728, and on the epidemic measles which began at the close of the same 
year. Frcy Carlos Delgado, 1729. 

NEW MEXICO, 1680-17G1. 

1. Ynforme al Virrey, Marques de Cruillas. Fr. Pedro Serrano, 1761. 
Report to the Viceroy, the Marquis de Cruillas. Fray Pedro Serrano, 1761. 

2. Carta al P. Proeurador Fr. Jose* Miguel de los Rfos. Fr. Manuel Trigo, 1754. 
Letter to the lather solicitor, Fray .Jose Miguel de los Rfos. Fray Manuel Trigo, 

1754. 

3. Estado de la Misidn de San Lorenzo de Zuinas. 
State of the Mission of San Lorenzo de Zumas. 

4. Carta al P. Comisario Fr. Domingo de Noriega. Fr. Francisco de Ayeta, 1680. 
Letter to the Father Commissary, Fray Domingo de Noriega. Fray Francisco do 

Ayeta, 1680. 



316 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

5. Carta al Virrey. Fr. Francisco de Ayeta, 1680. 
Letter to the Viceroy. Fray Francisco de Ayeta, 1680. 

6. Carta al P. Comisario" Fr. Pedro Navarrete. Fr. Jose Yrigoyen, 1744. 

Letter to the Father Commissary, Fray Pedro Navarrete. Fray Jose Yrigoyen, 
1744. 

7. Gobierno de las Misiones de Xemeze Ysleta. Fr. Joaquin de J6sus Ruiz. 
Management of the Missions of Xemeze Ysleta. Fray Joaquin de Je"sus Ruiz. 

8. Ynforme sohre las Misiones de Cebolieta, etc. D. Thomas Velez Gorchupin, 1750. 
Report on the Missions of Cebolieta, etc. Don Thomas Velez Gorchupin, 1750. 

9. Dictamen fiscal. Martin de Solis Miranda, 1681. 

Decision of the Attorney-General. Martin de Solis Miranda, 1681. 
10. Interrogatorios de preguntas, etc. Antonio de Otcrmin, 1681. 
Lists of questions, etc. Antonio de Otermin, 1681. 
Descripcion Geogrsinca Natural y Curiosa de la Provincia de Sonora, por un Amigo 

del servicio de Dios y del rey nuestro seiior. 1764. 
Geographical description, natural and curious, of the province of Sonora, by a 

friend of the service of God and of our Lord the King. 1764. (103 pages.) 

NEW MEXICO, 1682-1793. 

1. Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Sebastian de Herrera, 1682. 
Marriage notice of Sebastian de Herrera, 1682. 

2. Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Domingo de Herrera, 1683. 
Marriage notice of Domingo de Herrera, 1683. 

3. Peticion para dispensa matrimonial. Juan Lucero de Godoy, 1688. 
Petition for marriage dispensation. Juan Lucero de Godoy, 1688. 

4. Autos da fundacidn de la villa nueva de Santa Cruz de la Canada. Diego de 

Vargas, 1695. 
Decrees for the foundation of the new town of Santa Cruz de la Canada. Diego 
de'Vargas, 1695. 

5. Lista de ventiuna familias de Zacatecas que se mandaron poblar en la villa nueva 

de Santa Cruz. Diego de Vargas, 1696. 
List of twenty-one families of Zacatecas which were sent to settle in the new 
town of Santa Cruz. Diego de Vargas, 1696. 

6. Pedimento a Diego de Vargas para despoblar Santa Cruz y mudarse si la Ala- 

meda. Vecinos de Santa Cruz, 1696. 
Petition to Diego de Vargas to abandon Santa Cruz and move to the Alameda. 
Residents of Santa Cruz, 1696. 

7. Merced de la Bajada. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1698. ^ 
Grant of the Bajada (Descent). Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1698. 

8. Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Santiago Geollet. 1699. 
Marriage notice of Santiago Giollet. 1699. 

9. Merced a Lorenzo de Madrid. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1699. 
Grant to Lorenzo de Madrid. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1699. 

10. Causa de la Mision de San Juan contra Lorenzo de Madrid, sobre terrenos en el 

Canada. 1704-5. 
Suit of the Mission of San Juan against Lorenzo de Madrid, with regard to lands 
in the Canada. 1704-5. 

11. Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Miguel Duran y Maria de Gamboa. 1705-6. 
Marriage notice of Miguel Duran and Maria de Gamboa. 1705-6. 

12. Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Juan del Archibeque y Manuela Roybal. 1719. 
Marriage notice of Juan del Archibeque and Manuela Roybal. 1719. 

13. Autos de residencia de D. Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon. Juan de Estrada Antil- 

lon, 1721. 
Accounts of Don Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon. Juan de Estrada Antillon, 1721. 

14. Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Manuel Flores. 1723. i 
Marriage notice of Manuel Flores. 1723. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID 317 

15. Ynformaciones matrimoniales de Bernardino de Sena y Manuela Ruibal. lTi'7. 
Marriage notice of Bernardino de Sena and Manuela Ruibal. 1727. 

16. Merced de la Canada de Cochiti. Juan Domingo Bustaniaute, 1728. 
Graut of the Canada (Glen) of Cochiti. Juan Doiniugo Bustamante, 172S. 

17. Petici6n para poblar el pueblo viejo de Sandia. Indios genizaros, 1733. 
Petition to settle the old pueblo of Sandia. Mixed Indians, 1733. 

18. Consulta sobre Misiones de Navajos. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1744. 
Report on Navajo Missions. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1714. 

19. Auto y peticion sobre abandonar lospuestos de Abiquiu, Ojo Caliente and Pueblo 

Quemado. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748. 
Proceedings and petition with regard to abandoning the posts of Abiquiri, Ojo 
Caliente, and Pueblo Quemado. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748. 

20. Causa contra los Indios de los pueblos de Cochiti y Tezuque. Joaquin Codallos 

y Rabal, 1748. 
Suit against the Indians of the towns of Cochiti and Tezuque. Joaquin Codallos 
y Rabal, 1748. 

21. Causa contra, los Indios de San Juan. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748. 
Suit against the Indians of San Juan. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748. 

22. Declaracion sobre cosas de Navajo. Felix Sanchez, 1748. 
Declaration concerning Navajo matters. Felix Sanchez, 1748. 

23. Declaracion sobre cosas de Navajo. Indio Ventura, 1748. 
Declaratiou concerning Navajo matterB. Ventura Indian, 1748. 

24. Superior despacho sobre repueble de Sandia, y merced de Sandia. Joaquin 

Codallos y Rabal, 1748. 
Decisiou of the Governor concerning the resettlement of Sandia, and grant of 
Sandia. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748. 

25. Autos sobre el ataque de Pecos. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748. 
Decrees concerning the attack on Pecos. Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1748. 

26. AutoprohibiendoeldespuebledelpartidodeChama. ToniasVedez Cachupin, 1749. 
Decree forbidding the abandonment of the District of Chama. Tonuis Velez 

Cachupin, 1749. 

27. Autos sobre el repueble de Abiquiu. Tonuis Velez Cachnpiu, 1750. 

Decrees concerning the resettlement of Abiquiu. Tomris Velez Cachupin, 1750. 

28. Parecer sobre el repueble de Abiquiu. Marques de Altamira, 1750. 

Opinion with regard to the resettlement of Abiquiu. Marquis de Altamira, 1750. 

29. Carta al Gobernador del Nuevo Mejico. Conde de Revillagigedo, 1751. 
Letter to the Governor of New Mexico. Count of Revillagigedo, 1751 

30. Merced de Abiquiu. Toiuas Velez Cachupin, 1754. 
Graut of Abiquiu. Tonuis Velez Cachupin, 1754. 

31. Diligencias sobre la solicitud del cuerpo de Fr. Jeronimo dela Liana. Francisco 

Maria del Valle, 1759. 
Documents concerning the anxiety about the body of Fray Jeronimo de la Liana. 
Francisco Maria del Valle, 1759. 

32. Real posesiou de San Miguel de Laredo". Toinas VeJez Cachupin, 1759. 
Royal possession of San Miguel de Laredo. Tonuis Velez Cachupin, 1759. 

33. Merced del Ojo de San Mateo. Pedro Ferinin de Mendinueta, 1770. 

Grant of the Ojo de San Mateo (St. Matthew's Eye). Pedro lYnuiu de Mendi- 
nueta, 1770. 

34. Mandamiento sobre el repueble de Abiquiu. Pedro Formiu de Mendinueta, 1770. 
Order with regard to the resettlement of Abiquiu. Pedro Ferinin de Mendi- 
nueta, 1770. 

35. Representacion para desplobar el puesto de Canine. Pobladores de ( larnue", 1771. 
Petition for the abandonment of the post of Caruue. Settlers of Carnue, 1771. 

36. ¥6 de sepultura de las victimas de la matanza do Tome. Fr. Andre's Garcia, 1777. 
Certificate of the burial of the victims of the Tome massacre. Fray Andre's 

Garcia, 1777. 



318 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

37. Lista de las muertes heclias por los Indios gentiles en las parroquias de San Juan 

y Santa Clara. 1742-1818. 
List of the murders committed by tlie heathen Indians in the Parishes of San 
Juan and Santa Clara. 1742-1818. 

38. Sentencia dada a favor de los Indios de Santa Clara. Juan Bautista de Anza, 1780. 
Judgment given in favor of the Santa Clara Indians. Juan Bautista de Anza, 

1780. 

39. Apuntes sobre la epidernia de viruelas en San Juan y Chama. 1781. 
Notes on the smallpox epidemic in San Juan and Chama. 1781. 

40. Apuntes para la historia de Zuni. 1699-1711. 
Notes for the history of Zuni. 1699-1711. 

41. Apuntes para la historia de Pojuaque y Nambe". 1707-1753. 
Notes for the history of Pojuaque and Nambe. 1707-1753. 

42. Apuntes para la historia de San Ildefonso. 1700-1705. 
Notes for the history of San Ildefonso. 1700-1705. 

43. Apuntes para la historia de Pecos. 1695-1772. 
Notes for the history of Pecos. 1695-1772. 

44. Apuntes para la historia de Galisteo. 1728-1767. 
Notes for the history of Galisteo. 1728-1767. 

45. Apuntes para la historia de Alburquerque. 1774-1775. 
Notes for the history of Alburquerque. 1774-1775. 

46. Apuntes para la historia de Isleta. 1724-1776. 
Notes for the history of Isleta. 1724-1776. 

47. Apuntes para la historia de Picuires. 1748-1779. 
Notes for the history of Picuires. 1748-1779. 

48. Apuntes para la historia de Acoma y Laguna. 1728-1771. 
Notes lor the history of Acoma and Laguna. 1728-1771. 

49. Peticidn al Comandante de Arizpe. Indios Tehuas, 1786. 
Petition to the Commandant of Arizpe. Tehua Indians, 1786. 

50. Mandamiento al Alcalde Mayor de los Tehuas. Juan Bautista de Anza, 1784. 
Order to the Chief Alcalde of the Tehuas. Juan Bautista de Anza, 1784. 

51. Peticion contra el Alcalde de Laguna. Fr. Tomas Salvador Fernandez, 1786. 
Petition against the Alcalde of Laguna. Fray Tomas Salvador Fernandez, 1786. 

52. Memorial al Comandante General. Fr. Santiago Fernandez de Siena, 1784. 
Memorial to the Commander-in-chief. Fray Sautiago Fernandez de Siena, 1784. 

53 Orden ol Alealde Mayor de Santa Cruz. Fernando de la Concha, 1793. 
Order to the Chief Alcalde of Santa Cruz. Fernando de la Concha, 1793. 

NEW MEXICO, 1682-1715. 

1. Real c6dula, nombrando ii Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate por Gobernador de 

Nuevo Mejico. D. Felipe II, 1682. 
Royal decree appointing Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate Governor of New 
Mexico. Don Philip II, 1682. 

2. Peticion a Diego de Vargas. Francisco de Anaya Almazan, 1692. 
Petition to Diego de Vargas. Francisco de Anaya Almazan, 1692. 

3. Bando para que los habitantes del Paso del Norte se alisten para la entrada en el 

Nuevo Mejico. Diego de Vargas, 1693. 
Proclamation for the inhabitants of Paso del Norte to enroll themselves for the 
entrance into New Mexico. Diego de Vargas, 1693. 

4. Mandamiento para que se guarden al Cabildo de Santa F6 sus honores y preemi- 

nencias. Conde de Galve, 1694. 
Order that the corporation of Santa Fe retain its honors and privileges. Count 
de Galve, 1694. 

5. Mandamiento al Gobernador de Nueva Vizcaya. Conde de Galve, 1694. 
Order to the Governor of New Biscay. Couut de Galve, 1694. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 319 

6. Bando prokibiendo a los EspaQoles veuder armas a los Indios. Diego de Vargas, 

1695. 
Proclamation forbidding the Spaniards to sell arais to the Indians. Diego de 
Vargas, 1695. 

7. Testimonio y certiticacidn dada al P. Fr. Diego Leimos. Diego de Vargas, 1695. 
Recommendation and certificate given to Father Fray Diego Leimos. Diego de 

Vargas, 1695. 

8. Declaracion tocante a" que los pueblos Indios intentan sublevarse. Fr. Francisco 

de Vargas, 1695. 
Declaration concerning the intention of the Indian towns to revolt. Fray 
Francisco de Vargas, 1695. 

9. Carta a" Fr. Francisco de Vargas. Fr. Francisco Corbera, 1695. 
Letter to Fray Francisco de Vargas. Fray Francisco Corbera, 1695. 

10. Carta a" los Padres religiosos (fragmento). Fr. Francisco de Vargas, 1695. 
Letter to reverend Fathers (fragment). Fray Francisco de Vargas, 1695. 

11. Carta al P. Custodio (fragmento). Fr. Francisco Jimenez do Cisneros, 1696. 
Letter to the Father Custodian (fragment). Fray Francisco Jimenez de Cis- 
neros, 1696. 

12. Peticion & Diego de Vargas. Definitorio del Nuevo Mejico, 1696. 
Petition to Diego de Vargas. Chapter of New Mexico, 1696. 

13. Carta a" Diego de Vargas sobre la conjuracion de los pueblos. Definitorio del 

Nuevo Mejico, 1696. 
Letter to Diego de Vargas concerning the conspiracy of the Indian towns. 
Chapter of New Mexico, 1696. 

14. Peticion a Diego de Vargas sobre el proximo alzamiento de los pueblos. 

Definitorio del Nuevo Mejico, 1696. 
Petition to Diego de Vargas concerning the impending rising of the towns. 
Chapter of New Mexico, 1696. 

15. Petici6n a" Diego de Vargas. Fr. Francisco de Vargas, 1696. 
Petition to Diego de Vargas. Fray Francisco de Vargas, 1696. 

16. Carta al P. Custodio. Fr. Joseph de Arbizu, 1696. 

Letter to the Father Custodian. Fray Joseph de Arbizu, 1696. 

17. Aviso a Diego de Vargas. Domingo Tuguague, Gobernador de Tezuque, 1696. 
Warning to Diego de Vargas. Domingo Tuguague, Governor of Tezuque, 1696. 

18. Primer cuaderno de autos de guerra sobre el alzamiento de 1696. Diego de 

Vargas, 1696. 
First volume of war documents concerning the rising of 1696. Diego de Vargas, 
1696. 

19. Segundo cuaderno (incompleto). Diego de Vargas, 1696. 
Second volume (incomplete). Diego de Vargas, 1696. 

20. Escritura de venta de una casa en Santa Fe' a" Francisco de Anaya Alinaza'n. 

Hijas de Francisco Lucero, 1697. 
Deed of sale of a house in Santa Fe to Francisco de Anaya Almazan. Daughters 
of Francisco Lucero, 1697. 

21. Peticion contra Diego de Vargas. Cabildo de Santa Pe", 1697. 
Petition against Diego de Vargas. Corporation of Santa Fe, 1697. 

22. Petition y autos de pleyto contra Diego de Vargas. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1697. 
Petition and proceedings of suit against Diego de Vargas. Pedro Rodriguez 

Cubero, 1697. 

23. Orden de poner preso al Capitan Juan Paez Hurtado. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 

1697. 
Order to arrest Captain Juan Paez Hurtado. Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1697. 

24. Razon con el espiritu con que murieron los miuistros misioneros el alio de 

1696. 1696. 

Discourse on the spirit in which the missionary priests died in the year 1696. 
1696. 



320 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

25. Real cedula en favor tie Antonio Valverde Cosio. D. Carlos II, 1699. 
Royal decree in favor of Antonio Valverde Cosio. Don Carlos II, 1699. 

26. Certificacion en favor de Andres de Vetanzos. Cabildo de Santa F6, 1701. 
Certificate in favor of Andre's de Vetanzos. Corporation of Santa Fe, 1701. 

27. Interrogatorios en los pueblos de Laguna, Acoma y Zuni. Juan de Ulibarri, 1702. 
Interrogatories in tbe pueblos of Laguna, Acoma, and Zuni. Juan de Ulibarri, 

1702. 

28. Autos de justificaci6u a Diego de Vargas. Cabildo de Santa F<5, 1703. 
Documents of justification to Diego de Vargas. Corporation of Santa Fe, 1703. 

29. Petici6n al Marques de la Naba. Indios Tehuas, 1703. 
Petition to Marquis de la Naba. Tebua Indians, 1703. 

30. Autos sobre la llegada de Moquis al pueblo de Taos. Diego de Vargas, 1704. 
Decrees on the arrival of Moquis at the pueblo of Taos. Diego de Vargas, 1704. 

31. Inventario de los bienes de Diego de Vargas. Juan Paez Hurtado, 1704. 
Inventory of the property of Diego de Vargas. Juan Paez Hurtado, 1704. 

32. Autos de pleitos de los Indios de San Ildefouso contra Iguacio Roybal. Juan 

Paez Hurtado, 1704. 
Records of suits of the Indians of San lldefonso against Ignacio Roybal. Jaun 
Paez Hurtado, 1704. 

33. Bando sobre rescates con Apaches. Juan Paez Hurtado, 1704. 
Proclamation concerning ransoms with Apaches. Juan Paez Hurtado, 1704. 

34. Diligencias sobre haber contraido amistad los pueblos con los infieles. Juan 

Paez Hurtado, 1704-5. 
Documents with regard to the pueblos having contracted friendship with the 
heathen. Juan Paez Hurtado, 1704-5. 

35. Peticidn a favor de Antonio de Chaves. Fernando Duran y Chaves, 1705. 
Petition in favor of Antonio de Chaves. Fernando Duran y Chaves, 1705. 

36. Petici6n y autos sobre rescates. Francisc o Cuerbo y Valdes, 1705. 
Petition and decrees concerning rausoms. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 1705. 

37. Orden destinando a Nicolas Ortiz. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 1705. 
Order appointing Nicolas Ortiz. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 1705. 

38. Bando para que se reedifique la villa de Santa Fe. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes 

1705. 
Proclamation for the rebuilding of the town of Santa Fe. Francisco Cuerbo y 
Valdes, 1705. 

39. Carta al Maestre de Campo Juan Roque Gutierrez. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 

1706. 
Letter to Quartermaster Juan Roque Gutierrez. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 
1706. 

40. Peticion (\> Fr. Agustin de Colina. Pobladores de Santa Maria del Grado, 1706. 
Petition to Fray Agustin de Colina. Settlers of Santa Maria del Grado, 1706. 

41. Autos de junta de gnerra. Francisco Cuerbo y Valde"s, 1707. 
Proceedings of council of war. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 1707. 

42. Mandamiento sobre tierras. Marques de la Penuela, 1707. 
Order concerning lands. Marquis de la Penuela, 1707. 

43. Peticion contra Roque Madrid. Iudios de San Juan, 1707. 
Petition against Roque Madrid. San Juan Indians, 1707. 

44. Peticion al Cabildo Santa Fe. Vecinos de Alburquerque, 1708. 

Petition to the Corporation of Santa Fe. Residents of Alburquerque, 1708. 

45. Certificacion sobre cosas de Moqui (original fragmentario). Fr. Joseph Xardon, 

1728. 
Certificate concerning Moqui matters (fragmentary original). Fray Joseph 
Xardon, 1728. 

46. Mandamiento para que se pueblen los Indios Sumas. Juan Ignacio Flores 

Mogolldn, 1712. 
Order for settling the Suma Indians. Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1712. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 321 

47. Peticion al Definitorio tie Nuevo Mejico. Felix Martinez (original), 1712. 
Petition to the Chapter of New Mexico. Felix Martinez (original), 1712. 

48. Autos sobre la venida tie un Indio Tano, hnido tie los Navajos. Juan Ignacio 

Flores Mogollon, 1713. 
Documents concerning the arrival of a Tano Indian who had escaped from the 
Navajoes. Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1713. 

49. Junta de guerra sobre muertes hechas por los Apaches en el Arroyo Hondo. Juan 

Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1715. 
Council of war concerning murders committed by tbe Apaches at the Arroyo 
Hondo (Deep Stream). Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1715. 

50. Maudamignto al Gobernador tie Nuevo Mejico. Duque tie Linares, 1714. 
Order to the Governor of New Mexico. Duke de Linares, 1714. 

51. Causa contra Lorenzo Rodriguez. Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1715. 
Proceedings against Lorenzo Rodriguez. Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1715. 

A. Two documents are missing, one between Nos. 6 and 7, a fragmeut relating to 

Father Francisco de Jesus. Diego tie Vargas, 1694. 

B. The other between Nos. 35 and 36. Order, etc. Fraucisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 1705. 

MEXICO AND NEW MEXICO, 1692-1742. 

1. Peticion del Cabildo tie Santa Fe al Gobernador Diego tie Vargas, sobre desplobar 

el Paso del Norte, y retirarse a" otra parte del Sur, y autos hechos sobre el caso. 
Archivos U. S. Sur. Gen. Santa Fe (copia tie un fragmento), 1692. 
Petition of the Corporation of Santa Fe to Governor Diego de Vargas, with 
regard to abandoning Paso del Norte, and retiring to another part of the south, 
and documents drawn upon thesnbject. Archives of the U. S. Surveyor-General, 
Santa Fe (copy of a fragment), 1692. 

2. Diligencias hechas sobre la ruuerte tie Maria Quiteria Sandoval, mujer de Sebas- 

tian Antonio Varela ; cautivada por los Comanchcs en el pueblo tie Taos el aflo 
tie 1766. » Archivos de la parroquia del Paso del Norte, 1776. 
Documents drawn up concerning the death of Maria Quiteria Sandoval, wife of 
Sebastian Antonio Varela, taken prisoner by the Comanches in the town of 
Taos in the year 1766. Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte, 1776. 

3. Certilicacitin en favor del Bachiller D. Santiago tie Roybal, dada por el Goberna- 

dor del Nuevo Mejico, D. Gaspar Domingo do Mendoza, ano 1742. Archivos de 
la parroquia del Paso del Norte, Mejico (testiinonio), 1742. 
Certificate in favor of Bachelor-of-Arts Don Santiago de Roybal, given by the 
Governor of New Mexico, Don Gaspar Domingo de Mendoza, in the year 1712. 
Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte, Mexico (copy), 1742. 

4. Testiinonio a la letra del despaoho original del excelentisimo Sr. Conde de Fuen- 

clara, Yirrey, Gobernador y Capitan General que fue de esta Nueva Espafia, 
el cual me presento el R. P. Fr. Juan Joseph, Juez Misabal Custodio de esta 
Santa Ctistodia de la (on version tie San Pablo, en onion al establecimiento y 
fundacion de cuatro Misiones en la pro vincia de Navajo, en la forma que adentro 
se percibe. Archivos Territoriales de la Agrimensura General, Santa Fe, N. 
M., 1747, 
Literal copy of the original despatch of His Excellency the Count de I nenclara, 
former Viceroy, Governor, and Captain-General of this New Spain, which was 
given to me by the Rev. Father 1 ray .1 nan Joseph, Judge Custodian of this 
Holy Custody of the Conversion of St. Paul, for the establishment and founda- 
tion of four Missions in the province of Navajo, in the manner shown within. 
Territorial Archives of tho General Survey, Santa Fe, N. M., 1747. 

5. Requerimiento del Capitan I >. A lonso Victores Rubin de Zelis, al Vicario D. Miguel 

tie Oleachea, para que se retirase do la Misidn de las ('aides a las Casas Reales 
del Paso del Norte, por la sublevaci6n que intentaban los [ndios de la sobre- 
dicha Mi8i6n. Archivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Mejico, 1749. 
H. Ex. 100 21 



322 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Request of Captain Don Alonso Victores Rul»in de Zelisto the Vicar Dou Miguel 
de Oleachea, to withdraw from the Mission of Las Cables to the Casas Reales 
(Royal Houses) of Paso del Norte, on account of the rebellion which the Indians 
of that Mission were planning Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte, 
Mexico, 1749. 

6. Carta del Obispo D. Pedro Tamaron al Bachiller D. Santiago Roibal. Archivos 

de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Mexico, 1762. 
Letter of Bishop Don Pedro Tamaron to Bachelor Don Santiago Roibal. Archives 
of the Parish of Paso del Norte, Mexico, 1762. 

7. Ynbentario de los papeles pertenecientes ii lo gubernativo del tiempo que fui 

Gobernador y Capitan General de este nuevo reino de Mexico, y entrega que de 
ellos hago al Sr. D. Tom as Velez Cachupin, Gobernador y Capitan General de este 
dicho reino, hoy de Febrero de 1762, A. S. Papeles de Abraham Gold, Santa 
Fe\ N. M., 1762. 
Inventory of the papers belonging to the Government during the time that I was 
Governor and Captain-General of this new kingdom of Mexico, and delivery 
which I make of them to Don Tomas Ve"lez Cachupin, Governor and Captain- 
General of this said kingdom, this day of February, 1762. Papers of Abraham 
Gold, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1762. 

8. Inventario de los autos civiles y criminales obrados en el tiempo del gobierno 

del Sr. D. Tomas Velez Cachupin, en la seguuda vez que en propiedad se le 
concedi6 la piedad de S. M. de este reino de Nuevo M6jico. Papeles de Abra- 
ham Gold, Santa Fe, N. M., 1767. 
Inventory of the civil and criminal decrees issued during the time of the govern- 
ment of Don Tonics Velez Cachupin, during the second time that theifavor of 
His Majesty granted him the government of this kingdom of New Mexico. 
Abraham Gold's papers, Santa Fe, N. M., 1767. 

9. Parecer de la Real Audiencia de Mejico sobre la conducta de D. Diego de Vargas 

en la reconquista del Nuevo Mejico. Testimonio perteneciente a D. Jos* 5 
Lagunal, Santa Fe, N. M., 1697. 
Opinion of the Royal Audience of Mexico concerning the conduct of Don Diego 
de Vargas in the reconquest of New Mexico. Copy belonging to Don Jose 
Lagunal, Santa Fe, N. M., 1697. 

10. Mandamiento de la Nueva Espafia al Gobernador de Nuevo Mejico, Pedro Rodri- 

guez Cubero, tocante a lo resuelto en la junta general de la Audiencia Real de 
Mejico. Documentos pertenecientes a John Gray, Esq., Santa ¥6, N. M., 
1698. 
Order from New Spain to the Governor of New Mexico, Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 
with regard to what was resolved at the general meeting of the Royal Audi- 
ence of Mexico. Documents belonging to John Gray, Esq., Santa Fe, N. M., 
1698. 

11. Visita que hizo el Sr. Marques de la Naba de Brazinas, Gobernador y Capitan 

Gen era! de este reino y provincia de Nuevo Mejico, su conquistador a su costa 
y re conquistador Castellano de sus fuerzas y presidios por S. M., en donde 
c onstan las diligencias que en la villa nueva de Santa Cruz hizo sobre los 
pedimeutos que presentaron los vecinos Mejicanos, en que pretendian las 
tierras de dicha villa nueva y Canada, y lo derna's que en dicha visita de los 
naturales se ejecuto. Docmnentos pertenecientes a John Gray, Esq., Santa F6 
Nuevo Mexico, 1701. 
Visit made by the Marquis de la Naba de Brazinas, Governor and Captain-Gen- 
eral of this kingdom and province of New Mexico, its conqueror at his own 
cost, and Spanish reconqueror of its forces and forts for His Majesty, showing 
the action which he took in the new town of Santa Cruz, concerning the 
petitions presented by the Mexican inhabitants, in which they claimed the 
lands of the said new town and Canada (Glen), and the rest that was done 
during the said visit of the natives. Documents belonging to John Gray, 
Esq., Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1704. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 323 

12. ario cle la campana que el Maestro de Campo Roque Madrid hizo contra los 
Indios Navajos, por mandato del Gobernador D. Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 
el aflo 1705. El original para en posesidn del Sr. D. Jose" Segura, Sauta Fe", N. M. 

Journal of the campaign which the Quartermaster Roque Madrid made against 
the Navajo Indians by order of the Governor, Don Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, 
in the year 1705. The original is in the possession of Don Jose Segura, Santa 
Fe, N. M. 

13. Pai-ecer del P. Fr. Gonzalo Sobence Barreda, sobre la reduccion a pueblos de los 

Imlios Sumas. Archivos de la, Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Mejico, 1713. 
Opinion of Father Fray Gonzalo Sobence Barreda with regard to confining the 
Suma Indians to towns. Archives of the Parish of Paso del N»orte, Mexico, 
1713. 

14. Diligencias que se hiceron sobre hi sublevacion de los Indios Mansos, Sumas y 

Janos, y se remitieron los originales al superior gobierno de Su Excelencia. 
1711-1713. 
Documents drawn up concerning the rebellion of the Men so, Suma. and Jano 
Indians, the originals were transmitted to the superior government of His 
Excellency. 1711-1713. 

15. Mandamiento del Excmo. Sr. Duque de Linares, en que manda al Senor Goberna- 

dor D. Juan Ygnacio Flores Mogolldu, le iuforme sobre la entrada que pretende 
hacer a la provmcia de Moqui el P. Agustin de Campos, de la Coinpauia de 
Jesus. Archivos del U. S. Sur. Gen., Santa Fe, N. M., 1714. 
Order from his excellency ths Duke of Linares, in which he commands Governor 
Don Juan Ignacio Flores Mogolldu to report to him concerning the entrance 
which Father Agustin de Campos, of the Company of Jesus, intends to make 
into the province of Moqui. Archives of the U. S. Sur. Geu., Santa Fe, N. M., 
1714. 

16. Peticidn del Capitan Diego Arias y diligencias que se hicieron contra el del Tan- 

que de la Cienega. Archives del U. S. Sur. Gen., Santa Fe, N. M., 1715. 
Petition of Captain Diego Arias and proceedings instituted against Captain del 
Tanque de la Cienega. Archives of the U. S. Sur. Geu., Santa Fe, N. M., 1715. 

17. Diligencias ejecutadas contra los Indios Sumas por sus osadias y sublevacion. 

1725-27. 
Measures taken against the Suma Indians for their insubordination and rebel- 
lion. 1725-27. 

18. Declaracion de Miguel y de Maria Teresa acerca de uu parentesco que decian 

teniau. Archivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Mejico, 1727. 
Declaration of Miguel and Maria Teresa concerning a relationship which they 
said existed between them. Archives of the Parish ol Paso del Norte, Mexico, 
1727. 

19. Orden del Yicario D. Jos6 de Bustamante al P. Fr. Jose Antonio Guerrero, min- 

istero de Santa IV, para que casase a un Indio Panana con una India Cargua, 
ambos sirvientes. Archivos de la Parroquia de Nuestra Sefiora de Guadalupe 
del Paso del Norte, Mejico, 1732. 
Order of the Vicar, Dou Josd de Bustamante, to Father Fray .lose Antonio 
( ruerrero, minister (priest) of Santa Fe, to many a I 'a nan a Indian to a Cargua 
Indian woman, both servants. Archives of the Parish of our Lady of Guada- 
lupe of Paso del Norte, Mexico, 1732. 

20. Ynformaciones matrimoniales dadas por parte de Francisco Lira y Barbara, de 

nacidn Caigua, siruente del Capitan D. .Joseph de Aganza, en 29 de Heno de 
1735. Archivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Ciudad Juarez. 1735. 
Marriage notice given by Francisco Sira and Barbara, of the Caigua nation, ser- 
vant of Captain Don Joseph de Aganza, June 29, 1735. Archives of the Parish 
of Paso del Norte, Ciudad Juarez, 17:!">. 

21. Ynformaciones de Pedro Suriate eon Maria Petrona, hechas en este alio de 1732, 

Febrero 25. Archivos de la Parroquia de Nuestra Sefiora de Guadalupe del 
Paso del Norte, Mejico, 1732. 



324 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Marriage notice of Pedro Snriate and Maria Petrona, made this year of 1732, 

February 25. Archives of the Parish of Our Lady of Guadalupe of Paso del 

Norte, Mexico, 1732. 
Autos echos de visita para el teniente Coronel D. Caspar Domingo de Mendoza, 

Gounnador y Capitan G'ral del Reyno del Nuevo Mex*"°. Srio Manuel Sanz. 

do Garnisa. A. D. 1742. 
Minutes made of the visit of Lieutenant-Colonel Don Caspar Domingo de Mendoza, 

Governor and Captain General of the kingdom of New Mexico; Secretary, 

Manuel Sanz de Garuisa. 

t NEW MEXICO, 1704-1822. 

1. Demanda puesta por Juana do Apodaco contra Miguel Garatuza y Felipa de la 

Cruz, su hija, y assimismo por Juan de Chaves contra los susodichos, y lo 
dermis que en estos autos se expresa, etc. Archivos del pueblo <!e Santa Clara, 
N u e v o M e j i c o, 1701. 
Claim made by Juana de Apodaca against Miguel Garatuza and Felipa de la 
Cruz, his daughter, and also by Juan de Chaves against the same and the 
rest that is set forth in these documents, etc. Archives of the town of Santa 
Clara, New Mexico, 1701. 

2. Causa criminal contra Jeroniino Dirucaca, Indio del pueblo de Ficuries. Archivos 

Territoriales, Santa Fe, Nuevo Mejico (original), 1713. Auto de culpa y cargo. 
Criminal prosecution against Jeronimo Dirucaca, an Indian of the town of 
Picuries. Territorial Archives, Santa Fe, New Mexico (original), 1713. Writ 
of accusation and charge. 

3. Diligencias hechas sobre un crimen de bestialidad cometido por un Indio de 

nacidn Manso, llainado Juan Estevan Pauocha. Archivos de la Parroqufa del 
Paso del Norte, Mejico (original), 1721. 
Documents drawn up concerning a bestial crime committed by an Indian of the 
Manso Nation, named Juan Esteban Panocha. Archives of the Parish of Paso 
del Norte, Mexico (original), 1721. 

4. Confesi6n de Diego Zuazo, hecha voluntariamente, de hechicerias cometidas 

por el, y entrega de los objectos e impleinentos que usaba en ello. Archivos 
de la Parroqufa del Paso del Norte (original), 1727. 
Confession of Diego Zuazo, made voluntarily, of sorceries committed by him 
and surrender of the articles and implements which he used therein. Archives 
of the Parish of Taso del Norte (original), 1727. 

5. Autos y diligencias contra los hechiceros de los pueblos de la Isleta y del Paso 

del Rio del Norte. Archivos de la Parroqufa del Paso del Norte (original ), 1728. 
Decrees and proceedings against the sorcerers of the towns of the Isleta and 
of the Paso del Rio del Norte (Pass of the North River). Archives of the 
Parish of Paso del Norte (original), 1728. 

6. Requerimiento al Capitan Joseph Valentin de Aganza por parte del P. Fr. Salva- 

dor Lopez, tocante ;i los hechiceros de la Isleta y del Paso del Rio del Norte, 
etc. Archivos de la Parroqufa del Paso del Norte (original), 1728. 
Request to Captain Joseph Valentin do Aganza from Father Fray Salvador 
Lopez concerning the sorcerers of the Isleta and of the Paso del RiodelXorte, 
etc. Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte (original), 1728. 

7. Causa criminal contra uuos Indios del pueblo de Santa Fe, denunciados por hechi- 

ceros. Archivos Territoriales, Santa Fe, Nuevo Mejico, 1732. 
Criminal prosecution against some Indians of the town of Santa Fe, denounced 
as sorcerers. Territorial Archives, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1732. 

8. Autos que se siguen contra la persona de D. Tomasillo, Indio del Paso del Rio del 

Norte, por relacion que de 61 hizo Antonio Joseph Telles, asimismo Indio del 
pueblo del Paso, ante su Padre ministro, Fr. Joseph Blanco, y c'ste lo remitio 
con carta ante el Sr. Vicario, D.Francisco Pedro Romano, Juez Eclesiastico de 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 325 

la jurisdiccidn del Paso, cuyadenuncia es por hechicero, seguidos en 13 de Abril 
de 1742, etc. Arehivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte, Mejico (original), 
1712. 
Proceedings instituted against the person of Don Tomasillo, an Indian of del 
Paso del Rio del Norte, on an information laid against bim by Antonio Josepb 
Telles, also an Indian of tbe town of Paso, before bis Father minister, Fray 
Josepb Blanco, who sent him with a letter to the Vicar, Don Francisco Pedro 
Romano, Ecclesiastical Judge of the Jurisdiction of Paso, which accusation is 
for sorcery, instituted April 13, 17J2, etc. Archives of the Parish of Paso del 
Norte, Mexico (original), 1712. 
9. Causa contra Joseph de Ainparan, Gobernador del Pueblo de Santa Maria de las 
Caldas, por accusacion de los Iudios del dicbo pueblo de ser el dicbo hechicero. 
Arehivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte (original, f ragmen to), 1742. 
Prosecution against Joseph de Ainparan, Governor of the town of Santa Maria 
de las Caldras, on the accusation of the Indians of the said town that the 
same is a sorcerer. Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte (original, frag- 
ment). 1742. 

10. Cansas de Maria Montoya Guachile y de Felipe de la Cruz, el Saladito, por bechi- 

zeros. Arehivos de la Parroquia del Paso del Norte (original), Mejico, 1746. 
Prosecution of Maria Montoya Guachile and of Felipe do la Cruz, el Saladito. 
for sorcery. Archives of the Parish of Paso del Norte (original), Mexico, 1746. 

11. Certificacion de Gaspar Ortiz sobre brujerias de los Indios de Nambe". Arehivos 

del Territorio del Nuevo Mejico (MSS.), Santa Fe, 1822. 
Certificate of Gaspar Ortiz concerning the sorceries of the Indians of Nambe. 
Archives of the Territory of New Mexico (MSS.), Santa Fe, 1822. 

NEW MEXICO, 1764-1845. 

1. Descripeidu del reino del Nuevo Mejico. Citation from "Breve Resumen,"etc, 

etc. Villanueva y Chavarri, 1764. 
Description of the kingdom of New Mexico. "Brief Resume', " etc, etc Villa- 
nueva and Chavarri, 1764. 

2. Estado quo mauifiesta el numero de vasallos y babitautes que tiene el Rey en 

esta provincia, con distiucidn de estados, classes y castas de todas personas de 
ambos sexos, con inclusion de los parvulos. Santa Fe, 1790. 
Statement showing the number of vassals and inhabitants thai the King has in 
This province, with distinction of ranks, (lasses, and castes of all persons of 
both sexes, including children. Santa Fe. 1790. 

3. Padron de todas las gentes del pueblo de Zuiii. 171)0. 

Noticia de la Misi6n del Sor. San .lose de la Laguna, que ocupa el 1'. Fr. dose 
Benito Pereyro, religioso de la Regular Observancia de N. S. P. S. Francisco; 
sua progresos en los alios de L800 y 1801, etc, etc. 1801. 

Register of all the people of the town of Zuni. 1790. 

Account of tbe Mission of San .lose de la Laguna, occupied by 1'ather Fray Jose" 
Benito Pereyro, a monk of the Regular Qbservanee of our Holy Father San 
Francisco; its progress in the years 1800 and 1801, etc., etc 1801. 

4. Petition de B srnardo de Castro al Virrey de Nueva Espafia, sobre el descubrimi- 

ento del Cerro de Oro. Archives U. S. Sur. Gen.'s Office, Santa Fe. (No date 
of the original; copy), 1803. 
Petit ion <d" Bernardo de ( 'astro to the Viceroy of New Spain, concerning t he dis- 
covery of the Golden Hill. Archives U. s. 

5. Borrador de carta escrita por el Gobernador del Nuevo Mejico, tooante al descu- 

brimiento del ( lerro de Oro. Archives U. S. Bur. Gen.'s Office, Santa Fe, X. M., 
1803. 
Draft of letter written by the Governor of New Mexico, with regard to the dis- 
covery of the Golden Hill. Archives U. S. 



326 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

6. Carta del Gobemador del Nuevo Mejico, sobre la expedici6n de Bernardo de Cas- 

tro al Cerro de Oro. Archives U. S. Sur. Gen., Santa Fe (borrador), 1830. 
Letter of the Governor of New Mexico concerning the expedition of Bernardo 
Castro to the Golden Hill. 

7. Carta del Gobemador del Nuevo Mejico, tocante a las expediciones en busca del 

Cerro de Oro. Archives U. S. Sur. Gen., Santa Fe (borrador), 1829. 
Letter of the Governor of New Mexico concerning the expeditions in search of 
the Golden Hill. 

8. Mandauiiento del Alcalde Mayor de la jurisdiccion de Jeniez. Papeles de David 

J. Miller, Santa Fe, N. M., 1813. 
Order of the Chief Alcalde of the jurisdiction of Jemez. Papers of David J. 
Miller, Santa Fe, 1813. 

9. Informe sobre los limites que se reconocen en el territorio de su mando, etc., etc. 

Archives of U. S. Sur. Gen., Santa Fe, 1826. 
Report on the boundaries which are recognized in the territory under his com- 
mand, etc., etc. 

10. Ayuntamiento, de Cochiti: cuenta que manifiesta el fondo que reconoce este 

Ayuntamieuto, conexplicacion de la entrada, salida y existencia que hahabido 
hasta la presente. Documentos pertenecientes a la firm a de Catron, Claney & 
Knaebel, Santa Fe, N. M., 1826. 
City Council of Cochiti: account showing the capital which this Council recog- 
nizes, with a statement of the receipts, disbursements, and stock up to the 
present time. 

11. Borrador de la estadistica 2, que se form > en 8 de Abril de 1827. Documentos 

de la hrma de Catron, Claney & Knaebel, Santa Fe, N. M. 
Copy of the 2nd statistics drawn up April 8, 1827. Documents of the firm of 
Catron, Claney & Knaebel, Santa Fe, N. M. 

12. Breve noticia de la provincia del Nuevo Mejico y su custodia de la Conversi6n 

de San Pablo, segun los papeles del Archivo del Gobierno y del P. Murillo 
Velarde, en el Tomo IX de su Geografia Historica, y otras noticias de varios 
anuncios de dicha provincia. Papeles del Senor Arzobispo. 
Short account of the province of New Mexico and its reliquary of the Conver- 
sion of St. Paul, according to the papers in the Archives of the Government 
and those of Father Murillo Velarde, in the ninth volume of his Historical 
Geography, and other accounts from various advertisements of said province. 
The Archbishop's papers. 

13. Merced del Rio Colorado. Archivos de Taos County, 1842. 
Grant of the Colorado River. Archives of Taos County. 

14. Promulgacion del decreto de la Asamblea Departamental del Nuevo Mejico, 

imponiendo un prestamo de dece mil pesos. 1845. 
Promulgation of the decree of the Provincial Assembly of New Mexico, order- 
ing a loan of 12,000 pesos. 1845. 

15. Plan que manifiesta el censo general del Territorio de Nuevo Mejico con respecfo 

a su poblaciou, etc., etc. (Extract.) 
Plan showing the general census of the Territory of New Mexico with respect to 
its population, etc., etc. (Extract.) 

OTHER VOLUMES. 

Relacion del descrubimiento del Nvovo Mejico a Sr. de Montoya. In Roma. Por 

Bartolome Bonfadino, 1608. 
Account of the discovery of New Mexico to Senor de Montoya, at Rome, by 

Bartolome Bonfadino, 1608. 
Historia del Nueva Mejico. Capitan Gaspar de Vilagra, 1610. 
History of New Mexico. Captain Gaspar de Vilagra, 1610. 
Luz de Tierra Incognita, etc. Por el Capitan Juan Maten Mange, 1720. 
Light from an unknown Land, etc. By Captain J nan Mateo Mange, 1720. 



EXHIBIT OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM. 

In addition to the Hemenway expedition there is in this room a 
collection of photographs and books exhibited by the Peabody Museum 
of American Ethnology and Archaeology. 

This institution is at Cambridge, Mass. (United States), and is con- 
nected with Harvard University. It contains a large collection of 
American archaeological and ethnological objects. The chief wealth 
of this collection consists in archaeological objects, particularly those 
relating to the mound builders and to the ancient inhabitants of the 
eastern part of the United States. Harvard University is one of the 
few American institutions of education which impart instruction to 
their students concerning the archaeology of America. The class is 
under the charge of Professor Putnam who is the curator of the 
museum. 

The two screens covered with photographs exhibit a portion of the 
scientific labors of the Peabody Museum. The most interesting photo- 
graphs of the collection are those of the excavations made at Copan, 
Honduras, and give an idea of the peculiar character of the houses, 
"stelas," plazas (squares), etc. There are also among them x>lioto- 
graphs of the explorations directed by the Peabody Museum at Labna, 
Yucatan. 

This institution contributes photographs of extensive excavations and 
scientific studies of mounds, made in the valley of the Ohio Kiver, in 
the United States, which photographs are also displayed on the screens. 
The Serpent Mound, situated in the valley of the Ohio River, has been 
accurately studied by Prof. F. W. Putnam, curator of the Peabody 
Museum, and the photographs of these excavations are on the screen 
placed in the northern part of the hall. The Serpent Mound now 
belongs to the Peabody Museum, and the land around it is inclosed by 
a fence forming a park. 

In the case at the side are the publications of the Peabody Museum 
of American Ethnology and Archaelogy. It publishes annually records 
of the progress made, and occasionally bulletins in 8vo. Several quarto 
volumes have also been printed. In addition, assistants connected 
with the museum have written and published articles in various scien- 
tific magazines. Several volumes have been prepared on articles in 
the collection. 

327 



ANCIENT MEXICAN FEATHER WORK AT THE COLUMBIAN 
HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



By ZELIA NUTTALL, Delegate of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, 

Mass., U. S. A. 



Since my interest in ancient Mexican feather work was stimulated, 
some years ago, by the quaintly illustrated Laurentian manuscript of 
Sahagun's flistoria, I have made efforts to ascertain how many repre- 
sentative specimens of this peculiar indigenous art are in existence at 
the present day. 

In 1.S90 I submitted to the members of the International Congress 
of Americanists, assembled in Paris, a description and colored photo- 
graphs of a beautiful specimen of native feather work that I had dis- 
covered in Florence, and expressed at the same time the hope to learn 
of similar relics elsewhere. Although my hope was not realized before 
the opening of the exhibition at Madrid, I fully expected that this 
would draw forth from obscurity some fine samples of the curious art. 
My expectations, on the whole, were not realized, and I was obliged to 
assume that, as such relics were not forthcoming on this momentous 
occasion, they probably did not exist. As the majority of specimens 
known were, however, assembled in the exhibition, in the original, or 
in counterpart, I was afforded at all events an unprecedented oppor- 
tunity for making a review of the remnants that have thus far escaped 
destruction. 

The present report, which I have amplified by references to all relics 
of the kind that have come under my notice during my researches in 
European museums, aims at being a complete inventory of all speci- 
mens of ancient Mexican feather work, dating from the sixteenth and 
seventeenth centuries, known to be in existence at the present day. 
As such it amy not only prove useful for future reference, but also 
stimulate an interest which may lead to the discovery of tint her speci- 
mens. 

The only original pieces of Mexican feather work, dating from about 

the time of the Conquest, contained in the whole exhibition, were the 

two shields belonging to the Royal Museum at Stuttgart. These were 

displayed in the section of the Imperial German Government, and 

their presence deserves appreciative recognition. 

329 



330 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

A fine copy of a similar contemporary shield, preserved at the 
National Mnseum of the City of Mexico, was exhibited in the Mexican 
section. This shield is of especial historical interest, for, after having 
in all probability, formed part of the presents sent by Cortes to Charles 
V, it was preserved in Austria for nearly three centuries, and was only 
sent back to Mexico at the instance of the ill-fated Emperor Maxi- 
milian, who presented it to the National Museum. 

Among the objects exhibited by the National Museum of Washing- 
ton was a large water-colored sketch of the shield discovered by the 
writer in 1800, at the Castle of Ambras, Tyrol. Since then it and 
other ancient Mexican relics have been transferred to the Imperial 
Museum at Vienna. In an adjoining room, in the same section, I dis- 
played a similar copy in oil colors, and subsequently presented it to the 
newly founded National Museum at Madrid. 

The four above-mentioned shields, illustrated descriptions of which 
have been published 1 , belong to the category of gala shields, such as 
were used by native chieftains in ceremonial dances, etc. 

They are composed of narrow strips of cane skillfully interwoven with 
cotton threads and surrounded by a circular wooden frame. This foun- 
dation was covered with leather, as in the specimen in the National 
Museum of Mexico, or with fine agave paper, as in the other specimens, 
and on the smooth surface thus obtained the feather mosaic was glued. 

The Ambras shield is by far the best preserved and most valuable 
example of the kind. It was originally adorned with a magnificent 
fringe composed of Quetzal feathers and displays a boldly drawn mon- 
ster, probably a coyote, whose eyes, claws, teeth, and outlines are 
marked by thin pieces or strips of gold, applied in a skillful and pecu- 
liar manner. 

The probabilities are that this, as well as the other three shields, was 
among the presents sent by Cortes to the Emperor Charles V. It cer- 
tainly belonged to a nephew of the Emperor Archduke Ferdinand of 
Tyrol, and is minutely described in the inventory of his famous collec- 
tion of armor, dated 1596. In this same document the magnificent 
piece of feather work (PI. I) now preserved at Vienna, is designated as 
a hat or headdress. In later inventories, when it had lost a part of its 
original decoration, it was described as an apron. Subsequently it was 
described respectively by different writers as a cloak and a standard. 2 

1 See Ferdinand von Hoehstetter, Ueber alt-mexikanische Reliquien, Wien, 1884. 
Zelia NuttalL Verhandlungen der Berliner anthropologischen Gesellschaft, 1891, p. 
485. Also articles "On ancient Mexican shields" and "Coyote or bear?", Interna- 
tionales Arcbiv fur Ethnographic Band V, 1892, and VII, 1893. Franz Heger, Alt- 
mexikanische Reliqnien aus deni Schlosse Ambras in Tirol, Wien, 1892. 

2 See Y. Maler, p. 1., Nunez-Ortega, p. 281, Anales del Museo Nacional, tomo III. 
Zelia Nuttall, Standard or Headdress. Peabody Museum Papers, vol. 1, No. 1. 
Compte rendu de la huitii-me session du Congres International des Americanistes, 
Paris, 1890, p. 453. Ed. Seler, Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, Band XXI, p. 63, Ver- 
handl., 1891, p. 114; ditto, 1893, p. 44. Max Uhle, Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, Heft 
II, p. 144. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. - Nuttall. 



Plate II. 




Obverse of Ancient Mexican Feather Fan. 

Preserved at Castle Atnbras. Tyrol. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madiid — Nuttall 



Plate II 




Reverse of Ancient Mexican Feather Fan. 
Preserved at Castle Ambras, Tyrol. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 331 

My study of the question led me to adopt the identification before 
1590 at a time when the feather piece was complete, and when infor- 
mation concerning its purpose could be obtained at first hand. 

In the United States section of the exhibition a picture, copied from 
a native manuscript, was exhibited by me. It represented a person- 
age wearing a headdress identical in form and general character with 
the Vienna original. In the Austrian section the picture of this relic 
published by Ferdinand von Hochstetter, was displayed in one of the 
cases. This was the only visible record of the existence of ancient 
Mexican relics in the imperial museums at Vienna. 

Nevertheless, they possess a larger number of fine specimens of Mexi- 
can and Ilispano-Mexican feather work than any other museum in 
Europe or America. Besides the magnificent headdress and the 
Ambras shield, the Imperial Ethnographical Museum owns the curious 
native fan, dating from the time of the Conquest, which I also discov- 
ered at the castle of Ambras (Pis. II and III). Two other contemporary 
relics, not represented at the exhibition, complete the list of known 
specimens. The first is the interesting " delantal," or native apron, 
intended to be suspended from the neck, belonging to the Royal Ethno- 
graphical Museum at Berlin. This has been described by' Br. Ed. 
Seler in his valuable contribution published in the Rapport du Congres 
International dcs Americanistes, Paris, 18!)0, p. 401. 

The second is the mantle "of Montezuma, 1 ' preserved at the Royal 
Museum of Armoury at Brussels, where I saw it in 1888. It is chiefly 
composed of scarlet feathers, and these are attached to a network by a 
series of knots. This unique specimen has been described by Sefior 
Nunez-Ortega- and Dr. Ed. Seler in their respective publications already 
cited. 

These relics complete the inventory of all of the specimens of purely 
indigenous feather work whose existence and whereabouts are known. 
Unless it should receive unforeseen additions, it shows that of the 
many hundreds of similar trophies which were sent to Europe by the 
Conquerors, there survive only: Four shields, 1 headdress, 1 fan, 1 
apron, and 1 mantle; 8 pieces in all, 5 of which were represented at 
the Madrid Exposition. 

The age and rarity of these relics undoubtedly render them extremely 
valuable from an ethnological standpoint. A critical examination 
reveals, however, that although admirable in workmanship and very 
effective, they scarcely testify to such an extraordinary degree of 
technical skill or artistic taste as to justify the panegyrics bestowed 
upon this branch of native industry by the Spanish chroniclers. 

Thus, Fray Toribio de Motolinia wrote that newcomers in Mexico 
from Spain or Italy remained open-mouthed in amazement on seeing, 
for the first time, the exquisite work of the Amantecas, who reproduced 
with facility and utmost perfection in leather mosaic, any painting or 
design given them to copy. 1 

'Historia de los Indios de Nueva Espana, ed. Izcabalceta, p. (is. 



332 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Fray Geromino de Mendieta, also writing at the close of the sixteenth 
century, relates that — 

What seems to surpass the genius of mau was the native art of producing, by means 
of feathers, the same results obtained by the best painters with tbeir brushes and 
colors. Having, nowadays, had ample opportunities of seeing our works of art, the 
faculties (of the Amantecas) have been enlarged and stimulated, and it is a marvel 
with what perfection they exercised their art, so entirely new to us, and produced 
images and pictures worthy of being presented to princes, kings, and sovereign 
pontiffs. 1 

From this and further testimony, and a critical examination of 
samples of purely native production enumerated above, it is evident 
that although the art of working in feathers had long been practiced 
in Mexico and had developed a remarkable degree of dexterity, it did 
not reach its highest development until infused with new life by con- 
tact with Spanish art. Motilinia and Mendieta expatiate on the wonder- 
ful quickness of perception that characterized the native artisans in 
every branch of industry, and relate many instances of their produc- 
ing counterparts, difficult to distinguish from the originals of European 
manufacture. 

Toward the close of the sixteenth century native art and industry 
attained its highest development in the City of Mexico, under the 
fostering care of the Spanish missionaries who, at that time, zealously 
sought to educate the Indians and took a paternal interest and pride 
in their talents and improvement. It may be a surprise to many to 
learn that a few masterpieces still exist that date from this period, and 
were actually intended to be presented to "princes kings, or sov- 
ereign pontiffs." 

Having had occasion to examine these carefully, I can testify that 
they fully justify the enthusiasm of the Spanish friars whose words 
of praise have been quoted above. 

A remarkable specimen of feather mosaic, a shield (PI. IV), dating 
from this period, was displayed in the historical European exhibition 
toward its close. This shield pertains to the royal collection of 
the Armory, at Madrid, and is reputed to have belonged to Phillip II. 
It is designated as such in the inventory preserved, but no place of 
origin is assigned to it. During my visit to the Royal Armory in 
October, 1893, the shield arrested my attention, and I identified it as 
being of Hispano-Mexican workmanship. Having communicated this 
identification to the distinguished and learned director, Count Valencia, 
he courteously afforded me every facility for making a close examina- 
tion of the shield and kindly furnished me with photographs and his- 
torical data relating to the battle scenes depicted on its face. As a 
specimen of Hispano Mexican art, it became endowed with a fresh 
interest, and was promptly transferred to the exhibition building, 
where it subsequently attracted much attention. Brief notices of the 
above facts appeared in a Madrid paper, and in Science, January 3, 

'Histona Ecclesiastica Indiana, ed. Izcabalceta, p. 405. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Nuttal 



Plate IV. 




Mexican Feather Mosaic Shield of Philippe II. 

The subjects are : The conquest of Granada 1492; thebattleof Las Navas de Tolosa 1212- battle 

ofLepanto, 1571, and the battle of Muhlberg, 1547! 

Original in the Royal Armory, Madrid. 



COLUMBIAN. HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 333 

1893, but no detailed description and illustration of the shield lias 
since been published. 

It is a large "adarga." of the peculiar, rounded, heart-shaped, form 
that was originally Moorish, but was adopted by the Spaniards in the 
sixteenth century and generally used by their mounted lancers. It is 
made of stout leather, with ribs of cane, and may have been manufac- 
tured in Spain and sent to Mexico to be only decorated there. On the 
other hand, it may be a clever imitation of a Spanish shield made by a 
native artisan, a fact that would have enhanced its value as a curiosity. 
The design, executed in the tiniest of feathers and covering the entire 
face of the shield, shows artistic merit, and is undoubtedly of Spanish 
origin. A broad and beautiful border of rich arabesque design sur- 
rounds the field, which displays four divisions, each containing an his- 
torical scene. These represent the four memorable victories gained 
by the Spaniards. The first is the battle of "las ISTavas," fought 
under Alfonso VIII, in 1212; the second, the entry into Granada by 
Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492. In the third, the battle of Muhlberg, 
which took place in 1517, the Emperor, Charles Y, is represented on 
horseback, in the foreground, in precisely the same attitude and armor 
as in his famous equestrian portrait by Titian, a fact proving that the 
artist who designed the decoration of the shield must have copied from 
the latter original. 

The fourth scene shows the naval victory of Lepanto, with both fleets 
in action, and the Spanish conqueror, John of Austria, receiving hom- 
age from the vanquished Moors. As this event transpired in 1571, 
during the reign of Phillip II, the reputed possessor of the shield, a clue 
to its age is afforded by this date. 

A curious allegorical group occupies the center of its field and con- 
sists of two herons, wearing royal crowns, one bird in a passive attitude, 
the other, smaller in size, advancing with outstretched wings and peck- 
ing at a recumbent wounded dragon, near to which is a smaller reptile. 
This curious group is surmounted by a scroll bearing the device, "Serae. 
spes. unas. senectae." I was informed by Count de Valencia that 
this, translated, signifies "The only hope of declining age," and that 
the group represents the Roman Catholic faith (symbolized by one 
heron), defended by the Spanish Monarch (symbolized by the lighting 
bird), against infidelity and heresy (represented under the form of the 
dragon and smaller reptile). 

A close study of the group and the motto on the scroll leads me to 
give the allegorical device a slightly different interpretation, and to 
conclude that, t hough made during the lifetime of Phillip 11, the shield 
was destined for his only son and heir, for the latter was the sole 
person to whom the motto could apply, and therefore be appropriately 
inscribed on his shield. It should be borne in mind that Phillip II 
died in 1598, at the age of 71, and was succeeded by the only surviving 
offspring of his four marriages, Phillip III, aged 21. 



334 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

The devotion of Phillip II to the Roman Catholic Church, the zeal 
with which he persecuted all heretics, his virulent persecutions of the 
Moriscoes, and his care to cultivate these traits in his young son, are 
well known. Phillip II must, indeed, have regarded his youthful heir 
as his only hope, and intrusted the latter with the prosecution of his 
ardent desire, the extirpation of infidelity and heresy in his realm. The 
banishment of the Moors, which had already been decreed by Charles 
V, was, indeed, carried into execution by Phillip III in 1609. In judg- 
ing of this cruel deed it should be realized that Phillip III only ful- 
filled thereby the long-cherished desire not only of his father but also 
of his grandfather, and that the action was therefore the natural out- 
come of family traditions and influences. 

All facts considered incline to the belief that the motto refers directly 
to the young infant, Phillip of Spain, and that it is he who figures on 
the shield under the form of the smaller heron attacking the monster, 
Infidelity. The larger bird, in a passive attitude, might readily repre- 
sent Phillip II, the hereditary defender of the Roman Catholic faith. 
This inference is further corroborated by the fact that both birds wear 
the same form of serrated royal crowns, which would scarcely be the 
case if one of the herons typified the Church. Moreover, the motto 
could not possibly have applied to Phillip II unless bestowed upon him 
by his father, and the latter died in 1558, thirteen years earlier than the 
battle of Lepanto which figures on the shield. 

The manufacture of this interesting relic must be assigned to the 
period between the victory at Lepanto (1571) and the death of Phillip 
II, in 1598. Its actual preservation is a matter of wonder and con- 
gratulation, more especially when it is realized how narrowly it escaped 
destruction in 1814, when a disastrous fire broke out in the Royal 
Armory. When rescued from this by Count de Valencia it was much 
disfigured by smoke and soot, and the removal of these revealed that 
the velvety surface had permanently lost the remainder of its former 
luster. Scant traces of humming-bird feathers are left to testify to the 
lost splendor of the rich border. Fortunately, the battle scenes are 
comparatively uninjured, and are of such exquisite, minute, and perfect 
mosaic work that even in its present condition the shield deserves to 
be termed a marvel of human ingenuity and technical skill. 

It has a rival in the beautiful bishop's miter that belongs to the royal 
treasury in the Pitti Palace at Florence, and is in a remarkable and 
almost perfect state of preservation. Visitors to the United States 
section of the exhibition were able to form an idea of the original from 
the miniature copies partly executed in metallic colors that I exhibited 
there. The front and back of the miter and its pendants are entirely 
covered with an extremely rich design of a religious character, executed 
in feather mosaic. The design is evidently the work of a Spaniard, for 
the names of the apostles and patriarchs depicted around the border 
are in the Spanish language. At a first glance it might be supposed 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 335 

that the miter was either enameled or on copper, painted on velvet or 
silk, but an indescribably beautiful and novel effect is produced by the 
employment of a background entirely composed of the wing feathers 
with metallic luster that grow on the heads and breasts of tropical hum- 
ming birds. When I first saw the precious relic and made inquiries 
about its age and origin I was informed by the custodian in charge that 
it dated from the seventeenth century and had belonged to a cardinal 
or pope of the Medici family. 1 

No documentary evidence seems, however, to be obtainable. The 
indication given leads, however, to the conclusion that the miter 
belonged to the Cardinal Adessandro de Medici, a native of Florence, 
who died in 1605, a few weeks after his consecration as Pope Leo XI. 

The relic is thus assigned to the same period as the Madrid shield, 
and the comparison between the workmanship of each seems to indi- 
cate that they were both made by the same hand. 

A second miter, apparently of the same style of design and execu- 
tion, is preserved at the Kunsthistorisches Hofmuseum at Vienna. I 
recently learned of its existence by a mere chance, and I believe that 
this is not generally known. 

In his article cited above, Hochstetter mentions that he first found 
the ancient Mexican feather piece, which he identified as a standard, 
"next to a bishop's miter" in a museum case. 

Beyond this bare mention I know of no publication in which the miter 
figures. Not having visited Vienna since I learned of its preservation 
there, I am indebted to the kindness of a scientific friend for the fol- 
lowing data concerning it. The relic is displayed in Case IV, hall 23, 
is entered as No. 48, in the official general catalogue, wherein it was 
described as follows : 

Miter, of Hispano-Mexican workmanship, covered with a mosaic composed of 
humming-bird feathers. On the obverse the genealogical tree of Christ is repre- 
sented. The reverse displays a rosebush with the apostles and a crucifix issuing 
forth from its flowers. 

In the special catalogue of the same year, 1891, the following valua- 
ble detail is added: 

The word Buenagia, meaning Good Road and being the motto of the Spanish 
D'A'vila family, occurs in each of the pendants above the embroidered arms of a car- 
dinal. With the exception of these arms that are embroidered in silks, the entire 
miter is of feather mosaic. 

In the above catalogues no date is assigned to the miter, but it 
seemingly belongs to the Ambras collection and consequently ante- 
dates L595. 

It seems as though, after having been made in Mexico, the miter was 
only assigned to an owner wheu it reached Europe, for the embroidered 
arms could not have formed part of the original design, and must have 



^eeZelia Nuttall, Ouvrages en plumes du Mexique. Rapport du Congres des 
Amexicanietes, Paris, 1800, p. 160. 



336 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

been an unforeseen and necessary addition made at a later period with 
means at hand. 

Toward the period to which the miter evidently belongs, two distin- 
guished membersof the D'Avila family held' high ecclesiastical positions 
in Spain, but thus far I have not succeeded in ascertaining whether 
either of them attained cardinalship. 

Sancho d'Avila, born at Avila in Old Castile in 1540, was consecu- 
tively bishop of Murcia, Jaen, Sagonte, and Placeutia, and died in 1625. 

Gil Gonzalez d'Avila was born at Avila iu 1551) (according to Cham- 
bers' Encyclopedia), or in 1578 (according to Oettinger, Moniteur des 
dates), and died in 165 s *. He was a Jesuit, a canon of Salamanca and, 
moreover, royal historiographer for Castile and the Indies. He wrote 
many voluminous works, the best known of which is perhaps the Teatro 
Ecclesiastics de la primitiva Iglesia de las Indias Occidentals (Madrid, 
1049-1656). Although these facts do not suhlce to establish the indi- 
vidual ownership of the m tcr, they certainly reveal an interesting con- 
nection between the D'Avila family, the Church, and Mexico. It will 
be interesting to ascertain how and when the miter came into the pos- 
session of Archduke Ferdinand, who was one of the most indefatigable 
collectors and curiosity hunters of his time. 

The three historical relies that have been described are probably speci- 
mens of the finest feather mosaic produced in Mexico at the culmi- 
nating period, when the best native workers were employed in copying 
beautiful designs made by Spanish artists. A high form of decorative 
art was thus developed, the productions of which rival a miniature on 
vellum for delicacy of execution and combining the beauties of a silky, 
smooth surface like that of velvet, with a metallic brilliancy of color 
and iridescence resembling that of the Limoges enamels. When strictly 
confined and applied to decorative purposes, as in these specimens, the 
native art of painting with feathers affords even now artistic gratifica- 
tion and evokes admiration and approval. The same can not be said 
of the curious reproductions of Spanish paintings, usually pictures of 
saints, which became a favorite and staple production of the native 
artists. A few samples of this kind were exhibited in the Mexican sec- 
tion of the exhibition, and consisted of a series of finely-executed copies 
of Spanish pictures of saints, and a large archaic head of Christ of 
native design and coarse execution. 

I was informed that these were probably the oldest existing speci- 
mens preserved in Mexico, and that they had recently been discovered 
in an old provincial church. 

The only specimen of the kind in Europe to which a date can safely 
be assigned, are those which originally belonged to the Ambras collec- 
tion, and consequently antedate 1590. One of these, representing St. 
Jerome and the lion in the desert, is still preserved at the Castle of 
Ambras, and attention was drawn to it in my publication on "Ancient 
Mexican shields." 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 337 

Two other pictures representing ;i Madonna and St. Peter before 
Christ are now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum at Vienna, and are 
numbered 24 and 25 in the general catalogue. 

The Royal Ethnographical Museum in Berlin and Mr. Phillip 
Bectier ( ?), of Darmstadt, possess some fine examples of the kind. It 
would be difficult to determine the precise age of the majority of these 
curiosities of technical skill, as the native art has never become extinct 
in Mexico, and is even practiced to the present day. Unfortunately 
whereas the best and apparently oldest specimens are painstaking 
copies of excellent originals, the more modern productions show a steady 
deterioration of workmanship, taste, and design. A painful contrast 
to earlier productions is the meritorious but utterly inartistic histor- 
ical relic that occupied a conspicuous place in the National Museum of 
the City of Mexico, and is described in the catalogue as "Arms of 
the Republic of Mexico, surrounded by trophies, composed of feathers 
in imitation of the old native feathers-mosaic work by Sefior Jose Rod- 
riguez, who presented it to the congress iu 1829." 

A brief summary of the present report establishes that there exists 
at the present day eight fine specimens of purely native work, dating 
from the time of the Conquest. The exhibition contained the origi- 
nals of two and copies of three of these. Of the three masterpieces of 
Hispano-Mexican art preserved, one was exhibited in original and 
another in copy. 

Moreover, reproductions of paintings by means of feathers were also 
displayed, and thus the exhibition afforded unprecedented opportuni- 
ties for the study of the different branches of the peculiar art of work- 
ing in feathers, invented and practiced by the aborigines of Mexico. 
H. Ex. 100 22 



THE ANCIENT CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN POTTERY 
IN THE COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID 
IN 1892. 

By WALTER HOUGH, Ph. D. 



There is an attractiveness about a collection of ancient American 
pottery which arrests the most casual observer. The forms, having 
their origin from natural sources, or from the conception of the potter, 
the decorations with the lines of inquiry which they provoke, and the 
uses of these objects, whether they entered into the religious or the 
home life of the ancient people, all stimulate the mind to further 
inquiries. 

Looking deeper into the finished products the student is compelled 
to observe the materials — their combination and temper rendering the 
clay fit for use — the building up of the vessel, the tools for forming, 
polishing the surface, the brushes, the colors, the decoration, and the 
final baptism in fire. 

It is principally to this study of technique that the following paper 
relates, in order to give an idea of the state of the potter's art in Cen- 
tral and South America at times more or less remote. The material 
for examination consisted of large collections from Mexico, Guatemala, 
Nicaragua, Costa Eica, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, with small col- 
lections from several other States exhibited in the Columbian Historical 
Exhibition at Madrid. 

It has seemed better to describe the pottery by countries, although 
manifestly the older culture areas do not often coincide with the present 
political boundaries. The time has not yet come when the ancient 
tribal areas can be accurately determined, but to the attainment of this 
result the testimony of pottery is of great value. 

The order followed in this examination, the results of which are set 
forth in this paper, is as follows: (1) The paste, whether simple or 
mixed, and the components; (2) the mode of construction; (3) the 
surface — whether natural, tooled, or burnished — the slips or glazes, if 
any; (4) the ornamentation; (5) the forms. 

One of the earliest discoveries in the ceramic art was the degraissant, 
or temper. Pure clay paste is nearly always unsuitable, because in 
drying or firing it usually cracks from unequal stress, and especially so 
since primitive pottery might not be dried gradually in places of uni- 
form temperature. 

339 



340 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

The potter's art and all subsequent progress in the art depended on 
the tempering of the clay. It must be observed, however, that some 
clays are naturally tempered from conditions of deposition and a mix- 
ture of clays answers the purpose of temper. The selection of clay and 
its preparation require great care. 

The temper is of many kinds, such as broken shell, broken rock, sand, 
ashes, mica, lime, broken potsherds, vegetable fiber, etc. The paste of 
unbaked clay lamps of the Eskimo of the Yukon delta is mixed with 
hair and seal blood, making a very strong ware. The earliest unbaked 
ware, as well as the bricks with chopped straw, of the Egyptians, Assyr- 
ians, and Chinese depended for their strength and permanency on the 
temper. 

The function of degraissants and cements, according to Semper, 
"besides destroying the homogeneity of the paste, is to furnish innu- 
merable points of rest throughout the mass that reduce the fragility of 
the ware after burning and the danger of cracking, whether through 
change of temperature or by shock. Tbe coarser particles serve to 
break up and distribute the undulations by which the cracks are 
propagated, very much as a fracture in a pane of glass may be arrested 
by boring a hole at the extremity of the crack." 1 

Fine pottery can not have a coarse dcgraissant. The latter lowers 
the tenacity of the paste and interferes with the surface finish. The 
temper of shell often causes the pottery to exfoliate, or slack, in a 
short time. 

The Catawba Indians do not use tempers, nor as a rule do the mod- 
ern Mexican potters, where a mixture of homogenous clays answers 
the purpose. 

Following the preparation of the clay the next step is the construc- 
tion of the vessel. 

By simple manipulation with the hands small vessels can be formed 
from lumps of clay. Larger vessels can not be modeled, but may be 
laid up with ropes of clay by the process of coiling, building up a short 
section at a time, pressing the coils together, allowing to harden, and 
continuing the process. Coiling is the greatest aid to the securing of 
form in larger vessels, besides seeming to give a fibrous structure to 
clay by arranging it in the lines of greatest tenacity. 

Even when the vessels are .molded in baskets, nets, or over forms 
coiling is in effect practiced, as the masses of clay added will assume 
a cylindrical form in the hand of the potter before being pressed into 
junction. 

The process of coiling is widespread and ancient: within historic 
times it has been practiced at various points in this hemisphere as a 
native art by the introduced African slaves. 

It is not strange that the need for molds had occurred to the early 
potter and caused him to use baskets and forms, not unmindful of the 
ornamentation so secured and preserving indelibly the styles of weaving. 

1 Semper. Der Stil, Baud II, p. 122. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 341 

In the centers of American civilization molds came to be used, and 
casts for molds, perfectly made, were taken from natural objects. It is 
scarcely possible to say that the wheel was known. 

The tools of the aboriginal potter are very simple. For grinding 
the clay a flat stone suffices. A shell, bit of gourd, a smooth beach 
pebble aids the potter's fingers in building up the vessels and smooth 
stones or the thumb nail gives the iinish when the clay becomes hard. 
A sharp stick or thorn scratches ornamentation in the clay or a figured 
paddle gives the desired design. 

The spine of a palm, or a roughly made brush of hair, or vegetable 
fiber supplies a paint brush. 

When the vessel or other object receives its form from the hand of 
the potter, his next care is the treatment of the surface. Here begins 
the most fascinating chapter of the ceramic art, the record on enduring 
terra cotta of aesthetic ideas, the origin and expression of art forms, 
and the beginning of modeling and painting. 

One often finds the surface of the most ancient pottery rough, with 
rude ornamentation, bearing the impress of rough surfaces and unskill- 
ful handling. This is not alone a feature of time, but also of culture 
and surroundings. 

There seem to be the following stages in the decoration of pottery : 

(1) Natural surface from the hands of the potter; furrows or 
scratches in the paste ; impress of rough surfaces, as basketry, nets, 
paddles, the coiling lines, finger ornamentations, etc., giving rise to 
stamps, forms, and molds. 

(2) Applied fillets, bosses, etc., on the paste running to higher 
grades of relief modeling and luting. 

(3) Wash or slip-paints leading to polychrome decoration. 

(4) Tooling or burnishing to render the surface less porous, like 
glaze. The same effect was procured by melted resin. 

The last step of the process rendering the clay anhydrous and dura- 
ble is the firing. Modern aboriginal pottery is burned in the open air 
by setting up the dried ware, piling around it grass, leaves, or other 
inflammable material, preferably bark, and firing it to a red heat in 
clear coals. The ware is allowed to cool slowly in the ashes to prevent 
cracks. 

To secure black ware the objects are burned to a certain degree as 
above and the fire dampened or smothered with fresh fuel, sometimes 
resinous, producing a tarry smoke, which penetrates the pores of 
the pottery. It was usually the object to produce black ware, but 
frequently the dark, common ware of the greater part of the United 
States and Africa, seems to have been due to imperfect tiring. 

There is evidently as much skill necessary in baking the ware as in 
any other portion of the pottery art. Kilns or pits in the ground for 
firing ware may have been used in Peru, Mexico, Colombia, and other 
American centers of artistic pottery. 



342 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

It is probable that by certain adventitious or accidental circum- 
stances the American potters may have produced a vernis or glaze on 
an occasional object; however, glazes were perhaps not desired, as the 
porous character of the ware was its chief good quality, giving cool- 
ness to water, etc. With kilns, better fuel, giving stronger firing, 
there is no reason why the American potters should not have been 
able to fuse the slip forming an enamel, or on stoneware clay to have 
secured the vernis which precedes the glaze. 

The color of pottery is usually due to the form in which iron exists 
in the clay and the thoroughness of firing. Iron in clay is nearly 
always in the form of a carbonate, which burns to a red oxide. When 
there is a silicate of iron the clay burns to cream color. Strong firing 
burns out carbonaceous materials. 

In the course of this investigation the broad field of the origin of 
form and ornament could scarcely be touched. 

It appears that the first stages of an art like pottery are marked with 
uniformity; then as specialization takes place centers of styles appear, 
until the higher advances are made in a region where environment and 
germane causes- work together with man's adaptability for the attain- 
ment of the results. 

Generally, in these collections two classes of pottery can be distin- 
guished, (1) Cult pottery and (2) domestic pottery. 

THE POTTERY OF MEXICO. 

In the great collection of Mexican antiquities exhibited in Madrid 
there was a vast quantity of pottery, as well as stone and metal. 
These objects, under the care of Dr. Troncoso, of the Mexican National 
Museum, were grouped ethnically, and included many tribes of the 
Mexican stocks. 

As a general impression, the pottery seems to belong to one great 
culture area, with slight differences' among the Mayas, Aztecs, etc. 
The two classes of pottery with regard to function can be distinguished 
here, namely, pottery for domestic and other uses' and cult pottery, 
images, "idols," masks, vases, etc. 

The art of the modern potter of Mexico may tell us something of 
the ancient processes. 

The manufacture of modern pottery in Mexico is usually in the hands 
of men, and there is also now division of labor. The wheel and kiln 
are used, but pottery in a great variety is now made as in former times; 
there is, indeed, an unbroken continuity of the potter's art in Mexico 
without deterioration on the whole. The ancient art can thus be recon- 
structed by the present art. 

A detailed description of the processes of the Indian potter of Gua- 
dalajara and the collections made by Dr. Edward Palmer will cast 
much light on this subject. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Hough. 



Plate 




Figs. 1-8, 13-14. 



Appliances of the Modern Mexican Potter. Guadalajara, Mexico. 
From specimens m the U. S. National Museum. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 343 

The Indians of Tonalon are celebrated for the manufacture of the 
finer water bottles, drinking cups, animal and fruit forms. 

The clay is of two varieties: one black and tenacious, from the 
marshy places; the other, a gray, friable, kaolinic clay, from the high 
river banks. The clay is dug out and carried to the pottery, dried, 
and the two kinds mixed in equal proportions, as the white clay is too 
loose by itself and the black clay too sticky. 

After the clay is ground very fine on a metate and sifted, water is 
added and the mass worked with the hands on a slab of mesquite 
wood, a stone implement being also used to aid the hands. Practice 
enables the potter to tell when the clay is ready for use. 

The ware is built up of sections shaped over a form, showing that 
the Mexican pottery is in a transition between coiling and modeling. 

In the operation the potter takes a piece of clay large enough to 
form the body of a simple cup (fig. 1, PI. I), lays it on a slab of stone, 
and flattens it out with the flattener (fig. 2, PI. I). The form is then 
encircled with the sheet of clay and the surplus at tbe joint cut away 
with an old knife blade (fig. 3, PL I). The seam is obliterated by dipping 
the fingers in water and rubbing the surface. Another flat piece of 
clay forms the bottom, and is joined in the same way. Then the sur- 
face is paddled with a wooden paddle (tig. 4, PI. I) to make the clay firm. 

The piece is then gone over with the fingers, taken off the mold, 
allowed to dry, and slipped with white clay, called " sweet earth," mixed 
with water, because it imparts a sweet taste to water, for which the 
Guadalajara pottery is famous. 

When dry enough the ware is rubbed inside with smooth stones 
and burnished on the outside with a piece of iron set in a clay handle 
(fig. 5, PI. I). 

If a pitcher (fig. 0, PI. I) is to be made, the body is formed as above, 
the form taken out, the hand is inserted and a roll of clay for the rim 
attached. The pot is then twirled on the hand and the clay worked 
with moist fingers to the required shape and thickness. The surface is 
beaten with the paddle and smoothed with a piece of leather or sheet 
iron (fig. 7, PI. I), polished, dried, and painted with brushes of dog hair 
(fig. 8, PI. I). 

The red and black paint are native colors, and the white is clay. To 
make the pottery dry evenly it is put into a pit, covered with a mat. 
This casts light on the ancient procedure. After the ware has dried it 
is burned in kilns like that described as used by Pantaleon Panduro. 

Pantaloon Panduro, an Indian, is the most skillful of the Guadalajara 
figurine makers. He is an adept at modeling from life, and his figures 
ami groups are much sought alter. 

The clay used by the figurine makers is the same as that described. 
The heads or bodies are made either solid or hollow, and the faces 
squeezed in a mold (fig. 9, PI. II). The finished heads arc shown in tigs. 
10 and 11, PI. II. 



344 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

The bodies are built up in sections and the clothing is made of sheets 
of clay tried over a form (fig. 12, PI. II) and applied. The whole is 
touched up with modeling tools (fig. 13, PI. I) adapted for various uses, 
burned in a kiln (fig. 14, PI. I), and painted with various native and 
acquired colors mixed with the milk of the mulberry tree, Morns celti- 
difolia. A portrait bust by Pantaleon Panduro is shown (fig. 15, PI. II), 
his workshop (fig. 16, PI. II), and a group of the Guadalajara ware (fig. 
17, PI. II). 

The paste of ancient Mexican pottery, as a rule, is quite uniform and 
rarely gives evidence of a coarse degraissant. Experience has taught 
the modern workmen that the admixture of different kinds of clay 
answers all the purposes of tempering, as did the shell, mica, etc., of the 
ancient potters. Dr. Berendt has also found wash gold in the paste of 
Yucatan pottery. The Maya ware burns to various shades from red to 
slate color. These colors are found in all localities, and are due to the 
firing and components of the clay. 

In the construction of ware the Mexican potters were conversant with 
molds; some shallow, like stamps, for the front portion of the figurines, 
masks, etc., and others for the entire vessel. A portion of a mold 
believed to be from the Nahua area was exhibited and is the only exam- 
ple in this very large collection. This extremely rare object is the only 
ancient mold the writer has seen. No examples of coiling were found. 
It is probable that the small, plain vessels were made in sections as 
described in the manufacture of Guadalajara pottery. The complicated 
vases were undoubtedly so made, and the modeled or molded portions 
luted on and the finishing touches applied. 

The surface of Mexican pottery was finished by polishing or burnish- 
ing with tools, and the painted ware was sometimes polished. The 
natural surface was sometimes left without tooling. The slip is often 
missing, having been dissolved away by long burial. The marks of 
finishing tools may be noticed. 

The common pipe-clay slip or paint was known all over Mexico. On 
the small cult figures this slip was applied with a brush, and probably 
formed the base for the addition of colors used for painting. No genu- 
ine glazes have been observed, and if a finish of resin varnish was 
applied to the ancient ware it has disappeared with time. 

Dr. Berendt mentions a vase dug out at Jaina, on the Gulf coast north 
of Campeche, which was varnished and painted. 1 

The ornamentation by impressions in the paste are undulations, tri- 
angles, stars, crosses, and frets, especially in the Tecos group. The art 
of inlaying, or forming a mosaic of bits of shell, etc., pressed into the 
paste, as practiced by the modern potter of Morelos, seems not to be 
ancient. The bulging or indenting of the paste is not found in the old 
ware. 

1 Hartt. Pottery among Savage Races. Amer. Nat., Feb., 1879, p. 90. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid — Hough. 



Plate II. 




Figs. 9 12, 15 17 



Appliances and Products of the Modern Mexican Potter. Guadalajara, Mexic 
From specimens in the CJ. S. National Museum. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 315 

Stamps were freely used, and many fine examples of cylindrical stamps 
to be rolled on the clay, like the Assyrian seals, have been found. There 
are also flat, round, aud oval stamps with handles. 

The majority of the pieces are painted in the usual red, white, and 
black pigments of the primitive artist. In Mexico for the first time 
appears a green color on pottery. A number of Tarasco vases are 
painted with superposed colors, as green on red, and the latter on paste 
color, yellow on red, or green on yellow on red. If this green is the cop- 
per pigment used by the Zuni and Moki it must have been applied on 
the baked ware, as it would bum black. There are a uiimber of affini- 
ties between the Mexican ware and the ware of the Pueblos of the 
United States, of which Dr. Fewkes made a study. 

The designs are animal or symbolic, and perhaps the colors are also 
symbolic, and no botanical patterns are found. 

There is a great variety of forms of vessels, from domestic plates, 
bowls, jars, bottles, etc., to the complex cult vases, funerary urns, etc., 
which are familiar. 

The form of the jicara fruit was observed among the Tecos. There 
is a tendency to angularity in some of the vases, which shows that they 
were made in sections. The Zapotecs seem to have excelled in the 
manufacture of the complicated vases. In the Spauish section a 
very interesting case of archaeological frauds from Mexico was exhib- 
ited, and in it were many grotesque vases. For many years these 
frauds have been cunningly made to deceive travelers, so that a Mexi- 
can grotesque vase or other archaeological object requires careful 
authentication. 

Vessels with rattles in the feet are frequent in Mexico. 

Small figurines are very numerous and give a d stiuctive character 
to Mexican pottery. The finest figures come from the Nahua area. 
The Zapotec masks are very good. 

Pipes of pottery appear in Mexico for the first time. In the Troano 
manuscript some of the figures are represented smoking the tubular 
cigar-holder type of pipe of the Zuni, Hupa, and other tribes of the 
United States. 

Censers like those of Costa Rica in the shape of a ladle are found in 
the Tarasco area. There is a number of musical instruments in shell 
and other forms. One of these from the Tarascos gives the eight notes 
of the diatonic scale. Pottery animal fetiches like those of the Zuni 
and Moki arc found among the Tecos. 

It is hoped that Dr. Troncoso will soon publish an account of the 
splendid antiquities now in the Mexican National Museum. 

THE POTTERY OF COSTA RICA. 

Perhaps the largest and most complete archaeological collection exhib- 
ited in Madrid was that of Costa Pica. There were several thousand 
pieces of pottery, arranged in the following classes: Pans, cooking 



346 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

pots, jars without supports, incense burners, vases with handles, crocks, 
tripod tazzas, vases without reliefs, trays, stamps, images, whistles, and 
rattles. These were carefully catalogued, localized, and related to the 
Indians formerly living on the areas where the pottery was collected. 

Seiior Anastasio Alfaro, director of the National Museum of Costa 
Rica at San Jose\ deserves great credit for the way the Costa Rican 
specimens are in hand and for the illustration in every possible manner 
by maps, paintings, photographs, etc., the derivation of the specimens 
following the most approved museum methods. 

The frequent failure to see the relation of buried art works to the 
tribes historically known to have occupied the spot gives rise to a great 
deal of confusion and misapprehension. It is pleasant to see the new 
leaven of scientific candor working in the science of archaeology. 

The following notes on Costa Rican pottery by the late Professor 
Gabb are interesting : 

The pottery now made is the coarsest and poorest I have ever seen. None of the 
finely made and elaborately ornamented vessels found in the huacas or graves are 
made at present. The nse for half a century or more of foreign cast-iron pots and 
kettles has restricted this industry, and possibly helped to injure the character of 
the work. But two or three vessels taken by me from the Tiribi graves certainly 
not less than 50 or 60 years old are in no respect superior to those made at the pres- 
ent day. Native earthenware is now only used for receptacles for chicha. The jars 
are large, say from 10 to 20 gallons capacity, the form is very simple, the workman- 
ship is rough, the clay is coarse and badly mixed, the burning is almost imperfect, 
and they are always without the slightest attempt at ornament. The jars are molded 
by hand, the clay being added spirally and molded by the fingers and trimmed with 
a smooth stick, in exactly the same manner as I have seen done by the negro women 
in Santo Domingo. After a certain amount of drying they are burnt in the open 
air in a fire of sticks heaped over them. Each jar is burnt separately. 1 

The general color effect of Costa Rican ware is red or terra cotta, the 
paste burning rather evenly. In No. 3060, a bowl from Aguacaliente, 
from which the slip has been partially removed, the paste shows white 
granules, most probably ashes, which was very commonly incorporated 
with the clay in Central and South America as a degraissant. The 
ash from bark or climbing plants yielding most silica was preferred. 2 
In the common Nicoya ware the paste is coarse with broken rock,wliile 
the finer ware has a homogeneous paste, the size and purpose of the 
vessel determining the matter. 

Coiling was practiced by the ancient Costa Rican potter, as by the 
present Indians of the country. This is evident from the large burial 
jars. The multitude of small funerary cups, spoons, etc., do not show 
coiling, and it is a question in the writer's mind whether coiling was 
practiced or necessary in very small objects. The hemispherical pots, 
Nos. 6986 to 7217, from Nicoya ( ?), apparently bear wheel marks. No 
molds were used, and the modeling is generally rough. Stamps of 
baked clay were used. The grotesques were not molded or stamped. 

1 Wm. M. Gabb, Indian Tribes and Languages of Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Philos. 
Soc. Phila., Aug. 20, 1875, p. 512. 
2 C. F. Hartt., Pottery among Savage Races. Amer. Nat., Feb., 1879, p. 81. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



347 



In many cases the Costa Ricau pottery is not burnished, but in 
objects of taste it was invariably practiced either upon the slip or the 
body. The occasional pieces of black lustrous ware were liuely bur- 
nished. Many polishing stones were exhibited. As a rule vessels are 
finished as well on the inside as on the outside. 

As in Nicaragua, cream-colored slip is common in Costa Eica. In 
the Nicoya vases the slip was evidently put on with a brush ; this was 
perhaps the method used everywhere, as no evidence has been pro- 
cured of a vessel plunged in slip pursuant to modern methods. The 
slip must primarily be regarded as paint, and later as a means of get- 
ting a background for relief of colored ornamentation as well as a 
fine smooth surface over the inequalities produced by shrinkage in 
baking. 

There is no evidence of resin or varnish in connection with the 
finish. A small image, No. 5483, has every appearance of having 
been glazed. 

Quite a variety of methods of ornamentation are found on the 
pottery of Costa Rica. The familiar methods of incised, punched, 
scratched, and applied ornament are common on the Nicoya ware. The 
crude ware of the Guetares has punched ornamentation. In modeled 
portions of the Aguacaliente ware the eyes, teeth, ears, etc., have been 
punched with a stick. 

There is scarcely any evidence of the use of stamps, though many 
stamps have been found. 

The fine ware is painted in red and black over a cream ground. This 
is the method pur- 
sued in the splendid 
vase No. 3202 (see Pis. 
Ill and IV), from the 
peninsula of Nicoya. 

Notably in a few in- 
stances red vases have 
been ornamented by 
the application of 
thick slip in definite 
patterns. This, when 
burnished, gives a 
pretty, slightly raised 
or embossed surface. 

as in the Hindu lacquers. This method applied to pottery is unique 
and shows great originality. 

Animal heads, more or less easy of determination, are applied to 
vessels, and the " apple pie," or scalloped border, is common. 

The most common forms observed in Costa Rica are small hemi- 
spherical bowls and small ladles called incensarios 1 (tig. IS), but in 




Fig. 18. 

"INCENSE BURNER.' 

[In i. i* of the Guetaro Indians. Oust a Rica. Arellano collection. 



'See p. 345. 



348 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



only one of the latter has any trace of fire been found. The small 
objects were funerary. A list of the forms has already been given, 
which shows quite a variety (figs. 19, 20, 21, and 22). There is a num- 
ber of remarkable globular pottery whistles, or flutes (ocarina), in form 
of animals; one. about inches long by 4 inches in diameter, with four 
holes and mouthpiece,, gives note C closed and then D, E, F, and 
F sharp (fig. 2.3), specimen No. 32, Arellano collection. Another small 
ocarina has the form of a bird (fig. 24). 





?0 





Figs. 19-21. 

TRIPOD AND IMORTAR-FORM VESSELS OF THE GUETAROS. Fig. 22. PAINTED JAR OF THE 

CHOKOTEGOS. 

I osta Ricp. Arellano Collection. 

The finest object of Costa Eican pottery is the vase No. 3202. It is 
of fine paste, with cream-colored slip painted red and black. It has 
the figure of a salamander on one side. (Figs. 25 and 2G, Pis. Ill 
and IV.) 

The vase merits description. The shape, it will be observed from the 
figure, is that of the jicara mounted upon three almost hemispherical 
feet, which are hollow and contain sounders. The body of the sala- 
mander is in low relief, while the head projects from the side, being 
entirely in the round. The artist has applied the salamander in a 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.- Hough. 



Plate III. 





Fig. 35. 

Decorated Vase (Front view.) 
From the Huacas of theChor go Indians, Peninsula of Nicoya, Costa Rica. National collection. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Hough. 



Plate IV. 




. >8h^ 




Fig. 36. 

Decorated Vase. 'Rear view.i 
From the Huacas of the Chorotego Indians, Peninsula "i Nicoya, Costa Rica National collection. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



349 




Figs. 23 and 114. 

POTTERY WHISTLES. (a) DETAIL OF MOUTHPIECE OF FIG. 'S.',. 
Costa Rica. Arellano Collection. 



very spirited way, with due observance of perspective. The ornamen- 
ation is applied in bands around the upper third of the vase, which is 
25 cm. high, 20 cm. in 



greatest diameter, and 
11£ cm. at the month. 

Though this vase is from 
the peninsula of Nicoya it was 
probably made in the neigh- 
boring island of Chira, whose 
caeiqia or galpon was vassal 
of Nicoya, and where, accord- 
ing to Oviedo in his Hist or i a 
general de las Indias, Tome IV, 
page 105, "se hacia muy her- 
mosa loza de platos y escudil- 
las e cantaras e jarros e otras 
vasijas muy bun labradas, e 
tan negras como mi fino tercio- 
pelo negro, e con un lustre de 
un muy pulido azabache ; y yo 
truxe algunas piezas de esa 
loza hastaesta ciudadde Santo 
Domingo de la isla Espanola, 

que se podian dar a un principe por su lindeza, e del tallo e forma que se les pide o 
se las mandan haeer a los indios asi las hacen." ' 

The hourglass supports for round-bottomed jars are curious. There 

are great numbers of these from Nicoya 

(fig. 27). 

THE POTTERY OF NICARAGUA. 

Ill examining the pottery of Nicaragua 
it is found that the paste is usually mixed 
with a degraissant of sand, or broken frag- 
ments of crystalline rock, burning to a light- 
red color. In the common, heavy ware the 
admixture of sand renders the body stone- 
like. The dark gray and black wan- seems 
to have been produced by smothering the fire 

in burning, as is practiced in Santa Clara and some other Pueblos of 

New Mexico, in making black, lustrous ware. 
There is very little to show the methods pursued in building up the 

Niearagnan pottery. From the small size and comparatively simple 

character of the 1,000 pieces displayed, it may be presumed that they 

were constructed entire by hand from lumps of clay rather than by 

coiling. 

Considerable skill in modeling is evidenced in Niearagnan pottery; 

the handles of animal heads and the grotesque supports to the ta/./.as 




Fig. 27. 
REST FOR ROUND-BOTTOMED JARS. 
Rica. 



1 Peralta y Alfaro, Catalogo de Costa Rica. Madrid, L893, p. 78. 



350 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



are well executed. A kneeling figure of a woman (No. 355) is noticeably- 
well modeled. 

There is no evidence that molds were used, and tbe collection does 
not cou tain stamps, nor was any stamped pottery shown from Nicaragua. 

Tbe ware was finished by smoothing the 
surface with stones, etc. The burial jars 
from Ometepec and other places have been 
roughly curried with the finishing tool. 
Some pieces received no further treatment, 
and most of the ware after baking was pre- 
pared for decoration by the application of 
a thick, cream-colored slip of pipe clay. 
When dry this was polished, presenting a 
good background for the red and black 
pigments used for decoration. 

Tazza No. 69, with a bright-red ground, 
has the appearance of being glazed by 
firing. It is from Alta Gracia. 
The ornamentation in or upon the body 
of the ware is either painted, incised, or modeled. No. 379, a bowl of 
common ware, has a border of pairs of double-radiating incisions, like 
the arms of the letter V, around the rim. Some bowls have the design 
inside incised through the white slip, resembling the ornamentation of 
the jicaras or bowls made from the gourd tree. 




Fig. 28. 

VASE WITH APPLIQUE BOSSES. 

Nicaragua. 




Figs. 29, 30, and 31. 

JICAKA-FORM VASES. 



In a few cases the body of the vessels is ornamented by indenting the 
paste, as in the modern pottery of Cartajena, Mexico, and sometimes 
an "apple-pie" fluting is worked around the edge by the fingers. A 
number of specimens are ornamented by bosses of clay upon the exterior 
(Barbotine) (fig. 28). 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



351 




Fig. 32. 



BELL-SHAI'ED OBJECT . 



Modeled beads of birds and animals, ratber true to life, are luted to 

tbe sides of tbe pottery. A few tazzas upon a ratber high, cylindrical, 

flaring foot bave tbe latter lightened and ornamented by triangular 

openings. 
Nicaraguan polychrome ware is cleverly painted in conventional or 

geometric designs with fine frets and 

borders. These designs are perhaps 

reduced from animal forms, like those 

which Mr. Holmes has admirably 

traced out on the Chiriqni pottery. 1 
The preponderance of animal and 

the absence of plant forms in all the 

Central and South American pottery 

is remarkable. Tbe colors are a 

lively red, black, and cream, laid on 

very accurately, and were mineral 

earths mixed with water. The artist 

has lavished his highest skill upon 

the painting of the tripod tazzas, as 

he bad in giving the form and model- 
ing, and the result is superior. 
The almost universal globose and 

hemispherical bowl, which seems to have been tbe effort of tbe earliest 

potter, is common in Nicaragua. Tbe bowl, mounted upon a bell-shaped 
base, forms a piece having the appearance of the 
Korean and early Japanese tazzas. The type 
of vase is pear-shaped (jicara form), mounted on 
a flaring base, or sometimes on three short feet 
^~ ^' (figs. 29, 30, and 3L). Tbe shallow plates, with 

y rim mounted upon the grotesque legs, are tbe 

best of the Nicaraguan ware. The curious sock- 
shaped burial jars are also found in Nicaragua. 

Perhaps the most remarkable pieces of pot- 
tery from Nicaragua are the bell-shaped objects. 
They are always in red, unslipped ware, deco- 
rated with applique bosses closely imitating tbe 
old-fashioned bells. Their use is unknown. Dr. 
Carlos Bovallius exhibited one of these curious 
bells, which was found during bis explorations 
in Nicaragua in 1890. No. 182 (fig. 32) is a bell- 
shaped tanadera or cover of black pottery. On 

Nicaragua. x 

tbe apes is a figure of some animal, well modeled. 
In general appearance it resembles a miniature Alaskan hat. Fig. 32a 
is a neatly made pottery whistle. 




Fig. 32. a 



POTTKKY WHISTLE. 



1 Sixth Annual Report Bureau of Ethnology, 1884-85, p. 171. 



352 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



The localities for Nicaraguan pottery are as follows : Solentiname, 
Alta Gracia, Moyogalpa, Huaeas de Kivas, Costa del Pacifico, Zapatera, 
Oinetepe. Alta Gracia seeras to be the most prolific. 

THE POTTERY OF GUATEMALA. 



It is obvious upon examination of the Guatemalan pottery that the 
paste varies with the intention of the vessel, so that the potter must 
have exercised considerable skill in the selection, mixing, and temper- 
ing of clays. It is no doubt the handling of the materials, as well as 

the availability of good clay that 
have determined the centers of su- 
perior pottery. 

The best ware in Guatemala, 
which is attributed to the Quiches, 
evinces care in the selection of the 
clay. In the grotesques the paste 
has burned gray, dark brown, and 
almost black, like those of Mexico. 
The vases and bowls are of the 
finest terra cotta, sometimes burn- 
ing to reddish brown with copper 
hues, as in Xo. 177. In a few pieces 
the paste contains small white par- 
ticles which are probably ashes or 
broken shell. The ''incense burn- 
ers,'' or vessels in which resin has 
been burned, are of very coarse 
crucible paste, evidently prepared 
for resistance to heat. 

The examination of over three 
hundred pieces of pottery from 
Guatemala does not bring out 
whether coiling was practiced or 
not. The specimens were small, 
however, and the careful finish ob- 
literates traces of coiling. The 
Quiches knew the use of molds and were good modelers. It is appar- 
ent that molds were used in Mexico, Central and South America, thus 
giving them an extensive range. 

Most of the ware was tooled and burnished; the natural smooth sur- 
face was left on the "incense burners" and upon stamped vases. No 
polishing stones were exhibited. A very fine cylindrical stamp of stone, 
3 inches long, pierced axially and well cut into frets was found in the 
Province of Quiche. There are a number of evidences on the ware of 
the application of stamps, some of them of extreme beauty. 




MODERN CARVED JICARA MOUNTED IN A WOODEN 
REST. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MAI) I,' ID. 



353 




JICARA F<>l:.M EN POTTEET. 



Some of the Quiche idols Dear tine striations. which lead one to sus- 
pect that the surface has been finished with a coarse brush 

Several vases have been covered with a creamy or red enamel-like 
slip. Slipping was practiced usually on the finer 
wares intended for decoration in color. The tri- 
pod fluted vase of Quiche ware, No. 5, has a gray, 
lustrous enamel, which causes it to resemble 
stoneware. The paste could not be examined 
but the ware rings. It is probably one of the 
few examples in which accident rather than de- 
sign conspires to fuse the slip. 

The coarse ware is often incised with a crude 
ornamentation of short furrows and numerous 
projecting spines and broadly modeled faces 
(masks). 

The fine ware is very well painted in red and 
black on creamy ground. The subjects are hu- 
man figures, geometries and the cartouch-like 
Maya hieroglyphics called katuns. One splen- 
did Quiche jar (No. 23), 7 inches high and 5 ,., ,, „ ,n,. 
inches in diameter, is of fine red paste covered 

with cream enamel like slip, painted with human figures and katuns in 
lively red, outlined in black. Thejar sits in a similarly painted shallow 

dish supported on three tubular legs. 
Vase No. 75, of jicara form, is decorated 
with two rolled-out impressions of a 
complex stamp which was about 4 
inches in width. The subject is two 
human figures, and the stamp as repre- 
sented in the impression is the 'finest 
piece of ancient fictile work with which 
the author is acquainted. This vase is 
now in possession of the museum of 
the University of Pennsylvania and 
will be figured. 

The finer vases in Guatemala take 
the globular form of the jicara, which 
are familiar objects from Mexico and 
Central America atpresent. where they 
are worked into chocolate cups, carved 
or etched on the outside, (fig. 33). In 
the region of the "gourd tree" these 
cups have been used from time im- 
memorial, and it is interesting to ob- 
serve that the chocolaterias of Spain 
preserve this form, and that the old stone nictates are used in that 
country still for grinding cacao in chocolate making. 
H. Ex. 100 23 




Fig. 35. 

INCISED FIGURE AND CABTOUCHE CONTAININ< 

KATUNS. 

From ;i Quiche-Maya vase, Guatemala. 



354 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Specimen No. 75 (tig. 34) represents ;i jicara sitting in a discoidal 
bolder or foot like those used in Guatemala. 

A few urn-like forms with handles and grotesque Quiche jars showing 
the marks of potters' tools are found. The gem of the collection is a 

large jicara vase painted in red and white, 
with figures of katuns or hieroglyphics, 
Dr. Brinton pronounces this the finest 
vase in existence, and the most southerly 
occurrence of the Quiche-^laya katuns. 
Another fine piece of dark-brown ware 
has a rectangular bas relief apparently 
cut out, representing a human figure with 
headdress, necklace, cincture, etc., kneel- 
ingon a stool. In one corner is a cartouch 
containing three katuns (fig. 35). 

Another jicara katun vase bears two 
horizontal bands with katuns. It is 5 
inches high; from Escuintla. 

There is a pretty globose fluted vase of 
gray ware, mounted on three feet (fig. •'!(>). 
The feet a re hollow, with an oval slit; each 
contains a small ball. It is Quiche work. 
The incensarios are basins of equal height and diameter, bearing 
a human face on one edge. The exterior is regu- 
larly covered with long spines, giving them a 
curious appearance, All bear evidence of burn- 
ing resin. Some of them have lids — a unique 
occurrence, as far as the writer knows, in ancient 
American pottery. No tazzas with perforated 
feet like those of Ecuador, Colombia, etc., are 
found in Guatemala. 

The Guatemalan potter modeled idols more or 
less rudely by the aid of stamps and molds. Two 

trumpets of 




Fig. 36. 



FLUTED VASE OK GRAY WARE. 



Quiches, Guatemala. 



T5 



4^ 



jiJDlJ 




terra cot t a , 
which look 
like Quich.6 
w o r k , a r e 
noteworthy. 



Fig. 38. 

ORNAMENTED BORDER 
Huehuetenango, < »uati 



They consist 
AND - of four tubes, 

eachhavinga 
slitand all blown by one mouthpiece, having a sep- 
tum, which conducts the air on either side to a pair 
of tubes. The sound is made by the air moving 
across the slit in front like some organ pipes (fig. 37). 




Fig. 37. 

TRUMPET WITH FOUR TUBES. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 355 

From Hueliuetenango there is a Hat, circular stand supported upon 
three legs. It is bordered with a stepped band like the Zufii cloud 
ornaments (fig. 38). A finely modeled head is fastened to the edge. 

LOCALITIES OF GUATEMALAN POTTERY IN THIS COLLECTION. 

Center. — Guatemala, Sacatepegue, La Majada. La Antigua. 
South. — Eseuinta, Aniatitlaii, Santa Lucia. 
North. — Peten, Alta Verapaz, Quiche, Coban. 

]\'est. — Hueliuetenango, Quetzaltenango, cities of Chiapa and Alino- 
longa. 

THE POTTERY OF COLOMBIA. 

The richness of the exhibit of Colombia in gold was paralleled by its 
richness in pottery. The commissioners secured loans of all private 
collections possible and exhibited superb photographs of other collec- 
tions in Colombia. 

The pottery is from the rich areas of the artistic tribes of the Chi- 
bchas, Quimbayas, Chiriquis, and from the provinces of Antioquia, 
Cauca, and Tolima. 

Similar grades are observed in the pottery of Colombia as in the other 
countries treated of in this work, the paste being mixed or tempered to 
suit the intention of the ware. The paste in the commoner vessels of 
the Quimbayas is coarse, red, filled with broken rock and shell, or ashes, 
and the ware is heavy, dark, and smoky in appearance. All of the 
Colombian ware which was seen on broken edges, or on the natural 
surface, is tempered with broken rock or sand. 

The finer ware has a smooth, apparently unmixed paste, varying in 
color from reddish brown to fine yellow. 

The writer could not find undoubted evidence of coiling or molds in 
the construction of Colombian pottery. There is a tendency in such col- 
lections to pass over rude or broken specimens, which give an insight 
into the pottery art, and to exhibit the striking and perfect pieces. 
There is a strong presumption in favor of the coiling and molds, which 
were undoubtedly used in the gold objects and might well have been 
used in the seated figures and certain maskettes. Luting on of handles 
and other parts was practiced. 

It would be interesting to come upon the site of an ancient pottery 
and excavate it, as Mr. Holmes has the quarries, or as the mounds have 
been explored. A reason stands in the way of finding such a site, for 
the manufacture of aboriginal pottery was an individual craft, usually 
followed by the women, who performed all the operations from digging 
the clay to decorating the baked ware. The prevalence of defined 
forms and ornamentation, as well as certain qualities of ware in defined 
areas, would show unanimity of tribal or area! custom or practice; 



356 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 




intercourse would bring in other forms. In countries with a settled 
civilization, like Mexico, for instance, we might expect to meet with 
division of labor, and perhaps the site of an ancient pottery could be 
discovered. 

The same procedure as to surface finish of pottery obtained in 
Colombia as in other localities. Polishing before baking, smothering 
some objects in order to get a black surface, and 
the smooth ware as it came from the hand of 
the potter are all observed in Colombia. The 
tool marks are sometimes seen, but usually are 
obscured by subsequent decoration, but in the 
ordinary Quimbaya ware the surface has been 
very roughly dressed down. No polishing stones 
were shown. 

The buff slip so common in American pot- 
tery, both modern and ancient, is found in 
Colombia. In this respect some of the Chiriqui 
pottery resembles that of Nicaragua. The light 
buff color of the Chiriqui and other ware often 
did away with the necessity of employing a 
wash of pipe-clay slip as a ground for decora- 
tion. In a very few cases the slip was red. 

As a rule the ornamentation of Colombian 
pottery, like that of Ecuador, is in straight 
lines, entirely conventional, whether the ware is incised or painted. 

A common method of ornamentation was by scratching the paste 
with a sharp instrument, these objects being unpainted. Sometimes 
short rows of dots form a network design. 
The Polynesian pattern, which is a network 
of equilateral triangles, either stamped or 
incised, is common, and, as far as can be ascer- 
tained, is peculiar to Colombia. 

Strings, bosses, or bits of clay were applied 
sometimes in an elaborate manner. 

Eaised lines of slip is a rare form of ornamen- 
tation here. The human face and body, frogs, 
birds, and other animals, enter with great pro-- 
fusion into the ornamentation of Colombian 
pottery, usually in relief. Triangular open- 
ings are cut out in the feet of some vessels 
or punched through. Rarely the walls of 

vessels were pressed out into low bosses, and the impress of geometric 
stamps is not noticed, however, on the Quimbaya or Chiriqui wares. 
Many very well cut stamps are found ; most of those shown resembled 
the Assyrian cylindrical seals, though commonly larger. Others 



Figs. 39 and 40. 



JAR AND CONICAL BASE AND 
REST FOR SAME. 




Fig. 41. 



VASE WITH FOOT. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



357 



were rectangular and a few had handles. Most of them were from 
Antioqnia. 

The painting is always in three colors — red, white, and black. Yellow 



appears in the paste, 
often tint varying from 
vessels are in simple 

One is agreeably 
of ideas and compo- 
Colombian potter, who 
to taste as the potter 
country. The great 
lombian ware makes 
thing more" than to 

The imitation of nat- 
pears to culminate in 
ticed sparingly in Co- 




rig. 42. 

TAZZA, WITH PIERCEU FOOT. 

Colombia. 



and the light slip has 
cream to gray. Many 
white, and blade, 
struck with the variety 
sition of the antique 
has quite as good claim 
of any other age or 
variety of form of Co- 
it difficult to do any- 
hint at the groups, 
ural forms, which ap- 
Peru, begins to be prac- 
lombia, where gourds 
actly represented, as 



and melons were ex- 
well as shells, birds, etc. The globose bowl, which is a gourd form, is 
not very common. There were a number of these from Chibehas, often 
with conical base (fig. 30). Supports for vessels of this character are 
found (fig. 40). 

The bowls with a foot seem to grow out of this rest (fig. 41). One 
rather shallow decorated bowl of this kind 
from the Museo de Zea, in Medellin, is a 
beautiful specimen of elegant form, with small 
legs at the rim and the flaring foot with a 
double tier of cuneiform openings like the 
Korean (fig. 42). 

There were many small elliptic cups from 
the Quimbayas. A number of small gravy- 
bowl vessels of dark incised ware, apparently 
soaked in oil, with traces of burning, might 
be called lamps. If so, they are unique. 

Vases are very numerous and of great vari- 
ety of form and ornamentation. Some are of 
human form, like those of Peru, with or with- 
out support. < >ne jarlike vase, with two pairs 
of lugs and tlat bottom from Antigua, is of 
perfect Hispano-Moresqueform (fig. 43). It is 
engraved, and the height is 12 centimeters. 

A very pretty vase lias the form of a bird, with whistle in the tail; a 
handle springs up from the head. It is Quimbaya. The device of put- 
ting small balls of clay in the feel of vessels to form a rattle is found 
in Colombia. 

A curious hemispherical pottery vessel of the Chibehas lias two lugs 




Fig. 4::. 

JAB OF HISP i.NO Ml IRBSQUE FORM. 
Anttqua, Colombia. 



358 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



and a bail, apparently imitating an iron pot (rig. 44). Another similar 
one from the department of Tolma lias two lugs and the, upper surface 
covered over, except a small circular opening (fig. 45). 





Mg. 44. 

VESSEL WITH BAIL. 

Chibchas, Colombia. 



Fig. 45. 

COVERED VESSEL, WITH LUGS. 

Tbhma, Colombia. 



Double bottles and other forms resembling the Peruvian whistling 
jars are found in Colombia. 



THE PO I'TEKY OF ECUADOR. 

The pottery of Ecuador shows a great variety of remarkably grace- 
ful aesthetic forms, being superior to that of any other country exhibiting 
in Madrid. This is in harmony with what is known of the civilization 
of Ecuador at the Conquest and previously, the culture status being 
perhaps superior to that of any South American country. Antonio 
Elores, the historian, believes that the civilization of Peru had its origin 
in Ecuador. 

The paste in the common forms of Ecuador pottery is tempered with 
a large admixture of coarse sand, the ware on the broken edges resem- 
bling stone. In the better ware the paste is mixed with fine, micaceous 
sand. In general, the ware is dark brown or black, very thin, and well 
made. 

In the finished product there is slight opportunity to ascertain the 
method of construction. There is little doubt that the method of coil- 
ing, so Avidely known in North and South America, was pursued in 
making the larger vessels. Some of the images show distinctly the 
marks of the molds like those of Peru, and the heads were made sep- 
arately and luted upon the body, as were the handles and relief orna- 
ments of the vessels. 

In the main, Ecuador pottery has the dark lustrous finish, due to 
smoothing stones passed over the surface after the ware has become 
partially dry. A number of pieces, however, have a natural biscuit 
surface and remarkably thin. The Ibarra ware has a rich Samian red 
and is smoothly burnished. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



359 



Slipping was not practiced to the extent observed in Nicaragua or 
Costa Bica. Cream-colored slip was in some localities spread over the 
surface. 

There were no stamps exhibited, nor does Ecuador pottery show the 
use of stamps. There were two carved cylindrical objects like Assyr- 




I igs. 46-57. 

1 I 'l.'M- I IF EQDADi IB WAKE. 

ian seals, which resembled stamps, but they were small, and were no 
doubt beads. 

The common decoration is thin horizontal lines in red and white 
painted on the surface. The large pretentious vases are laid oft" in a 
diamond pattern, the lozenges alternately filled with vertical and hori- 
zontal lining, which i> vc\y pretty. A tew of the pieces are decorated 
with small bosses of clay. 



360 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADEID. 




Fig. 58. 

BOWL, WITH BOSSES. 

Ibarra, Ecuador. 



A series of remarkable cream-colored bowls from the province of 

Pichincha have the inner surface painted with conventional designs in 

black and red. 

Sometimes well-modeled heads of animals are placed on the body 

of the large bottle-shaped vessels. 
The most graceful forms are vases of good outline sometimes 2 feet 

high (fig. 40), bottles with very large body and narrow tubular neck, 

having lugs near the base; also one or more 
projecting animal heads (fig. 47), and long 
pointed amphora vases with two handles on 
the swell of the body (fig. 48). The latter 
piece seems very much out of place in 
Ecuador, but th ere is every reason to believe 
that it is American. 

The series of shallow decorated bowls, 
and the same mounted on the flaring pedes- 
tal, having triangular openings (figs. 49, 50, 
51, 52, and 53); a bottle with cubical body 
and flaring neck (fig. 54), are remarkably 

Korean in shape, and, leaving material out of consideration, would be 

without hesitation referred to that country. The bowls are from the 

province of Pichincba, Yaruqui. 

Bottles with spheroidal bodies and tubular neck, with one or two 

handles, are frequent (figs. 55 and 50). The form of the burial jar is 

shown in fig. 57. The Ibarra bowls, of 

simple shape but of very smoothly tooled 

red ware of Samian color, were represented 

(fig. 58). 

A singularly beautiful vase from the prov- 
ince of Chimborazo has an inverted pear- 
shaped body from which springs a tapering 

neck having two pierced loops on either 

side. The body is covered with a series of 

crescentic waves modeled in relief in the 

paste (fig. 59). 

A pottery vessel about 7 inches high, with 

slanting sides, is interesting from the pres- 
ence of a tube leading down the side to 

the bottom and projecting about one-half 

inch above the rim. The tube communicates 

with the interior of the vessel, which was 

used for drinking purposes (fig. 00). There 

is a superb gold vessel of this description ,,„,„, r,,,,.!,,,. 

in the Peruvian collection belonging to the 

Spanish Government and a pottery one in the Guatemalan exhibit. The 

idea is that of the European " puzzle jugs," which had their origin in 




COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



361 



India. The same device is employed by the Eskimo of the east coast 
of Greenland in their water buckets, where a stave is pierced vertically 
and a bone mouthpiece is inserted. 

On the whole, Ecuadorian pottery rather 
tends to elegance of form than to the portrait 
or grotesque series and genre forms of Peru. 
It forms a distinct group within the boundaries 
of the ancient Kingdom of Quito. 

Localities in which antiquities are found in 
Ecuador: Pichincha, Manabi, Canar, Azoques, 
Ouinte, Imbabura, Loja, Cochasqui, Cayambe, 
Yaruqui, Guano, province of Chimborazo, Lat- 
acunga, Chordelig, Chimborazo, Pujili, prov- 
ince of Leon. 




Fig. 60. 

VESSEL, Wl'l H I I'D':. 
Ecuador. 



THE POTTERY OF PERU. 

Peruvian pottery is among the most interesting relics of that ancient 
civilization. While the variety of form is perhaps not as great as that 
of Colombia or Ecuador, that which characterizes Peru is what may be 
called the portrait or genre series of bottles, of which thousands of 
examples have been perfectly preserved in the dry huacas of the coast. 
These have been called grotesques from our standpoint, but they seem 
rather to class themselves as portraiture, considering of course adapta- 
tion of the subject to the globular vessel, etc. This is brought out in 
those most curious bottles representing deformities arising from dis- 
ease. Four of these objects from Chimbote and one from Trujillo rep- 
resent Indian women with the ahe and septum of the nose and some- 
times the upper lip obliterated by a disease which a Spanish physician 
assures me can be clearly diagnosed as lupus. 1 Another represents a 
woman with the feet eaten away. 

A bottle from Chimbote shows a sick man with swollen belly. There 
is not the slightest doubt but that the modeling is intentional. 

Bottle Xo. 42 is another instance of portraiture. It represents a 
figure of a Spaniard sitting crosslegged, with one hand on his knee 
and the other held up, with the index linger pointed as though speaking. 
He lias a mustache and imperial and wears a coat ornamented with 
tigers. 

The surprising variety of subjects and the appreciation of character 
shows that the Peruvian went to nature for his motives, and, like 
the cartoonist of the present day, but fixed in indestructible terra 
cotta, caught the salient features of liis surroundings coining down 

1 See Habel. Archaeological and Ethnological Investigation in Central and South 
America, Smithson. Contributions, XXII, 1880, p. 16, for a notice of the prevalence 
of lupus. Dr. Brinton tells me that il is much more likely to be syphilis than lupus, 
or perhaps leprosy. Lupus is a disease of the sofl parts rather than <>f the bones. 
The specimen may be postcolumbian. 



362 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

into the times of the Coriquistadores and priests of the new God, leaving 
abundant material for the reconstruction of his remarkable history. 

The high organization of society in Peru, as elsewhere, had a tendency 
to produce objects of luxury and to foster art. 

They were adept modelers, and made molds of their subjects as well 
as taking casts for molds from gourds, fruit, and other natural forms 
which can be specifically identified. 

According to Wiener (p. 032), the tradition is that the vessels were 
placed in a heap of tacquia, or llama dung, and the fire blown up by 
men with tubes of rush (cane?), as is practiced at the present time. 

A section of the finer Peruvian ware shows a smooth paste without 
degraissant, gray blue, with a thin exterior layer of red, due to burn- 
ing. This is the character of paste in the bottle series and finer ware. 

It has been stated that the Peruvians mixed with the clay graphite, 
charcoal, broken rock, and even wash gold as in Yucatan, aso data 
has been had to verify these statements from the collection shown in 
Madrid, where little common ware was displayed. 1 

As already stated, the Peruvians were expert modelers, and used 
molds almost altogether. These molds may have been half sections, 
where the objects were alike on both sides, but were generally in two 
or more sections. Tbe lines where the parts were luted together often 
show. In the Royal Archaeological Museum at Madrid there are in 
some cases three casts from the same mold. Generally, each vessel 
was modified by a longer or shorter spout, the application of other fea- 
tures, or the skillful use of modeling tools to change the expression of 
faces, etc. Undercuts were necessarily avoided. Molds have not been 
discovered in Peru, to the best of the writer's knowledge, and it would 
be well for explorers to be on the alert for such relics. Perhaps in the 
huacas a potter's outfit may be found, as have those of the weavers and 
other crafts. 

Coiling has not been observed. There is a suspicion in some minds 
that the Peruvians were familiar with the potter's wheel; indeed, some 
vessels are so symmetrical that they look as though they had been 
thrown. 

Peruvian pottery divides itself pretty sharply into the terra cotta 
ware, with polychrome decoration, and the black, lustrous ware, which 
has been stamped or incised. The latter was probably blackened by 
smoke by the known method. 

Nearly all the ware is finely burnished. At present the natives of 
the interior secure this polish by going over the surface of the ware 
with the thumb nail of the right hand. 2 

Cream-colored pipeclay slip was applied to the decorated ware. 
Sometimes the vessels were covered with the slip, but mainly it was 
used as a color. Spherical bowl ISo. has cream slip on the upper 

l See Wiener, Perou et Bolivie, p. 650. 
- Wiener, Perou et Bolivie, p. 631. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



363 



TO 



portion and below a wide band of red, with the junction covered 
with a black line. The burnished slip often resembles a glaze. No. 
1530 (Museo Arqueologico, Madrid) is an obscure yellow vase with a 
hard vitreous glaze (enamel ?). This is the only glaze observed. The 
locality and period is not known. 

The colors used in the ornamentation of Peruvian pottery are cream 
or white, black, and red. No other colors than these have ever been 
observed on American pottery outside of Mexico. The painted designs 
are quite often the human or animal figures, somewhat realistic, follow- 
ing the modeled ware and textiles. These designs have been further 
elaborated into grecques. The clothing, etc., of the relief ware is 
outlined and ornamented in colors. 

The black ware is modeled, incised, and stamped, and has received no 
treatment with color. Some vases from near Cuzco are covered with 
lines of u rickrack," or Polynesian pat- 
tern, as though following the lines of 
coiling like the ancient Zufii vessels. 
Many of the vessels are ornamented 
with short, straight lines like those of 
Ecuador. One finds fillets, lozenges, 
meanders, serpents, stars, the frog, the 
bat-headed serpent, etc., used for orna- 
mentation. 

Common as well as fine pottery is 
found in the huacas of Peru, no doubt 
determined by the social condition of 
the dead. The common ware consists 
of round bowls or jars, undecorated 
and rudely finished, which can be du- 
plicated anywhere. 

There are many survivals from an- 
cient times in modern Peru, and the comparative ethnologist lias no 
difficulty in establishing connections Avith precolumbian times. Mr. 
Dorsey has lately made some studies on this point, which he presented 
before the International Congress for Anthropology at Chicago. 

There has been some conjecture as to the intention of the. portrait 
series of bottles. Mr. Wiener thinks that the ornamentation, or glori- 
fication, of the drinking vessel explains the matter. It would seem, 
also, that there was rivalry among the potters, as the Eskimo seeks 
the honor of producing the most elaborate and striking mask for the 
feast of the returning sun. 

The subjects of the bottles arc fruits and animals, of winch the 
specific names can l>c ascertained; architecture (No. 728, Museo Arque- 
ologico, Madrid) is an U-shaped house with high-pitched roof, with win- 
dows in the gables and court (fig. Gl), prisoners with hands tied behind, 
like those hewn from wood; suppliants, deformed persons, priests, 
warriors, portrait groups, etc. 




Fig. 61. 



BOTTLE IN FORM OF A HOUSE. 



364 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



The whistling water bottles are most ingenious. One fine specimen, 
owned by the Government of Ecuador, has the form of a turkey and 
accurately imitates several cries of that fowl. Another form, called 




'^^^^^^^^^^^M^m.. 



Fig. 62. 

POTTERY TRUMPET. 




the " weeping bottle," has the porous ware thin at the corners of the 

eyes of the figure so that the water exudes slowly and drops like tears. 

"Puzzle bottles," like those of India, have been found, formed of an 

interior arrangement of spiral tubes 
and from which the fluid can only be 
poured by inclining the bottle in a 
certain way. 

Two trumpets of pottery on the 
principle of the cornet were exhib- 
ited. They were made by folding a 
pottery tube 40 inches long on itself 
(fig. 62), and they accurately give the 
fundamentals of the cord. Other fig- 
ures play on the pan pipe. 

A large, flat-bottomed bottle, with 
handles, and (tig. 63) a black vase 
with fluted body, like those of Ecua- 
dor, were exhibited. 

Wide- mouthed vases, shaped like 
the cult vases of Egypt, in pottery 
and wood, are frequent. In the 
Spanish collection they were labeled 
" cult vases." They are figured in 

Wiener, page 626. Ladle-shaped "incensarios," with masks at the 

end of the handle, are also found. 




Fig. 63. 



LARGE BOTTLE LIKE THOSE OF ECUADOR. 



THE POTTERY OF SANTO DOMINGO 



From the island of Santo Domingo were exhibited small idols or fig- 
ures of pottery, some from the caves of Cotui and Samana, the last 
residence of the Indians, and the cave of Santa Anna. There was 
also a small pottery jar. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 365 

THE POTTERY OF ARGENTINE. 

The Argentine collection was represented by seventy nine aquarelles 
of pottery, principally funerary urns, a large number containing remains 
of adults and children. In quality the pottery ranges from coarse 
bowls to higher painted and modeled forms. In the painted vases the 
conventional human face and body, and also the serpent, predominate. 
They are all from the province of Catamarca. 

THE POTTERY OF URUGUAY. 

In the archaeological collection from Uruguay there were some frag- 
ments of pottery and one large broken jar. The ware has a coarse 
paste consisting of clay mixed with sand and shell and is imperfectly 
baked. The surface is rough and has a rude ornamentation of dots 
ind straight lines scratched in the paste. In a few cases painted ves- 
els are ornamented in the mounds of Vizcauio and Soriano, showing 
different combinations of curved and right lines in red and white paint. 
The usual form is globular and conical, pierced at the rim for suspen- 
sion. Funerary urns occur. 

PERUVIAN AND MEXICAN POTTERY FROM THE GERMAN COLLECTIONS. 

In the German section there were numerous water colors from objects 
collected by Herman Strebel in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. The 
ancient civilization in that State is of the Totonacs and Chichimecs. 

Many chromolithographic plates taken from the great work of Reiss 
and Stiibel entitled "The Necropolis of Ancon in Peru" were exhibited. 



CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS AT THE COLUMBIAN HISTORI- 
CAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID, IN JANUARY, I803. 



By HENRY C. MERCER, 
Curator <>C the M iseum of American and Prehistoric Archaeology at the University 

of Pennsylvania. 



That portion of the Exposicion Historico- Americana in Madrid which 
aimed to illustrate the condition of aboriginal man in North and South 
America at the time of the coming of Columbus offered a valuable oppor- 
tunity to the student. 

Easy walks from one room to another showed a series of objects col- 
lected without concerted purpose from many regions in both continents, 
which series as it stretched in perspective from Bering Strait to Pata- 
gonia confronted us with important suggestions. 

Again we speculated upon the origin of the red-skinned people found 
by the discoverer. Passing by the builder of mounds and the Cliff 
Dweller, the Aztec and the Maya, the Inca and the Carib, we were 
reminded of the River Drift man of Trenton, while the dispute waged 
as to the evidence of his existence, and of the inhabitant of Table 
Mountain, who has upset archaeological theories by polishing his stone 
implements, it is said, in Tertiary times. 

In the series of human relics so gathered and arranged, .re met 
disappointing gaps and realized too often the lack of that intelligent 
gleaning which seizes every fragment of the lost tale; for which the 
chip, the broken hammer , the neglected potsherd, and charcoal have 
their full meaning and every stone tells its story. 

But making the most of what we saw and turning to the special ques- 
tion which confined our attention, we asked no more of the specimens 
than what they might tell of that craft which so much concerned man- 
kind in the ages of its infancy, the chipping of stone tools. What might 
these primitive implements unfold to us of the secrets of that ancient 
apprenticeship which all humanity has served I What clues did they 
offer to the lost story of our ancestry '.' 

How were these knives, awls, celts, and scrapers made 1 ? Whence 
came the varied material? How was it discovered, quarried, and 
transported? Shall the finished forms tell us of the culture of their 
maker, and shall we discover in flaked stones evidence in America of 
a time when the art of Stone Age humanity was in its infancy, when 
man, as in Europe, only chipped and had not learned to polish the 
hardened material; when pot making, skin dressing, cord twisting, 

367 



368 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



and fishing with nets were unknown arts; when the early American, 
like the modern Australian or Andarnanese, was yet ignorant of the 
use of the bow"? 

We must think that even the art of chipping stone had its beginning; 
that at some time in the past, man, once ignorant of it, learned it; that 
somewhere upon the earth lie fractured rocks to tell us, did we know 
their secret, of that moment when an ancestor chipped one for the first 
time. To pick up two bowlders and knock with one a piece from the 
other is to force the thought upon ourselves, as we feel the sharp edge 
of the fragment, that this makeshift knife, this tool of many uses, 
fashioned anywhere at a blow, was man's first implement of stone. 1 

the cmr. 

The chip, as a knife or other implement, is probably too simple to 
have been preceded by any other stone form, too handy ever to have 
been laid aside by humanity in its age of stone. 




Fig. 1. 

JASPER .NUCLEI AND FLAKES. 

Made by ancient stone workers, gathered about the edges of the old diggings at the aboriginal jasper quarry and blade workshop at 

Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. 

Anyone would recognize as of human make the thin, narrow, flakes of 
jasper collected by Mr. Gerard Fowke from Flint Eidge, Ohio, and 
the attractive nuclei from which they have been worked, as exhibited 
by the Smithsonian Institution (fig. 1), and in the cases of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, and be inclined to assign for them an ancient 
use. Xo doubt many of them were bound in handles with thongs, like 
the mounted bite of hoop iron from Alaska, or set in with glue like that 
made of boiled fish and bones and wild cherry gum mentioned by Peter 
Kalm. So with the similar chips of obsidian and flint in the Xicara- 
guan exhibit, while it would be easier still to label as human relics the 

'See for an argument that man was a stone batterer and polisher (Neolithic) before 
he became a stone chipper, and thatthe so-called Palaeolithic status of culture never 
existed, Mr. J. D. McGuire's paper in the American Anthropologist for July, 1893. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



369 



exquisite cores and flakes of obsidian from Mexico (fig. 2, from Mexican 
exhibit), which Torqueinada and Hernandez say were pressed off by 




Gathered at surface sites in Mexii 
Their razor-like edges w 



Fig. 2. 

FLAKES OF VOLCANIC GLASS OR OBSIDIAN*. 
»nch flakes as Torquemada saw ancient Mexicans producing by pressure with long punche 
sometimes used for shaving. Three specimens in the cut have been twisted by heat. 



wooden punches held against the breast, and sometimes used by cer- 
tain Spaniards for shaving their beards. 1 




Fig. 3. 

CHIPPED RIVEB PEBBLES AND PEBBLE CHIPS, PROBABLY USED BY INDIANS AS IMPLEMENTS. 
Found at surface village si tei in the Delaware and Susquehanna Valleys. 

Those ruder chips of argillite, sandstone, quartzite, or slate (fig. 
so familial- to the American student, which we believe would h 



3), 
ive 



•Some of these (see fig. 2, Mexican Museum, Nos. 1635, 1636, 1637) seem altogether 
too contorted to have been flaked in their present Bhape, though passing them 
through a hot fire, it is thought, would account for the twists. 
0. Ex. 100 L'4 



370 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



taken the place of the finer material in the hands of the man who had 
not yet discovered it, are far less easy to identify as knives and as they 
are less attractive to the collector it is not surprising that there are 
none of them in the exhibit. 

Fearing to confuse with them any of the multitude of similar chips 
cast away in the process of making other implements, Ave must find 
them closely associated, as has been done, with charcoal, animal remains, 
and shells, at tire sites and in caves; or mounted, like the Australian 
chips, in their handles of "Black-boy" gum, to prove that such stones 
were used by man to cut meat, scrape bones, or open mollusks. The 




teshoas (discoidal implements produced by Indians at a single blow on the convex surface of a pebble) 

AND PEBBLES FROM WHICH TESHOAS HAVE BEEN CHIPPED 



Found atsurfai 



sites in tli>- Dels 



nd c usquehanna Valleys. 



coarser the material the coarser might we expect to find the chip 
knife. While the tools shown in figs. 1 and 2, if we are to believe Tor- 
quemada, were made by direct pressure, others, as the bulb of percus- 
sion would indicate, must have been produced by blows. 

Dr. Joseph Leidy, in 1870, saw the Shoshones knocking off the 
smooth sides of water- worn pebbles to make "teshoas" or hide scrapers 
(see Hayden's United States Geological Report for 1870), and many of 
the ancient camp sites in the Delaware and Susquehanna valleys are 
scattered with the pebbles from which these disks, it seems, have been 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 371 

knocked, and the disks themselves (see tig - . 4), so excellently adapted for 
cutting- that we wonder how or why any other knife was used. 1 

The pebble nucleus would take another form when these knives 
were knocked off in greater number, and from the sides rather than the 
middle of the stone. (See fig.. 3.) 

ARROW AND SPEAR HEADS. 

A first glance at the arrow and spear heads (sec tig. 5) (including 
scrapers, perforators, small leaf-shaped blades, etc.) continually dupli- 
cated from many parts of the New World would almost persuade us that 
nothing original or distinctive had been found anywhere; that to mix 
a score of the obsidian, chert, or flint points of the Shoshones, Sioux, 
or Eskimo with similar weapons from Uruguay, Ecuador, or Central 
America would be, save for the clue from the origin of their materials, 
to hopelessly lose trace of their parentage. 

There is great variety in the kind of stone used, which I had no 
means of having lithologically described (though the forms of jasper 
and obsidian predominate), aud in the size, the average being about 1£ 
inches in length. 

The large spears, as, for instance, the fourteen specimens of whitish 
hornstone from Pike County, Arkansas (of shape IS, fig. 5), in the 
National Museum exhibit, one of which was 12 inches long; a similar 
one from Uruguay, and one of the same shape from New Jersey, meas- 
uring 6 inches, in the University of Pennsylvania exhibit; an obsidian 
dagger (of form 75, fig. 5), 7£ inches long, and a large saw-toothed spear 
of hornstone, 3^ inches long, in the Mexican exhibit, will be considered 
separately under the head of large leaf-shaped blades. But after care- 
ful sorting it will be seen that even arrow and spear heads have their 
characteristics. 

Fig. 5 speaks for itself, but we notice specially the dull, blunted form 
(No. 5) with which most farmers' boys in the United States are familiar, 
having a sharp edge, a specimen of which (No. 11) from Alexander 
County, North Carolina, is exemplified in the Austrian exhibit, and 
which might have been mounted for use as a scraper, or as a dull 
arrowhead for stunning animals. It is also found in Mexico (No. 91), 
though not represented elsewhere. 

Whoever has seen the small French blades of Mousterian pattern, so 
easily made where good flakes were ;it hand by chipping one side only, 
must have wondered why the form is not more common among North 
American specimens, but here it is at last, No. 14, from Maine (National 
Museum, No. 98478), and common enough in Mexico (see No. 90 of 

■See paper " River pebbles chipped by modern Indians as a clue to the study of 
Trenton gravel implements," Proceedings of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science, Vol. XLI, 1892. 



372 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



obsidian from Mexico), with Nos. 32, 33, and 34 of obsidian from Nica- 
ragua (see Nicaraguan, Nos. 1187-1189). 

The jasper form (No. 29), from the United States (mounted in the 
National Museum exhibit, we iind again in the United States of 
Colombia (No. C3), and in Mexico, somewhat modified, in Nos. 70, 72, 74, 
81, and 82 of obsidian. 



A 6AGOMAA&© 



SftaJtiA/ 



^5 




*w. /j\ tXj u\ Co ^] aJ f— (^ (^ 



Uj/lwyd-- 



T^ >A\^ 



A 

hi' 



Fit 



OUTLINES OF ALL, THE FORMS OF ARROW HEADS AND SMALLER BLADES, FROM NORTH AND SOUTH 

AMERICA. 

Exhibited at Madrid Exposition. 

The narrow, elongated form sometimes referred to as of possible 
Eskimo origin, common in argillite in the Delaware Valley (see Nos. 
23 and 24), we see in Uruguay (No. 35), and in Mexico (No. 80). The 
forms more common in the United States, it would seem, than in South 
America, and vulgarly called "war arrows" (see Nos. 8, 9, 20, and 22), 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



373 



easily run into the shapes from Uruguay (Xos. 37 and 42), northwest 
coast (So. 50), United States of Colombia (Xos. 59 and GO), and Mexico 
(Xos. 79 and 84). 

No. 89, the double-pointed arrowhead from Mexico, is unique, as is the 
double-based one, Xo. 10, and the curious Xo. 19 from Xorth Carolina; 
so is the eccentric uusymmetrical Xo. 26 of white hornstone from Santa 
Barbara, Cal. 

The saw-edged arrowhead in the United States series (Xos. 1 and 25) 
occurs in Mexico in Xos. 70 and 77, but there is nothing anywhere shown 




CHIPS OF OBSIDIAN, WORKED ONLY AT THE BASE AND MOUNTED AS BLADES. 1>V the now extinct natives 

of Easter Island. (British Museum.) 



By the kind pern 



, of Mr. Charles H. Head. 



like the Mexican form of obsidian (Xo. 92), of which the only point spe- 
cialized is the base, the rest being left to tlie chance of natural cleavage, 
however unsymmetrical, and while we wonder that arrowheads and 
knives were not more often made in this way, and ask whether future 
research will not prove the pattern to have been one of the primitive 
and original forms of the arrowhead, we must rest content to compare 
it with the larger shapes of obsidian, sometimes 8 inches in breadth, 
but of the same unspecialized character, made and used by the Easter 
1 -landers. (See.two mounted specimens, fig.O, from the British Museum.) 1 

'Compare National Museum Report for 188i), article by W. .!. Thomson. 



374 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

Moreover, not all the smaller blades in the above series are chipped. 
Nos. 16 and 17, representing the specimens from Maine, New York, and 
Alaska, are of polished slate (National Museum, Nos. 6375, 6518, 30758, 
and 62097), and these are almost duplicated by the Alaskan and Cuban 
examples of polished slate in the Spanish exhibit, No. 49. 

It would have been of much help to the student of archaeology had 
early American travelers noticed more exactly the methods employed 
by Indians in finding or quarrying their material for chipped imple- 
ments, transporting it, and fashioning it into weapons and tools. 

The National Museum exhibits an interesting case (see Plate I) con- 
taining the apparatus for arrow making among the Hupa Indians in 
northern California, described by Dr. O. T. Mason in the Smithsonian 
Eeport, 1886, part 1. 

Capt. John Smith (sixth voyage, 1606) saw a Virginia Tudian quickly 
making his arrowhead "with a little bone which he everweareth at his 
bracept of a splint of a stone or glasse in the form of a heart, and these 
they glue to the end of their arrows.'' 

Caleb Lyon (see extract from letter in Bulletin of American Ethno- 
logical Society, vol. 1, p. 39) saw, about 1860, a Shasta Indian in Cali- 
fornia place an obsidian pebble upon a stone anvil of talcose slate held 
upon the knee, and with one blow of an agate chisel separate it into 
two parts; from one of these a slab one-fourth of an inch thick was 
split off, which slab, being held against the anvil with the left thumb 
and finger, was chipped into an inch-long arrowhead by a series of con- 
tinual blows in little less than an hour. 

While Smith's Indian worked entirely by pressure, this arrowhead 
seems to have been produced entirely by direct percussion. 

George Catlin (see Last Rambles among the Indians, chapter 5, pp. 
187-190) saw, about 1860-1868, the Apaches making arrowheads by 
what might be called indirect percussion. 

An erratic bowlder of flint, "sometimes brought from an immense 
distance," was first "broken into a hundred pieces" by the "indiscrim- 
inate" blows of a hafted horustone pebble. From these splinters such 
flakes were selected as from their angle of fracture and thickness 
answered as the bases of arrowheads. 

On one laid on the left palm of tho master workman and held down 
by his left fingers, a punch 6 or 7 inches long and 1 inch in diameter, 
made of the incisor of a sperm whale, and with its point presenting 
one acute and two obtuse angles, was rested against the part to be 
broken. This punch was then continually struck by a cooperator, to 
the time of a song, with a heavy wooden mallet, flaking off the flint 
under each projecting point struck at every blow until the arrowhead 
was finished. 

Nice judgment was used in selecting a flake with two opposite 
parallel or nearly parallel planes, and of the thickness required for the 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid — Mercer 



Plate I. 




ARROW-MAKER'S OUTFIT, HUPA INDIANS, CALIFORNIA. 

Description of Plate I. — a, The piece of jasper or obsidian from which the arrowhead is chipped; 
6, the chisel of hard antler struck by a cooperator as iu Catlin's description: c, finer punch for pres- 
sure chipping ; d, wooden tool used for straightening the stick for a shaft ; e, chosen for shaft, by 
running it through the Holes and prying it against the bends ; /'. sinew used for lashing the arrow head 
to the shaft ; </. feather, and It. complete arrow and dissections, showing stone point, feathering, and 
method of inserting foreshafting : i, glue made of boiled lower jaw bone of the sturgeon ; j, glue 
stick; k, rasp; /. scraper. 

From specimens in the U. S. National Museum. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 375 

center of the arrow point. The first chipping reached near to the 
center of these planes, but without quite breaking - it away, and each 
chipping - was shorter and shorter until the shape and edge of the 
arrowhead were formed. 

Admiral Sir Edward Belcher (see Transactions of Ethnological 
Society of London, vol. 1, n. s., part 2, 1861, p. 138) saw, about 1858- 

1860, the western Eskimos at Cape Lisburne at a chert outcrop (evi- 
dently a quarry) making blades from flakes knocked off the ledge with 
jadite hammers. The flake, whether in the form of a kk turtleback , ' or 
not does not appear, was laid over a spoonshaped cavity in a log and 
pressed gently (here is direct pressure again) along its margin verti- 
cally on one side and the other, with a punch made of fossil ivory set 
with a tip of reindeer antler until the work was done. 1 

Stephen Powers saw the Hupas in northern California in about 1872 
flaking pieces of jasper by heating them in the fire and then letting 
them cool slowly; striking one of these flakes with a rough hammer 
gave it an approximately right shape. It was then held on a pad of 
buckskin placed on the left hand and chipped or pinched into shape 
(unknown process to the other observers) by a pair of buckhorn pinch- 
ers tied together at the point with a thong. (See Contributions to 
North American Ethnology, Vol. III. ) 

Mr. William A. Adams, a miner of Denver, Colo., told me in Septem- 
ber, 1893, at New Galena, Bucks County, Pa., that he had seen in about 

1861, Peudorielles in. Crow Creek Valley j Montana, Crows in Yellow- 
stone Valley, and Flatheads in Montana, chipping arrowheads by blows 
with porphyry and quartz pebbles, and iron hatchets, upon splinters 
shivered with pebbles or iron hatchets from masses of obsidian about 
6 inches in diameter. 

Lieut. E. J. Beckwith (Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. 2, p. 13), in June, 
1851, saw Indians on the Sacramento River, in California, making- 
arrowheads from quartz fragmen ts by direct pressure with bone punches 
creased or grooved on their ends. 

B. B. Redding (American Naturalist, November, 1870, p. 667) saw a 
McCloud River Indian near Mount Shasta send off an obsidian flake 
by a blow on a bone chisel, from which he made an arrowhead by 
direct pressure with an an tie]- punch. 

Edwin A. Cheever (American Naturalist, May, 1870) saw California 
Indians, about 1810-1860, nipping arrowheads of obsidian with notched 
bones. 

Paul Schumacher (Arcliiv. fiir Anthropologic. 7. 1874, p. 264), about 
1860-1870, saw Klamath Indians of northern California by direct pres- 
sure with bone tipped punches making arrow heads from chips splintered 
from tire heated masses of flint obsidian or jasper. 



See for above accounts in lull, Stephens' Flint Chips, \>. 77. 



37G 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



S. P. Leland (Smithsonian Eeport, 1887, part 1), about 1850, saw 
Indians, unnamed, flaking hornstone by pressing down on it with pebbles 
about 5 inches broad and long, heated in the fire. 

Discussion of the above interesting accounts seems out of place 
until we have more satisfactorily verified them by experiment. Suffice 
it here to note, that all, with two exceptions, refer to flaking with a bone 
punch either by directly pressing on it or by hammering it while held 
against the stone. 

As all seem to refer to the making of comparatively small arrow- 
heads, and hence to the producing of flakes none of which probably 




Fig. 7. 

CHIPPED BLADES GLUED IN WOODEN HANDLES BY INDIANS OF THE WEST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Found preserved in the dry burial places and caves of California. Collection of the National Museum. 

needed to be over half an inch long, we must turn elsewhere for sug- 
gestions as to the formidable flakes from Mexico and the large, thin, 
leaf- shaped blade. 

THE LARGE THIN LEAF-SHAPED BLADE. 



We find these large blades (see fig. 9) beautifully chipped of obsid- 
ian and flint in the Mexican exhibit, in the Hemenway collection, and 
in the exhibits of the Argentine Republic, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and 
Costa Rica. 

They are found throughout the United States, as the Smithsonian and 
University of Pennsylvania specimens show. Case 13 of the National 
Museum exhibits an interesting series of them (fig. 7, National Museum 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



377 



]STos. 2406, 20504, 20501, and others), glued in wooden handles, from Cali- 
fornia, with whieh it is interesting' to compare the flint blades found in 




Pig. 8. 

TRACINGS FROM MANUSCRIPTS DRAWN BY INDIANS IN ANCIENT YUCATAN AND MEXICO, SHOWING HOW 
LARGE FLINT BLADES WERE MOUNTED. 

(a) Codex Porfino Diaz (Mexico); ('<) Codex Cortemanus (Yucatan): (c, d) Mexican MSS., Florence; (e) Sioux war club set with 

iron blade. 

a grave near Nashville, Tenn. (see Thurston's Antiquities of Tennessee, 
pp. 228, 229), by Mr. Bluukall, near its deer-horn handle, and another 




Fig. 9. 

LARGE CHIPPED BLADES FROM THE UNITED STATES \NI> MEXICO. 

flint blade with traces of glue od its once socketed end. from a stone 
cist in the same Indian cemetery. 



378 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Fig. 8, presenting designs from (a) the Codex Porfirio Diaz (Mexico), 
(c) and (d) the Mexican manuscript lately discovered in Florence by 
Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, shows that these forms were sometimes similarly 
mounted as sacrificial knives by the ancient Mexicans, or set at right 
angles in curved handles (d) as the iron blade is mounted in the Sioux 
war club (e). The figure (b) from the Codex Cortesianus (Yucatan), 
the ancient Maya manuscript supposed to have been brought from Cen- 
tral America to Spain by Cortez shows another interesting method of 
mounting practiced by the Central Americans. 




Pig. 10. 

CACHE OF 116 ARGILLITE BLADES. 

Probably buried by an Indian blade worker to dig up for final shaping to order on sale or barter. 

Found accompanied by a hammer stone 1 foot beneath the surface at Ridges Island, Delaware River, June. 1891. 

Well-specialized blades of this general character, made of various 
grades of flint, jasper, slate, quartzite, and argillite, vary greatly in 
size, from 1 inch to 14 in length, and in shape run through the forms 
numbered 7, 31, 43, 50, 18 (in fig. 5), and many other leaf-shaped and 
almost triangular patterns (see fig. 9). With them may be classed the 
specimens unearthed in hoards or caches, as, for example, the largest 
known series, of about 8,185 specimens, found and partially removed by 
Squier and Davis, and finally completely exhumed by Mr. W. K. Moore- 
head in 1891 from Mound No. 2, in the Hopewell group of mounds in 
Paint Creek Valley, Ohio. Plate II. 

Fig. 10 shows the cache of 117 argillite blades, exhibited in the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania case, found by me resting upon a flat pebble 
hammer 7 inches below the surface, and arranged in layers on thair sides. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Mercer 



Plate II. 







*. y 



_l ia 



CO > 
CM 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



379 



at an Indian village site at Ridges Island, on the Delaware, in June, 
1891. 1 

There was no reason for supposing that this cache of mine hidden 
without sign of ceremony or mark of mound was anything but the 
buried stock in trade of a blade chipper ready for nipping or flaking to 
order on sale. 

But Dr. J. F. Snyder (see Archaeologist, March and April, 1895) found 
aboard of 6,199 ill- worked leaf-shaped blades of black hornstone aver- 





Fig. 11. 



TRACINGS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MADE BY THE ANCIENT PEOPLE OF YUCATAN AND MEXICO, SHOW- 
ING HOW LARGE LEAF SHAPED STONE BLADES WERE SOMETIMES USED. 

(a) Codex Troann (Yucatan); (h) Codex Cortisiaims (Yucatan); (c) Sculpture oi St. Lucia Cozumahualpa, Mexico; (<0 Codex 
Cortesianua, and(< I Codex Troano (Yucatan) 

aging 7 inches long by 1 wide, in a mound on the west Illinois river 
bank opposite Indian creek, and I agree with him in supposing that 
his discovery and mine represent two distinct kinds of blade deposits. 
Dr. Snyder's hoard lay in small batches in a sand layer — covered by a 
clay layer — then a hearth with cremated skeletons and trinkets, then 
more clay, then a boxing of logs, and then 22 feet of clay, and it is 
unreasonable to suppose that the deposit like my cache, was intended 
to be dug up, worked down, or sold. His cache evidently pertained to 
ceremony and religion, mine to daily use and trade, and the two classes 
of cache should be kept distinct since it may modify our notion of the 
material, the grain and the edge needed by the old blade worker, if we 
learn that many blades were made in the first place not to use hut to 
bury under funeral fires in mounds. 

'I found a cache of 9 chert blades at Halls Island, on the Susquehanna, in Jnue, 
1892, and on the following July obtained a deposit of 107 argillite blades in Bucks 
County, Pa., now in the I'niversity of Pennsylvania museum. 



380 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



That many of the larger and more delicate ones were used unmounted 
as knives by the ancient Central Americans and Mexicans is proved 
by the tracings in fig. 11, showing (a) priest holding a human head from 
the Codex Troano (Yucatan) ; (b) priest holding a human head from the 
Codex Cortesianus (Yucatan) ; (c) priest holding a human head from the 
relief of S. Lucia Cozumahualpa (Mexico); (fl) priest holding a human 
head from the Codex Cortesianus, and (e) priest holding human a head 
from the Codex Troano. 

Fig. 12, with a and b from the Codex Dehesa (Mexico), c and / from 
the Codex Troano (Yucatan), and e from the Codex Columbino (Yuca- 




J * 



Fig. 12. 



TRACINGS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MADE BY THE ANCIENT PEOPLE OF YUCATAN AND MEXICO, SHOW- 
ING HOW LARGE LEAF-SHAPED STONE BLADES WERE SOMETIMES MOUNTED AS SPEARS. 



(a,b) Code 



: Dehesa (Mexico); (c) Codex Troano ( Yucatan); (d) Codex Lienzo do Tlascala ( Mexico); (e) Codex Colun 
Codex Troano (Yucatan), and (<;) Spearhead from Pike County, Arkansas. ( National Museum Collection). 



{/) 



tan), would suggest that some of these blades, as a, 6, e, and /, even 
without the notched base as in g, a specimen of one of the large spears 
common in the United States (see fig. 9), were mounted on poles as 
spears as in a and 6, and (fig. 12) the shaft seems to extend along the 
delicate blade to protect it, while a wrapping of thong is suggested inc. 
The diamond-shaped spear (d) from the Codex Lienzo de Tlascala 
(Mexico) is only found in designs that suggest European contact, and, 
as Senor Troncoso supposes, may have been a stone copy of the iron 
weapon of the Spaniards. 

The so-called digging implements from Missouri, Indiana, Illinois, 
Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Louisiana are very striking, and have 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



381 



no counterpart in the other exhibits. Generally of coarse chert <»r hard 
horn stone, they are sometimes 18 inches long' and polished at the 
broad end (fig. 13, a and 6), but the others, from Mississippi, Illinois, 
and Arkansas (sometimes perforated), from Tennessee, Kentucky, 
Arkansas, and North Carolina, strongly resemble the stone forms (fig. 
13, c, d, and e) from Chile and Peru and the copper and polished stone 
specimens from Ecuador and the Argentine Republic. 

In connection with these and the whole above-mentioned class of larger 
blades occur two of the most interesting of all the inquiries presented 




DIGGING IMPLEMENTS. 

., „,,! h i ,,.i. ,1 States , a, d, e) mounted in th^ir original handles, collected in IVru. 

to the prehistoric anthropologist. How were they made? How was 
the material obtained and transported? 

At the start our arrowhead experience does us little good, for we con- 
tinually find that single flakes longer and broader, though not thicker, 
thau entire arrowheads have been sent oft* these specimens. The fol- 
lowing accounts offer sonic suggestions: 

Torquemada (Monarquia Indiana, Seville, L615) in the beginning of 
the seventeenth century saw ancient Mexicans sending off obsidian 
flakes G and 7 inches long with wooden-mounted bone punches, set 
against their breasts, from cores held between their feet. But I know 
that flakes nearly as long and thin can be sent off English Hint by direct 



382 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

percussion, for I saw the knappers at Brandon knocking them from 
similar cores with steel hammers. 1 

Catlin (Smithsonian Report, 1885, p. 870) told George Ercol Sellers 
that he had seen Indians flaking jasper and agate with long wooden 
punches set with bone points, weighted with hanging stones, and held 
against their breasts. When the pressure was applied a cooperator 
struck a fork in the punch a blow with a club. 

Dr. Knapp (Smithsonian Report, part 1) saw Indians on Twelve 
Mile Island in the Mississippi River, near Guttenburg, Iowa, making 
arrowheads by pressing down on the stone with the side of the leg 
bone of a deer used as a lever and set in a notched tree. The notch 
was large enough to hold the blade worked upon and a basal stone on 
which it rested. 

George Ercol Sellers (Smithsonian Report, 1885, p. 870) heard from 
a trapper who had seen Indians sending off large flakes by leverage of 
the same sort. A long wooden lever was set in the notched tree, a bone 
point fixed in its side pressed down upon the blade, which rested on a 
flat root. When the pressure was applied the lever was struck above 
the bone with a mallet. 

So much for the accounts, which I believe comprise all of importance 
thus far published in America, by eyewitnesses. We learn from them, 
and the arrowhead narratives above mentioned, of 'flaking (a) by 
direct percussion, (b) by indirect percussion, or hammering on punches, 
(c) by direct pressure, (d) by impulsive pressure, or pressure aided by 
a blow, and (e ) pressure aided by heat. 

Moreover, we have hints as to digging some stones out of the ground 
and gathering others from the surface, wetting some, and drying or 
baking others, and we fully realize that we are grappling with a very 
intricate question. 

Almost dismayed at the complex features of this greatest craft of 
the Stone Age, and dissatisfied with our own inadequate attempts to 
master it, we can well appreciate the remark of Catlin that " great 
skill was required and a thorough knowledge of the nature of each 
stone, a slight difference in quality necessitating a totally different 
manner of treatment." 

But our experiments soon show us that not any chance fragment of 
jasper or workable stone can be flaked into one of the larger shapes. 
The jasper and chert pebbles so often used by riverside tribes for their 
smaller blades will no longer serve, and we are brought to the question 
of the whereabouts of the material. 

Here the exhibit of Mr. W. H. Holmes (Plate III) in the Smithsonian 
cases shows us a valuable analysis of the chipped refuse found at certain 
localities in the United States (Piny Branch, in the District of Columbia, 
Garland County, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory), where the fol- 
lowing facts have been explained: 

1 Three of these sets of flint flakes with their cores I have placed in the Archaeolog- 
ical Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. 



Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Me 









Series of quarry workshop rejects, beginning j 
From the American Anthro] 



Plate III. 




<K 







JH THE BOWLDER AND ENDING WITH THE THIN BLADE. 

tist. Vol. Ill, N... i. January, 1890 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 383 

(ft) That sometimes ledges (of novaculite) showing - evidence of the 
use of fire in splitting the rock were worked to the depth of 25 feet. 

(b) That the fragments so excavated were chipped in many cases into 
rude leaf-shaped blades or blanks. 

(c) That a small minority of these, nearly always broken, showed a 
thickness and specialization equal to the cache forms (tig. 10), while 
the greater majority strewn about with hammer stones and chips 
seemed to have been cast aside as failures in the attempt to specialize 
them to the thinness and edge of the broken specimens found with 
them. (See Plate III.) 1 

(d) That these failures or blocked-out forms often resembled in size 
and shape the forms of argillite from the Trenton Gravels (see figs. 14 
and 15), and in many cases, I may add, the specimens (see fig. 17 A) 
found in the Quaternary Gravels of the Somme Marne Valleys. 2 

At these quarries the form c (PL III), the end and aim of the quarry 
chipper's effort, valuable as it was to him, and never left behind with 
the refuse imless lost, is exceedingly rare, and has never, I believe, 
been found save in fragments. Forms a and b, however, are not uncom- 
mon, and in one refuse pile examined by me averaged about one to a 
bushel of chips. 

From discoveries made at Weiders Creek, Lehigh County, and at upper 
Blacks Eddy in Bucks County, Pa., I have reason to think it probable 
that blocks of jasper weighing 10 to 15 pounds were carried to a dis- 
tance of several miles from the quarry and sometimes buried in the 
mud of swamps as if to keep them wet for flaking, for in one instance of 
this character blocks had been placed under a heap of earth close to 
an arrowhead workshop. On the other hand, the Brandon (England) 
flint knappers, working altogether by percussion, dry the nodules in 
the air or by a stove before chipping it — saying that otherwise the iron 
hammer does not "take hold." 

An excavation made in an ancient pit at Macungie, Lehigh County, 
Pennsylvania, showed that fires were built there to shiver large blocks 
of jasper built over the flames in the shape of ovens, and there, at the 
bottom of a mass of disturbed earth lS.Vfeet thick, we found two sharp- 
ened billets of wood and a large chipped disk of bine limestone. 

But there is yet much to learn as to the details of the stone-chipping 
process, as to the size and manner of working the pits, possible tunnels, 
the reducing and transporting of blocks, the use of the hammer stone 
upon variable materials, the bone punches, and the application of pres- 
sure, direct and indirect, much that Indians now living — certainly many 
of those in Alaska ami Brazil — could definitely tell us. 

'Points a, b, and c had been established by Mr. Gerard Fowke in 1884 in his 
investigation of the ancient pits and quarry refuse at Flint Ridge, Ohio. (A 
sketch of Flint Eidge, Licking County, Ohio, by Charles M. Smith (Gerard Fowke), 
of New Madison, Ohio, Smithsonian Report, 1884, p. 13.) 

2 A work in which I have had the pleasure, of following Mr. Holmes and confirm- 
ing the above conclusions in several newly discovered quarries in eastern Penn- 
sylvania. 



384 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

It is certain that quartzite bowlders like those at Piney Branch woik 
differently from jasper blocks; that some jasper specimens are coarser 
or tougher than others ; that novaculite from Arkansas fractures differ- 
ently from the material quarried at Flint Ridge; that the latter is finer 
than that from the Lehigh Hills, and that all the North American jas- 
per so far noted is ill tempered and crossgrained as compared with the 
silex of France and England, and no one has yet investigated fairly what 
may prove a different process in the method of quarrying and working 
obsidian. It is such considerations that make us realize that much 
study is still needed to establish the fact that this process of proceed- 
ing from the rough "turtle back," through a series of finer and thinner 
"blanks" until the specialized spear, knife, scraper, or hoe was finally 
reached, was everywhere the same in an age of stone. 

Catlin, quoted above, distinctly says that the Apaches made arrow- 
heads from selected chips shivered by indiscriminate blows of a pebble 
hammer, a process which save for the first splintering began at the 
stage of flaking by pressure, while the true "turtle back" or "waster" 
is supposed to have been produced entirely by percussion. Certainly 
no "turtle back" process preceded the implements from Easter Island 
(fig. 6) or the Admiralty Island spears, the Australian gum hafted 
blades, or indeed the "teshoas" above mentioned (fig. 4), though in 
each case the unspecialized chip was a finished implement. On the other 
hand, we may hardly hesitate to believe that the sacrificial knife of 
Mexico and its characteristic Solutreen duplicate from the French caves, 
the great hoes of Tennessee, Arkansas, and the Ohio Valley, the hoarded 
blades of the Delaware Islands, the Hopewell Mounds, and Mississippi, 
were evolved through a series of rejects which all look much alike, 
and somewhere lie upon the earth to attest the fact. 

But if we say no more than that this rude "turtle back" (PI. Ilia) 
was incessantly produced by the "modern" Indian contemporaneously 
with arrowheads, pottery, and polished stone weapons, we have stated 
a very important fact, one that forbids us henceforth to assign an age 
to these objects judged by their forms alone. This brings us to the 
celebrated Trenton Gravel specimens, as exhibited in the University of 
Pennsylvania and National Museum cases. 

Figs. 14 and 1G show specimens of these "turtle backs" from the 
Abbott collection in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
labeled as having been found at recorded depths in the Trenton Gravel. 
There were no Trenton specimens shown at Madrid alleged to have been 
found geologically in place, and none of those found at the site by Dr. C. 
C. Abbott, Prof. H. W. Haynes, Prof. Boyd Dawkins, Professors Morse 
and Putnam have ever been photographed in place. Opinion in Amer- 
ica is divided between those who are willing to take the word and 
experience of these gentlemen and those who are not. 

The former declare that the implements have been found at various 
depths in undisturbed gravel, disassociated with any trace of jasper 
arrowheads, pottery, or polished implements, and denoting, a man in 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



385 



a "Paleolithic" stage of culture, who lived during - the deposition of 

the gravels in Post-Glacial times. 

Their opponents fear that the finders of these "Paleoliths" have 
been deceived. Having visited the Pennsylvania Eailroad cuts and 
certain ditches in the gravels at Trenton and failed to find specimens, 
they suppose that the specimens were really found by the others in 
deceptive beds of talus, where the stratified layers had been read- 
justed; that the seeming aucient stratification is the comparatively 
modern work of freshets in Stony Branch Creek near the cuts; that the 
objects, even if actually in Glacial gravel, had slipped down through 
holes made by roots or animals or the cavities of uprooted trees. 




Fig. 14. (? 



TRENTON SPECIMENS OP AROILLITE FROM THE ABBOTT COLLECTION, PEAIi<>I>Y MUSEUM, CAMBRIDGE, 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
Alleged to have been found in situ in the gra\< !-. 
Photographed hykmd permission of Professor Putnam and Or. C. C. Abbott in Septembe-, 1893,) 

They insist farther that the chipped objects, however found, exactly 
resemble the forms of jasper and horn stone recently discovered in the 
refuse heaps of the modern Indian quarries (above described) and clas- 
sified as ^rejects," "wasters," or blocked-out implements, that these 
chipped objects, therefore, are not to be considered finished tools, and 
if found in place do not prove that the man who made them was in a 
Paleolithic state or differed in culture from the modern Indian. 

Like the quarryman of Piuey Branch he may have lived, they say, on 
the hillsides at a distance from the cold Hood, only descending there at 
moments to find on the beaches material for chipped implements, when 
having of necessity left his " wasters" and "failures" by the waters, he 
would have carried back the available blanks to his hilltop camp to be 
finished into knives, scrapers, or spears. 

All this is rendered more forcible by the continued finding of other 
H. Ex. 100 25 



386 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



argillite specimens of the same size and form as the Trenton objects 
upon the surface at most of the Delaware river village sites. I have 
found duplicates of the Teuton forms with pottery and net sinkers at 
Lower Blacks Eddy, Ridges Island, Gilmers Island, Gallows Run, Frys 
Run, and Upper Blacks Eddy and ou the hilltop at Hickory Run — fifteen 
of them at a workshop site strewn with hammer stones, argillite chips, 
jasper flakes, three thinned down blade fragments, and a spear head 
of argillite. 




Fin. 15. 



RUDELY CHIPPED FOliMS OF AKWILLITE. 



Quarried an. I blocked out by India 



inhabiting the Delaware Valley in comparatively recent times. Thirty-two of 110 found in shaft 
"A" in Indian argillite quarries. Gaddia Run, May. Im'.iS. 

This last site is close to the chief outcrop of argillite on the right 
bank of the Delaware above Trenton. While this paper was preparing, 
the writer discovered, May 22, 1893, close by the mouth of Gaddis Run, 
and one-fourth of a mile from the river, nineteen ancient pits sur- 
rounded by heaps of argillite refuse. There were at least twelve work- 
shops where " turtle backs" were found with the cbips and pebble 
hammers. A trench 25 feet by 12, and 7 feet deep across one of the 
heaj>s and pits yielded 111 u turtle backs" and 77 hammer stones. 
Another about 15 feet by 10 and 2 deep, 60 '-turtle backs" and 13 
hammer stones (fig. 15). All the work had been done by compara- 
tively modern Indians. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 387 

Moreover, there are fire sites and traces of an Indian camp on the 
surface directly above the celebrated railroad cuts at Trenton, and one 
of the largest Indian villages in the Delaware region occupied the 
whole area of the modern city, extending several miles below. Added 
to which the fossil bones, which above all else assure us as to the age of 
the French gravels are almost entirely wanting at Trenton. To this Dr. 
C. C. Abbott, admitting the fact of the quarry blocking-out process, 
would reply that while some of the surface specimens may be modern 
wasters, otherslike the many European "turtlebacks" of drift type gath- 
ered on the surface may be as ancient as the specimens declared to be 
found in place. But apart from surface specimens, he and the gentle- 
men above named urge that those found in situ have proved a Glacial 
man, while the complete disassociation therewith of pottery or polished 
implements, has argued a Paleolithic argillite chipper who could not 
polish stone or make pottery. Minus any such association they con- 
tend against the plausibility of supposing an ancient river shore so 
forbidding and inhospitable, that the drift man who chipped blades and 
left "wasters" by the water would have dropped all other relics of his 
higher culture at some inland site. 1 

In the writer's opinion much further work is required to settle this 
vexed and important point in America. Led by facts whithersoever 
they may direct, unbiased by what has been said and written on the 
subject, the investigator may be pardoned for asking a revision of 
every fact alleged on either side. When once it is demonstrated to the 
general satisfaction, viz, (1) that the chipped objects are really there in 
place; (2) that the gravels are Glacial gravels; (3) that no arrowhead, 
potsherd, or polished stone fragment can be associated with the dis- 
coveries, it still remains to learn from surrounding evidence whether, 
because the Trenton objects resemble rejected implements, thousands 
of years younger, they are therefore also "rejects" and not finished 
tools; whether, in a word, the man who made them, though still a 
Glacial inhabitant, was really a Paleolithic man at all, and not like his 
red successor, a polisher of stone, a fisher, and a potter. 

When we compare these chipped forms from Trenton with those from 
the gravels of the Ouse at Thetford, the Maine at Chelles, and the 
Somme at Abbeville and St. Acheul, we are struck with the fact that 
the common European form (sec fig. 17 c), but little worked at the blunt 
end and well pointed and Specialized at the other, as if adapted for 
grasping in the hand, docs not occur save with three rude exceptions 
(tig. 16) at Trenton (see the Abbott collection of specimens in the Pea- 

■The argument sometimes advanced that ;it a river-shore quarry such as the gravel 
sites arc held to lie, just as at an island quarry we need look lor no traceof the quarry- 
man's stage of culture, may be based upon the absence of such traces at Piney 
Branch. But I found arrowheads, fragments of polished celts, and a piece of 
worked shell among the refuse at Macungie; also a small pestle at Durham, and 
three pitted bammerstones atGaddisRun. M. Cornet found pottery at Speinnes and 
Cauou Ureeuwell a polished celt in tin- prehistoric quarry at Grimes Graves. 



388 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 

body Museum at Cambridge, Massachusetts), nor indeed does the more 
highly specialized leaf-shaped form (see form b, fig. 17) from Europe, 
which may be said to exactly duplicate many of the thicker and heavier 
cache specimens from the United States appear in the Trenton set. But 
the less specialized form A, common at St. Acheul, Abbeville, Chelles, 
Thetford, San Isidro, etc., is a fair enough counterpart of the Trenton 
relics. 

On examining the Quaternary relic-bearing gravel pits in France, 
England, and Spain the American student learns that a very small 
percentage of the specimens in the public and private collections have 
been found by scientific observers in place, nearly all having been 
bought from workmen; that many " axes," or "coups de poing," as 
Boucher de Perthes called' them, exactly like those from the gravels, 
have been found lying on the surface, mixed with Neolithic remains, 
and that these, owing to their form, have been classed as " Paleoliths" 
in the museums. 

Still it would be hard indeed to leave the classic sites on the Somme 
after a careful examination unconvinced that the chipped forms (fig. 17) 
are really found in situ in all parts of the gravels continually asso- 
ciated with bones of the Elephas antiquus and primogenius, Hippo- 
potamus major, Rhinoceros merkii and tichorinus, Equus caballus, 
cave bear, hyena, and reindeer. 1 

'The surface about the quarries at Abbeville is a series of open meadows, edged 
by a parade ground and several vegetable gardens, where fossils could no more rest 
undisturbed on the surface than they could upon Boston Common. A gravel digger 
at work at the Champs de Mars quarry sold me several specimens of a badly decayed 
elephant's tooth. Another at the Chemiu de Poste quarry, several patinated 
•'haches" of fig. 16 a type. At St. Acheul another had a box full of chips, fossils, 
and broken "axes," well patinated, while at Chelles the table in the foreman's shed 
was piled with flint specimens, together with elephant, rhinoceros, and reindeer 
fossils. 

There are many important differences to be observed between the conditions of 
the French River gravels and those at Trenton. 

(1) All the French implements are of flint, while nearly all the Trenton ones are of 
argillite. Nearly every pebble or nodule iu the French deposits was of flint, avail- 
able for chipping, while in the Trenton Gravels argillite pebbles are not common. 

(2) Fortunately for the European student the French gravels, largely composed 
of chalky material, adapted to the preservation of bones, are well scattered with 
the fossil remains of Quaternary mammals, which alone serve to define the geological 
age of the stratum, while from the Trenton Gravels the discovery of only one Mam- 
moth's tusk, by Professor Haynes, and two human skulls (unfortunately not 
described by Dr. Virchow in his Crania; and a unio shell by Dr. Abbott have been 
noted. The French gravels, however, have yielded no human bones— the famous 
Moulin Quignon jawbone discovered by Boucher de Perthes having been derived 
from a Neolithic interment. 

(3) M. du Mesuil, of Abbeville, says he has found many hammer stones and several 
flakes at Abbeville in situ, but none have been alleged to have been discovered at 
Trenton . 

(4) We learn, moreover, that the French gravels had nothing to do with the 
European Glacial period, while those at Trenton are believed to have been laid 
down by freshets caused by the melting of American glaciers. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



389 




No. 16161. 

4 feet from surface. 

R. R. cut, 187*. 



No. 11752. 

Gravel of Trenton 

bluff, 7 feet. 

Fig. 16. (J) 



No.45913. 

R. R. cut, 7 feet. 

May, 1888. 



Three Trenton specimens (Abbott collection, Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts), rude at 
base and worked to points, resembling (though lacking the specialization of the latter) the rough- 
base pointed forms from Europe (see Pig. 17, a). The labels on the margin give the Museum record. 

ltv the kind permission of Dr. C. C. Abbott and Prof. F. W. Putnam. 




Fig. 17. (i) 

THE THREE CHIEF TYPES PROM THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH RIVEB DRIFT, 
(a Unspecialized, resembling usual ["renton forms ; 6) spei-ialiied all round, leal bane. I p 

By the kind permission ol M. G I 



390 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



KNIVES OF PECULIAR FORM, DAGGERS, DRILLS, AND ECCENTRIC 
PIERCING OR CUTTING IMPLEMENTS. 



The exquisite specimens exhibited by Mexico (fig. 18, Mexican cases 
G and L, and ]STational Museum case 13) are mostly made of obsidian, 




Fig. 18. 

KNIVES AND ECCENTRIC CHIPPED FORMS. 
United States ami Mexico. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



391 



and nothing like them is exhibited in any department save the inter- 
esting collection of small eccentric forms of jasper from various parts 
of the United States exhibited in National Museum case 14 (fig. li)) ? 




Fig. 19. 

ECCENTRIC FORMS IN CHERT AND JASPER FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES. 
Collection ol the V. S. National Museum. 

and the two polished slate daggers from the Tliugit Indians, Alaska 
(see p. 284, National Museum Report for 1888), resembling the obsidian 
forms, handle and blade of one piece, from Mexico. We know, how- 




f & 



Fig. 20. 

CHIPPED FORMS FOUND IN MOUNDS LND AT INDIAN BRAVES IND VIIJ IGJ SITES IK PENNESSEE AND OHIO. 

ever, that the Tennessee work in jasper as agured in Thruston's 
Antiquities of Tennessee, pp. 218-222 (fig. 20), might well be compared 
with the finest Mexican examples, and thai the California blades in 



392 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



obsidian and jasper, in the Terry collection of the New York Museum 
of Natural History, are fully equal to them, as are also tbe two knives 
of hornestone resembling- form b, fig. 20, found by W. K. Moorehead in 
Ohio mounds, (see Primitive Man in Ohio). 

It is interesting to see one of these knives (resembling at one end 
fig. 20, perhaps,) brandished in the hand of a priest in the Codex 





TRACINGS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MADE BY THE ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF YUCATAN AND TENNESSEE, 
SHOWING HOW LARGE ECCENTRIC FORMS OF CHIPPED STONE WERE USED. 

(a aud b) Codex Troano ( Yucatan) ; (c) engraved shell gorget, MacMahon Mound, Tennessee 

Troano (fig. 21 a), another similarly grasped (fig. 21 6), and to compare 
them with the knife resembling figure 20 a in the hand of one of the 
figures upon the famous carved shell gorget from the Macmahon 
Mound, Tennessee (see fig. 21 c, Thruston, p. 338). 

CHIPPED GROOVED AXES AND IRREGULAR FORMS. 

We find in the Hemenway collection a mounted chipped ax (fig. 23) 
from the Moqui Indians of Arizona, and another in the Nordenskjold 
expedition collection (Swedish exhibit) from the Zuiiis. The National 
Museum exhibits a series from several sites in the United States, of 
various materials, and the University of Pennsylvania two from the 
Delaware Valley; and it may not be going too far to connect these 
forms with some of the rudely chipped slate specimens (fig. 22, a and b) 
from Costa Eica and other localities. 



CHIPPED CELTS, ADZES, AND SCRAPERS. 

Some of these (see fig. 24 a), often doubtless only blocked out forms 
to be afterwards polished into shape are exhibited in the cases of Costa 
Eica, United States, and Nicaragua (Peru, Cuba, Guatemala, Ecuador, 
Mexico, British Columbia, and Alaska, exhibit only the polished pat- 
tern), and are not to be distinguished in form from the specimens from 
England, France, Italy, Spain, and the Lake Dwellings, where they are 
often found socketed in deer-horn handles (fig. 24 (c) ). 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID 393 






rig. 22. 

RUDELY CHIPPED SLATE SPECIMENS, 
(a, o, c) Costa Rica; (d) Wyoming; (e) Massachusetts; (/) North Carolina ; (<?) Alabama; (*andi) Urugua 




Fig. 23. 

CHIPPED OROOVED AXE, MOUNTED IN ORIGINAL HANDLE. RECENTLY OBTAINED FBOM M"KI INDIANS IN 

ARIZONA. 

Collection of the I'. S. National Museum. 



394 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



We notice in connection with both the chipped and polished forms 
the designs in figure 25 from the Codex Troano, (a, b, and d) from the 
Codex Oortesianus, and (c) from the Codex Columbino, where, as Senor 
Troncoso, curator of the Mexican exhibit, informs us, it must often be 
supposed that the implements intended are the equivalent forms of 
copper, since a certain attendant hieroglyph is held to designate that 
metal, common in Central America and Mexico. 

Still there is no reason why the stone forms in question, whether 
chipped or polished, were not so mounted in Central America, as were 
the polished celts in the United States and Alaska (see the mounted 
celts in the National Museum case (fig. 24, d), the Spanish specimen (fig. 
24, g) from the northwest American coast, a relic of the Atrivida cruise 
of Captain Malespiua in 1791, or the interesting specimen (fig. 24,/), 185. 




£ f/i*^^ 



Fig. 2-1. 

HAFTED CELTS FROM NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA AND EUROPE. 

(a) Celt chipped but unpolished. Europe ami America; [b) celt polished. Europe and America ; (c) polished celt, mounted in handle 
of deer antler, found preserved in the mud at the Swiss Lake dwellings ; (d) polished celt, mounted in original wooden handle, found, 
handle and all, in a bog in New York ; , - partly polished celt with wooden handle, as recently made and used by Indians in Brazil; 
(/) polished celt, made, handle and all, of one piece of chlorite, toun! in an Indian grave on the Tennessee River; (17) polished celt or 
adz, found iii use anions the [ndiana rj| the northwest American coast in 1T91. 

inches, long made, handle and all, of one highly polished piece of chlorite 
found in a mound on the Cumberland River, opposite Nashville, Ten- 
nessee, and figured in Jones's Antiquities of Tennessee (p. 46). 

The National Museum also exhibits several interesting mounted 
scrapers from the northwest coast and Alaska, where the mounting 
of chipped and polished scrapers has been amply illustrated and 
explained by Dr. O. T. Mason in his pamphlet on Aboriginal Skin 
Dressing (National Museum Report, 1889, p. 553), (fig. 26). With 
these mounted scrapers it is interesting to compare the similar forms 
chipped or polished, large or small, scattered about the village sites in 
the United States and common in the museums of Europe, and from 
them to turn again to the obsidian flake knives of the Admiralty Islands 
and the angular unworked chips set in masses of gum still used by 
Australian savages, and the uncouth blades (see fig. 6) from Easter 
Island. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



395 



What shall we say of the stage of* culture represented by un worked 
chips on the one hand and by specimens with well-specialized edges on 
the other without the testimony of their handles to give us a hint of their 
use, whether as hide dressers (O. T. Mason's Aboriginal Skin Dressing), 
wood chisels (Niblack's Southern Alaska and Northern British Columbia 
Indians), slave killers (Ray Expedition, National Museum Reports), 
wedges, planes, adzes, sacrificial axes, and even "tomahawks," and to 







TRACINGS PROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MADE BY THE ANCIENT PEOPLE OF MEXICO AND YUCATAN, SHOW- 
[NG HOW THEY MOUXT1 D POLISHED STONE ' 1 LTS. 



[a") Codex Troaii'> Yucatan 6 Codex 



Codex < me (Vucata 



what tool shall we look for an explanation of the puzzling problem of 
the methods of carving the elaborate nictates and obsidian masks from 
Mexico, the figurines of volcanic rock from Costa Rica, or, most won- 
derful of all, the stone collars from Porto Rico I fig. 27). While it may 
1:3 admitted that any hard stone implement would carve the compara- 
tively soft monoliths of Yucatan, it is less easy, with Mr. McGuire, to 
imagine pitted hammer stones and pointed fragments doing the work 
in the other cases. 1 



'See "The stone hammer and its various uses," bj .1. 1 >. McGuire. 
Anthropologist, vol. 4, No. 4, 1891. 



American 



396 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



If tbin copper or stone chisels were used for some parts or corners 
of the pattern, certain ancient workshops should be littered with 






Fig. 26. 

CHIPPED SCRAPERS, MOUNTED IN ORIGINAL BONE AND WOOD HANDLES, FOUND IN USE AMONG THE 

ESKIMO OF ALASKA. 

Collection of the U. S. National Museum. 

battered and broken tools of this nature, yet Senor Troncoso has found 
no partly finished specimen with used tools lying near; nor did Seiior 
Alfaro, curator of the Costa Kican exhibit, meet with these missing 




Fig. 27. 

STONE COLLAR, PORTO RICO; HAMMER STONES AND ADZES, UNITED STATES AND PORTQ RICO AND 
COPPER ADZ, MEXICO. 

A marvel of aboriginal work. One of The "collars" from Porto Rico carved from very hard stone by the ancient inhabitants of the 
island. The process of manufacture has not been proved. Theories of round hammer stones, hafted hammers, stone and metal celts 
(see cut), and fragments of stone have been advanced to explain the work, but no specimens have heen found in positions to demon- 
strate what kind of carving tools were nsed. 

links of evideuce at the partly quarried metates discovered by him 
recently in Costa Eica. 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 397 

Seiior Troncoso has never heard of an ancient Mexican cast-copper 
chisel hardened by alloy, and it is difficult to conceive of so soft a metal 
doing effective work on the stones in question. 

In here ending this notice it is needless to say that but few of the 
thousands who visited the Madrid Exposition realized the relation of 
these chipped objects of stone to the whole displa\\ 

The eye was dazzled by brighter tokens of human handiwork, and 
the story of the New World was forgotten before the manifold marvels 
of art and craft that proclaimed what Europe was at the time of the 
discovery. To many it sufficed that rude stone tools were not beautiful. 
The deeper meaning of the primitive shapes was overlooked. Yet they 
alone spoke of the mystery of a "New World" that was not new, and 
told of races who, though separated from their fellows, had moved and 
developed as parts of one humanity. Fraught with problems that con- 
cern man's being, they reminded him not of art or beauty, but of his 
own childhood; not of a day of dawning greatness, but of a night in 
the unknown past out of which he emerged. 



IJSTDE X 



Page. 

Abbott, C . C 384, 387 

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, exhibit of 12, 75 

Act of Congress 7 

Adams, William A 375 

Adler, C jrus, exhibits Turkish map 191 

Adzes, stone 105, 157 

Alcala de Henares, archives 66 

Alfaro, Anastasio 37, 39, 346, 396 

Alsina, Antonio 217 

Altar ornaments 83 

Alva, Duke of 217 

Americanists, Congress of 9, 15 

America, the christening of 269 

American Anthropologist 303 

Amulets 162 

Ancon, Peru, specimens from 73 

Aramburu, Eicardo 227 

Arawack language 44 

Archives of the Indies, Seville 66 

Arellano, Julio de, collection of 32 

Argentine, Republic of 10,55 

Calchaqiiis 56 

Museum of La Plata in 55 

Pottery from 365 

Relics from Catamarca 56 

Armor 1 44 

Armory, the Royal 84 

Arms and armor 84 

Arrow heads, forms of 110 

Arrow making, tools for 153 

Arrows, North American 144 

Anow and spear head 371 

Atche, Rafael 252 

Awards to United States exhibitors, list of 17 

A wis 1 77 

Axes, stone 103, 392 

grooved 104 

Baldi, Guiseppi 218, 258 

Bandelier, A. V 305 

Bark tools 158 

Barton, Ira M 235 

I !ait on, Edward M 218 

Has kets 181 

Bastian, A 71 

Beckwith, E.J 375 

Belcher, Sir Edward 375 

399 



400 INDEX. 

Page. 

Belts 172 

Belt-weaver's equipment 182 

Berendt, C. H 71, 344 

Betts, Benjamin 218 

Bird bolas 180 

Bishop de Landa, alphabet of 63 

Blaine, James G 216 

Blocks for seal line 181 

Bolivia, Republic of 10 

exhibit of 51 

Aymaras 51 

Moxos _ 51 

Bovallius, Charles 74, 351 

Bowls 150 

Bows, North American 145 

Bracelets 174 

Bradley, William Harrison 234 

Brinton, D. G., commissioner 8, 199, 354, 361 

Bronze age, specimens from 138 

Brusb, hair \ 172 

Bryan, William A 231 

Bureau of Engraving and Printing, exhibit of 13 

Bureau of Ethnology 11, 187 

Cache implements 106 

Cactus tongs 183 

Caltin, George 374,382 

Ciinovas, del Castillo, Antonio, prime minister of Spain 9, 66 

Canoe, birch bark 184 

Cards, playing 68 

Carlisle Indiau School, exhibit of 12 

Carvings 159 

Caskets 81 

Castaneda, Ignacio de Alcazar 216 

Castle of Ambras, feather shield in 331 

Cedar bark, apparatus for working 182 

Celts, chipped stone 392 

Ceremonial objects, stone Ill 

Chalices 78 

Chamberlaine, A. P 243 

Cheever, Edwin A 375 

Chisels, stone 106 

Cleveland, Grover, letter of transmittal 3 

Clubs 180 

Codex, Troano 58 

Colombia, Republic of 10 

exhibit of 44 

Antioquenas 45 

Chibchas 45 

Cunas and Goahibas 48 

inscriptions upon stones 48 

pottery of 355 

forms of 357 

ornamentation of 356 

paste of 355 

Quimbayas 45 



INDEX. 



401 



Columbian Historical Exposition : Page. 

Royal decree establishing 

Object 

American and European sections 

Classification of 

Celebrations connected with 

Opening of 

Columbus, Christopher: 

Archives concerning 

Description of " " 

Monuments to 

Portraits of 

Columbus, Luis and Diego - 

Col well, John C 

Compans, Teruaux 

Conde de Valencia 

Copper, implements of 

Cores, flint t. 

Cornet, M 

Cortez, Hem an: 

Royal grant to 

Documents concerning 

Cosa, Juan de la, map of 

Costa Rica, Republic of 

exhibit of 

Arellano collection 

Bishop Thiel collection 37 

ethnological objects 38 

gold images from ' 

musical instruments 

National Museum, exhibit of 

National Museum of - " 

pottery of 38 > ^ 

burnishing 

coiling 346 

forms 348 

ornamentation - "*' 

paste 34G 

temper 346 

skulls 38 

stone objects 

Troyo collection 

.., * 185 

Council house 

Cousin, August, collection of ' _ 

Cradles g0 

Crosses, processional 

Cuba, exhibit of 

Culms, Marquis de - • 

Culm, Stewart ' 

works of 

237 
Cunningham, William 

Curtis, William E b »™ 

Columbian collection of '° 

report of 215 

1 178 

Da SS ers m 

stone 

H. Ex. loo 26 



402 INDEX. 

Pago. 

Dawkins, W. Boyd 384 

Decoy whistle 168 

Delaware Valley, archaeological objects from 195 

Delgada, Juan de Dios de la Rada 63 

Denmark 10 

exhibit of . 73 

De Osnia, Guillermo 88 

De Soto, Ferdinand, documents relating to 68 

Discoidal stones 114 

Doll s 1 64 

Doininguez, Francisco de Paula 227 

Dominican Republic, exhibit of 43 

Dorsey, Geo 363 

Drags for seal ' 181 

Drake, John B 245 

Drum 170 

Du Mesnil, M 388 

Ecuador, Republic of 10 

exhibit of 49 

pottery of 358 

absence of stamps 3 ">9 

localities for 361 

Caras 49 

Jivaro Indians 50 

Kcchuas 49 

Macas 50 

Edwards, Hayden 218 

Eftigy, recumbent 83 

Ellsworth, James W 218, 226 

Enamels 83 

painted 86 

Erskine, Charles 240 

Ethnological collection 143 

Ethnology, Avorks of American authors on 12 

European history, department of ,- 75 

Exhibitors of the United States, list of 16 

Exposition, arrangement of 23 

awards provided 14 

installation of United States exhibit 10, 11 

j u ry of awards 14 

medal, commemorative of 15 

place of holding 10 

Eye shades 178 

Fairchild, Gen. Lucius 224 

Fan of feathers, Mexican 331 

Farmer, Mrs. Maria 228 

Feather shield, Mexican 185 

Fewkes, J. Walter 13, 279, 345 

Figures, Zufli and Moki 158 

Fischer, V. G 229 

Fishing lino 176 

Flagler, H. M 278 

Fletcher, James 218 

Flores, Antonio 49, 358 

Florida, documents relating to 68 

archaeological objects from 201 



INDEX. 403 

Pago. 

Flute 170 

Funs, Francisco 247 

Fossati, Dr 225 

Fowke, Gerard 368 

Gabb, William M 346 

Games 161 

Gaudarius, J 255 

Gavinet, Julio 35 

Geological Survey, exhibit of '. 12 

Germany 10 

exhibit of 71 

casts from St. Lucia, Guatemala 71 

Tula, Mexico 71 

molds for metal ■working, Colombia 73 

Mexican feather shields. 73 

pottery from Mexico 72 

in 365 

stone collars from Mexico 72 

Gilman, 15. 1 304 

Gomara, history of 68 

Goode, G. Brown 4, 10, 143, 273 

commissioner 8 

map exhibited by 27* 

Grant, F. D 218 

Greenland, Eskimo specimens 74 

Green wall, Canon 387 

Gresham, Hon. W. Q 15 

Guatemala, exhibit of 32 

Republic of 10 

historical documents 32 

idols 33 

Lacandones 34 

Maya hieroglyphics 34 

Mayas 35 

Nahuas 35 

Pipiles 33 

pottery, localities for 355 

molds 352 

rests for vases 354 

trumpet 354 

katuns on 333 

of Quiche's 352 

Xincas 35 

Gunther, Charles F 235 

Habel, F 71 

Hafting, aboriginal 141 

Hale, Dr.E.M 221 

Hammer stones jds 

Hammer 1 7,s 

Hamlin, Hon. Hannibal 224 

Handles, decorated 161 

Harisse, Henry 257 

Harpoons ]-,•) 

Harpoon, barbed I7> 

Harvard University ;;-jl 



404 INDEX. 

Page. 

Hat, woven 171 

Hatchets, stone 98 

Hayes, R. Somers 237 

Haynes, H. W 384, 388 

Headdress of feathers, Mexican 330 

Helmets 184 

Hemenway, Mrs. Marj r 13 

Hemenway Exploring Expedition 75 

exhibit, catalogue of 297 

collection 392 

expedition, publications of 303 

Hernando, Mariano 231 

Hoes, stone 119, 183 

Holmes, W. H 11,189,382 

Hopi Indians 280 

figurines of 287 

pottery of , 291 

stone implements and idols 291 

sand painting of. 289 

seven towns of 281 

Hough, Walter 8, 31 

Houghton, Mifflin & Co 303 

Howell, Mr 218 

Horsford, E.N 66, 278 

Huelva, celebration at 9 

Hull, Esther 229 

Human bones, fossil 99 

Iceland, specimens from 74 

Ice tools 152 

Implements, Chelleen 93 

Indian figures 183 

Indian School, Carlisle 192 

Im Thurn, E. F., cited by Brinton 57 

Ives, Halsey C 218 

Jones, Jos. C 394 

Journal of American Ethnology and Archa-ology 304 

Journal of American Folk-Lore 303 

Keam, T. V 281, 293 

King and Queen of Portugal attend opening of Exposition 9 

Knife 152 

rase 179 

Knives and drills, stone 390 

stone 122 

Kyak, Eskimo 183 

Ladles 1 50 

Lafone-Quevedo, Samuel A 56 

Lamps, glass 87 

pottery 87 

Languages of America, nati ve, w orks on 69 

La Rabida, unveiling of monument 9, 15 

Las Casas, History of the Indies 63 

manuscript history exhibi ted 68 

Lasso 176 

Latin American Republics, Bureau of 10 

Laurent, M 76 



INDEX. 405 

Page. 

Lawrence, Mary Trimble 257 

Lawsou, Robert 240 

Leaf-shaped blades 376 

Lefort, Henri 229 

Leidy , Joseph 371 

Leland, S. P 376 

Leon, Dr. Nicolas 25 

Library, National 66 

Provincial, of Toledo 66 

Lilian, Senor Bravo de, collection of 50 

Little, W. McCarty 218 

Looms 152 

Lowdermilk, W. II 229 

Luce, S. B., Commissioner General 7 

report 7 

Lustered wares, Spanish ." 88 

Lyon, Caleb 374 

Madrid, national archives in 66 

Malespina, Captain, expedition of 394 

Map of Indian languages 187 

Mason, Frank H 218, 226, 269 

Mason, O. T 104, 143, 374, 394, 395 

Masks 165, 184 

Mat weaver's equipment 182 

Maudslay, Alfred 66 

Mauls, stone 105 

McGuire, J. D 368, 395 

Mead, Larkin 243 

Melero, Miguel 246 

Melida, Arthur 247 

Mercer, H. C, article on chipped stone implements 367 

Mexico, exhibit of 24 

Acolhuas 28 

ancient industries 25 

calendars 31 

Chalcas 28 

children's playthings 25 

clay idols 31 

corn mills 25 

Cuetlaxteeas 28 

documents concerning early history of 67 

Huexotzincas : 28 

incense burners 30 

masks 27 

Matlazincas 28 

Mayas , . . 28 

Mexicanos or Nahuas 28 

Michoacan, specimens from 25 

Mixtecas 28 

models of temples 29 

musical instruments 27 

Nahuas or Aztecs 25 

National Museum collection f 31 

needles 26 

obsidian from 26 



406 INDEX. 



Mexico, ornaments 26 

Otomis 28 

painted records 28 

paper-making tools 31 

pipes 27 

pottery from 25 

Republic of 10 

"sacrificial yokes " 30 

specimens from Jacona 24 

spindlo wheels 26 

stone chisels 26 

Tarascos 25 

Tepanecas 28 

Tlaxcaltecas 28 

vases 27 

Zapotecns 28 

Middemlorf, E. W 51 

Mills, D. O 243 

Minoudo, Joaquin de, collection of 32 

Miranda, Fernando 245 

Miter of feather work, Mexican 335 

Monstrances 80 

Monteverde, Guilio 243 

Moorehead, W. K 378, 392 

Moreno, F. B 55 

Morse, E. S 384 

Mortars and pestles 117 

Morton, Samuel George 205 

Museum of American Arch;eology 66 

Museum of Natural History, New York 392 

Music, Indian 304 

Nairn, Maxwell 260 

National Museum 384 

Navecilla, the, of Toledo 83 

Navy Department, exhibit of 192 

Necklace 172 

Needle cases 160, J 79 

New Mexico and Arizona, documents relating to 305 

Niblack, A. P 395 

Nicaragua, Republic of 10 

exhibit of 35 

bark beaters 36 

Bransford, J. F 37 

Chorotegas 35 

Niaraos 36 

Nicaraos, temple of 36 

pottery 36,349 

, jicara forms 350 

localities for 352 

modeling 349 

ornamentation 350 

polychrome ware 351 

Nordenskiold, Baron 74 

exhibit of media? val maps 74 

Nordenskiold, Gustave , 74 



INDEX. 407 

Page. 

North Carolina, archaeological objects from 201 

Norway 10 

and Sweden, exhibits of 74 

Novak, Ernest 240 

Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, exhibit of 12, 66, 75 

publications of 209 

Nunez-Ortega, Sefior 331 

Nuttall, Mrs. Zelia 20,65,378 

ancient Mexican feather work 329 

Ober, Frederick A 216,261,266 

Ohio, archaeological objects from 199 

( Irnaments for head 171 

Oviedo, Fernandez de 63 

Ovies, Kicardo 262 

Pails 151 

Paint stones 119 

Palmer, Dr. Edward 342 

Papal exhibit 217 

Park, R. H 246 

Paso y Troncoso, Rev. Dr 28 

Paul III, bull of 68 

Paxes 79 

Peabody Museum, exhibit of 14, 75, 327, 384 

Penafiel, Antonio , 71 

Peralta, Bishop 48 

Peralta, Manuel M. de 37 

races of Costa Rica 40-43 

Perforated stones 117 

Perforators 114 

Perrie, Bertha E 258 

Pestles 150, 178 

Peru 10 

exhibit of 50 

Chimus or Yuncas 51 

Kechuas or Incas 51 

pottery of 361 

cult vases from 364 

method of firing 362 

motives of design 363 

portraiture of disease 361 

puzzle jugs 364 

trumpet from 364 

use of molds and casts 362 

Photographs 183 

Picks, aboriginal 157 

Pictograph - 185 

Piguer, J 246 

Pinzon, documents concerning 67 

Pinart, A. L 48 

Pipes 147 

stone 116 

of pottery, Mexico 345 

Pitted stones 108 

Plancarte, Francisco 24 

Plate, church 78 



408 INDEX. 

Page. 

Ponce de Leon, Nestor 218 

documents concerning- 67 

Pope Alexander VI, bull of 67 

Portraits of Columbus, types of 220 

Portugal 10 

exhibit of 70 

documents from 70 

pottery from Brazil , 70 

Pottery, Spanish 87 

of Central and South America, ancient 339 

classes 342 

coiling 340 

color of paste. 342 

decoration 341 

decoration, stages of 341 

degraissant, function of 340 

firing 341 

frauds in Mexican 345 

glaze 342 

in America 342 

of Guadalajara 343 

Mexican, modern 342 

mode of examination 339 

molds 344 

slip 343 

stamps 345 

temper 339 

of Tonalon, Mexico 343 

tools 341 

Powell, J. W 11 

Powers, Stephen 375 

Pratt, Capt. E. H 192 

Prehistoric ruins, models of 128 

Purses 151 

Putnam, F. W 327, 384 

Quarries, primitive, exhibit of 189 

Queen Eegent of Spain 217, 218 

opens Exposition 9 

Rattles 1 66, 170 

Rau, Charles 71 

Pay, P. H 395 

Read, C. H., report of '- 75 

Redding, B. B 375 

Reiss and Stiibel 365 

publications of 72 

Reliquaries ^- 

Restrepo, Ernesto, works by 44 

Riano, Seflor 76 

Rigelsville, Pa., archaeological objects from 198 

Rohrbeck, Carl '. 227 

Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Madrid 66 

Royal Academy of History 63, 66, 216. 269 

Royal Society of Berliu 66 

Russo, Gaetano 244 

Sacrificial stone 58 



INDEX. 409 

Page. 

Sahaguu, History of Mexico 63 

Sandals of Pelayo 77 

Santo Domingo, pottery from 364 

Sarony , Napoleon 242 

Seler, Dr. Ed 63, 71, 331 

Sellers, Geo. Ercol 382 

Scalps 145 

Schumacher, Paul •. 375 

Scrapers 104 

Sculptures, prehistoric . . : 125 

Shaman's rods 167 

Shaw, Henry 243 

Shell, engraved 100 

Shield of feathers, Mexican 332 

Shields : 147 

Simancas, archives of 66 

Sinkers, stone 114 

Skulls, Indian, exhibit of 205 

prehistoric 96 

Slings 180 

Smith, Capt. John 374 

Smithsonian Institution 75, 368 

Snt >\v shoes 185 

Snyder, J. F 379 

Spain 10 

Chibcha objects, exhibited by 58 

ethnographic objects from North America 61 

exhibit of Museum of Arclneology 57 

Mexican pottery, modern 61 

mineral collections from New World 62 

National Library, exhibit of manuscripts 64 

Peruvian collection 59 

Philippine Island collection 62 

zemis 57 

Spanish Colonies 10 

Spear points 178 

Spoons 149 

Standard of Las Navas 76 

Salado 76 

Staglieno, Marcello 258 

Steatite vessels 117 

Stebbins, Emma 242 

Stevens, B. F 218 

Storm, Gustave 74 

Strebel, Herman 365 

Stiibel, Hermann 72, 73 

Stuttgart, Royal Museum of 329 

Sweden 10 

Swords of Boabdil 84 

Susillo, Antouio 248 

Tablets, stone, drilled 113 

Talleyrand, Duke of 232 

Tanners' implements 155 

Tapestries and textiles 76 

Tejada, Feliciauo Herreros de 66 



410 INDEX. 

Page. 

Thomson, W.J 373 

Thruston, Gates 377 

Tiahuanuco, Peru, rnins at 73 

Toilet, accessories for 173 

Toledo, Francisco tie, manuscript of 68 

Toledo, Provincial Library of 65 

Totem post 184, 159 

Toys 163 

Travers, Emile 66 

Trinket boxes 179 

Triptychs 86 

Troncoso, Francisco 342, 345, 397 

Tusayan, ancient altar cloth 303 

ladles 299 

pottery of 293 

baskets 302 

blankets 302 

burial food bowls 302 

articles 299 

painted tiles 299 

photographs of sacred dances 299 

Province of 280 

Uhagon, Francisco de 66 

University of Pennsylvania, exhibit of 12, 75, 195, 368, 384 

publications of department of archaeology and 

paleontology 203 

Uruguay, Republic of 10 

exhibit of 52 

age of relics ." 52 

bolas 54 

grooved hatchets 54 

cemeteries 52 

flint implements 52 

hammer stones 53 

' ' paraderos " 52 

perforated stones 54 

pottery 55 

from 365 

Tupi-Guarani people 55 

United States 10 

exhibit of 75 

Army Medical Museum, exhibit of 193 

Bureau of Engraving and Printing, exhibit of 212 

mint, exhibit of 211 

National Museum 75 

Post-Office Department, exhibit of 213 

Valencia, Conde de 332 

Veragua, Duke of 217 

Vestments, church 77 

Vienna, Imperial Museum of 330 

Vignaud, Henry 218 

Viking ship 74 

Von Tschudi 56 

War clubs - 145 

Warner, Olin L 243 



INDEX. 411 

Page. 

Watling Island 259 

Weavers' implements 154 

Wedges 158 

Welling, James C, commissioner 8 

Whistles 166, 170 

Whiteliouse, lieniseu 218 

Wigwam, reed 183 

Wilson, Thomas 8 

Workbags, fasteners for - - - 169 

Writing, aboriginal 168 

Zearing, H. H 229 

Zorilla, Jnan de San Martin 52 

Zumaraga, Juan de 67 

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